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Professional cycling is among the sports with the highest number of reported doping cases. The Festina Affair which broke out during the 1998 Tour de France, brought doping to the forefront. Subsequently, promises were made to "clean up" the sport and rid it of doping. This article gives an overview of the top 10 finishers in the General classification in the Tour de France since 1998, along with their individual doping records.
Riders' finishing positions are color coded according to doping status, as explained in the legend below. Note that no distinction is made on whether a rider was doped before, during or after the particular race for which his name is listed, except if the rider was officially disqualified, such as Alberto Contador, Bernhard Kohl and Floyd Landis. Except in these circumstances, the color code for a rider is the same in all years, and does not imply or allege that the rider was doped during any particular edition of the Tour.
Legend :
| Disqualified from race |
| Tested positive in other competition or out of competition |
| Sanctioned for doping without positive test |
| Admitted to doping without positive test or sanction |
| No proof or admission of doping |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Marco Pantani (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | 92h 49' 46" | Disqualified in 1999 Giro for irregular blood values.[1] Died of cocaine overdose in 2004. |
| 2 |  Jan Ullrich (GER) |
Telekom | +3' 21" |
Implicated in Telekom affair and Operación Puerto. Banned retroactively in 2011[2] |
| 3 |  Bobby Julich (USA) |
Cofidis | +4' 08" | |
| 4 |  Christophe Rinero (FRA) |
Cofidis | +9' 16" | |
| 5 |  Michael Boogerd (NED) |
Rabobank | +11' 26" | Accused by Floyd Landis of blood doping.[3] Allegedly involved in Humanplasma affair.[4] |
| 6 | Jean-Cyril Robin (FRA) |
US Postal Service | +14' 57" | |
| 7 |  Roland Meier (SUI) |
Cofidis | +15' 13" |
Tested positive for EPO in 2001.[5] |
| 8 | Daniele Nardello (ITA) |
Mapei | +16' 07" | |
| 9 | Giuseppe Di Grande (ITA) |
Mapei | +17' 35" | sentenced to six months imprisonment for violating antidoping laws in Italy in 2005[6] |
| 10 |  Axel Merckx (BEL) |
Polti | +17' 39" | Named in Giardini Margherita investigation in Italy, 1998. [7]. Client of Michele Ferrari[8] |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 91h 32' 16" | Allegedly tested positive for EPO in 1999[9]. Accused of doping by former team members, including Floyd Landis and Tyler Hamilton. Convicted of doping by USADA in 2012. |
| 2 | Alex Zülle (SUI) |
Banesto | +7' 37" | admitted to taking EPO during the Festina Affair |
| 3 |  Fernando Escartín (ESP) |
Kelme | +10' 26" | Client of Michele Ferrari[10] |
| 4 | Laurent Dufaux (SUI) |
Saeco | +14' 43" | sanctioned for doping during Festina affair |
| 5 | Ángel Casero (ESP) |
Vitalicio Seguros | +15' 11" | Implicated in Fuentes affair. |
| 6 | Abraham Olano (ESP) |
ONCE | +16' 47" | Tested positive for Caffeine and suspended for 3 months in 1994.[11] Named in Giardini Margherita investigation in Italy, 1998. |
| 7 | Daniele Nardello (ITA) |
Mapei | +17' 02" | |
| 8 | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
Polti | +17' 28" | sanctioned for doping during Festina affair |
| 9 | Wladimir Belli (ITA) |
Festina | +17' 37" | |
| 10 | Andrea Peron (ITA) |
ONCE | +23' 10" |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 92h 33' 08" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 2 | Jan Ullrich (GER) |
Telekom | +6' 02" | see #1998_Tour_de_France |
| 3 | Joseba Beloki (ESP) |
Festina | +10' 04" | implicated in Operación Puerto, but later cleared by Spannish officials |
| 4 | Christophe Moreau (FRA) |
Festina | +10' 34" | Tested positive for anabolic steroids in 1998.[12]. Admitted to taking EPO during the Festina trial. [13] |
| 5 | Roberto Heras (ESP) |
Kelme | +11' 50" | Tested positive for EPO in 2005 Vuelta.[14] |
| 6 | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
Polti | +13' 26" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 7 |  Santiago Botero (COL) |
Kelme | +14' 18" | implicated in Operación Puerto and banned from 2006 Tour, but later cleared by Colombian officials |
| 8 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) |
Kelme | +17' 21" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 9 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
Banesto | +18' 09" | implicated in Operación Puerto and banned from 2006 Tour |
| 10 | Daniele Nardello (ITA) |
Mapei | +18' 25" |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 86h 17' 28" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 2 | Jan Ullrich (GER) |
Telekom | +6' 44" | See #1998_Tour_de_France |
| 3 | Joseba Beloki (ESP) |
ONCE | +9' 05" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 4 |  Andrei Kivilev (KAZ) |
Cofidis | +9' 53" | |
| 5 | Igor González (ESP) |
ONCE | +13' 28" |
banned for six months in 2000 for Nandrolone, and again in 2002 for doping |
| 6 | François Simon (FRA) |
Bonjour | +17' 22" | |
| 7 | Óscar Sevilla (ESP) |
Kelme | +18' 30" | Implicated in Telekom affair and Operación Puerto. Banned in 2010 after positive test in Vuelta a Colombia. |
| 8 | Santiago Botero (COL) |
Kelme | +20' 55" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 9 | Marcos Antonio Serrano (ESP) |
ONCE | +21' 45" | Among the riders names in Operación Puerto[15] . |
| 10 | Michael Boogerd (NED) |
Rabobank | +22' 38" | See #1998_Tour_de_France |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 82h 05' 12" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 2 | Joseba Beloki (ESP) |
ONCE | +7' 17" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 3 |  Raimondas Rumsas (LIT) |
Lampre | +8' 17" | Tested positive for EPO in 2003. 4 months suspended prison sentence in 2006 for import of prohibited substances in France. |
| 4 | Santiago Botero (COL) |
Kelme | +13' 10" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 5 | Igor González (ESP) |
ONCE | +13' 54" | See #2001_Tour_de_France |
| 6 |  José Azevedo (POR) |
ONCE | +15' 44" | |
| 7 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
iBanesto.com | +16' 05" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 8 | Levi Leipheimer (USA) |
Rabobank | +17' 11" | Tested positive for ephedrine 1996 U.S. National Criterium Championships. Reportedly among the witnesses testifying to Doping in 2012 USADA trial. [16] |
| 9 | Roberto Heras (ESP) |
US Postal Service | +17' 12" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 10 | Carlos Sastre (ESP) |
Team CSC | +19' 05" |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 83h 41' 12" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 2 | Jan Ullrich (GER) |
Bianchi | +1' 01" | see #1998_Tour_de_France |
| 3 | Alexandre Vinokourov (KAZ) |
Telekom | +4' 14" | Blood doping at 2007 Tour de France, one-year ban |
| 4 | Tyler Hamilton (USA) |
Team CSC | +6' 17" | Blood doping at 2004 Vuelta a Espana and 2004 Olympics. Two-year ban. Positive for DHEA in 2009, eight-year ban |
| 5 | Haimar Zubeldia (ESP) |
Euskaltel | +6' 51" | |
| 6 | Iban Mayo (ESP) |
Euskaltel | +7' 06" | Tested positive for EPO during the 2007 Tour, 2 year ban. |
| 7 | Ivan Basso (ITA) |
Fassa Bortolo | +10' 12" | Implicated in Operación Puerto and suspended in 2007 for two years for admitting to planning to use doping.[17] |
| 8 | Christophe Moreau (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +12' 28" | see #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 9 | Carlos Sastre (ESP) |
Team CSC | +18' 49" | |
| 10 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
iBanesto.com | +19' 15" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 83h 36' 02" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 2 | Andreas Klöden (GER) |
T-Mobile | +6' 19" |
Named among the riders to have received illegal blood transfusions in Freiburg in 2006.[18] |
| 3 | Ivan Basso (ITA) |
Team CSC | +6' 40" | See #2003_Tour_de_France |
| 4 | Jan Ullrich (GER) |
T-Mobile | +8' 50" | See #1998_Tour_de_France |
| 5 | José Azevedo (POR) |
US Postal Service | +14' 30" | |
| 6 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
Illes Balears-Banesto-Santander | +18' 01" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 7 |  Georg Totschnig (AUT) |
Gerolsteiner | +18' 27" | |
| 8 | Carlos Sastre (ESP) |
Team CSC | +19' 51" | |
| 9 | Levi Leipheimer (USA) |
Rabobank | +20' 12" | See #2002_Tour_de_France |
| 10 | Óscar Pereiro (ESP) |
Phonak | +22' 54" | Tested positive for Salbutamol in 2006, but later acquitted. |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
Discovery Channel | 86h 15' 02" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 2 | Ivan Basso (ITA) |
Team CSC | +4' 40" | See #2003_Tour_de_France |
| 3 | Jan Ullrich (GER) |
T-Mobile | +6' 21" | see #1998_Tour_de_France |
| 4 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
Illes Balears-Caisse d'Epargne | +9' 59" | See #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 5 | Alexandre Vinokourov (KAZ) |
T-Mobile | +11' 01" | See #2003_Tour_de_France |
| 6 | Levi Leipheimer (USA) |
Gerolsteiner | +11' 21" | See #2002_Tour_de_France |
| 7 |  Michael Rasmussen (DEN) |
Rabobank | +11' 33" | Whereabouts testing violations, removed by own team from 2007 Tour de France |
| 8 |  Cadel Evans (AUS) |
Davitamon-Lotto | +11' 55" | Was coached by Michele Ferrari[19] |
| 9 | Floyd Landis (USA) |
Phonak | +12' 44" | Tested positive for Testosterone during 2006 Tour and disqualified. Later admitted to doping throughout his career.[20] |
| 10 | Óscar Pereiro (ESP) |
Phonak | +16' 04" | See #2004_Tour_de_France |
| 11 | Christophe Moreau (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +16' 26" | see #2000_Tour_de_France |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Floyd Landis (USA) |
Phonak | 89h 39' 30" | See #2005_Tour_de_France. Disqualified from 2006 Tour. |
| 2 | Óscar Pereiro (ESP) |
Caisse d'Epargne | + 0' 57" | See #2004_Tour_de_France |
| 3 | Andreas Klöden (GER) |
T-Mobile | +0' 32" | See #2004_Tour_de_France |
| 4 | Carlos Sastre (ESP) |
Team CSC | +2' 16" | |
| 5 | Cadel Evans (AUS) |
Davitamon-Lotto | +4' 11" | See #2005_Tour_de_France |
| 6 |  Denis Menchov (RUS) |
Rabobank | +6' 09" | Client of Michele Ferrari[21]. Scored 9/10 on leaked 2010 UCI index of suspicious riders.[22] |
| 7 | Cyril Dessel (FRA) |
Ag2r | +7' 44" | |
| 8 | Christophe Moreau (FRA) |
Ag2r | +8' 40" | see #2000_Tour_de_France |
| 9 | Haimar Zubeldia (ESP) |
Euskaltel | +11' 08" | |
| 10 | Michael Rogers (AUS) |
T-Mobile | +14' 10" | Client of Michele Ferrari[23] |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alberto Contador (ESP) |
DSC | 91h 00' 26" | Implied in the Puerto Affair. Tested positive for Clenbuterol in the 2010 Tour, 2 year ban. |
| 2 | Cadel Evans (AUS) |
Predictor–Lotto | + 23" | See #2005_Tour_de_France |
| 3 | Levi Leipheimer (USA) |
DSC | + 31" | See #2002 Tour de France |
| 4 | Carlos Sastre (ESP)
|
Team CSC | + 7' 08" | |
| 5 | Haimar Zubeldia (ESP)
|
Euskaltel–Euskadi | + 8' 17" | |
| 6 | Alejandro Valverde (ESP) |
Caisse d'Epargne | + 11' 37" | Convicted in 2009 of EPO use after link to Fuentes affair, 2 year ban. [24] |
| 7 |  Kim Kirchen (LUX)
|
T-Mobile Team | + 12' 18" | |
| 8 |  Yaroslav Popovych (UKR)
|
Discovery Channel | + 12' 25" | House raided by police, who found drugs and doping paraphernalia. Scored 10/10 on leaked 2010 UCI list of suspicious riders.[25] |
| 9 | Mikel Astarloza (ESP)
|
Euskaltel–Euskadi | + 14' 14" | Tested positive for EPO in 2009, two-year ban |
| 10 | Óscar Pereiro (ESP)
|
Caisse d'Epargne | + 14' 25" | See #2004 Tour de France |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Carlos Sastre (ESP) |
Team CSC | 87h 52' 52" | |
| 2 | Cadel Evans (AUS) |
Silence-Lotto | +0' 58" | See #2005_Tour_de_France |
| 3 | Bernhard Kohl (AUT) |
Gerolsteiner | DQ |
Tested positive for CERA and disqualified. |
| 4 | Denis Menchov (RUS) |
Rabobank | +2' 10" | See #2006_Tour_de_France |
| 5 | Christian Vande Velde (USA) |
Garmin | +3' 05" | Reportedly among the witnesses testifying to Doping in 2012 USADA trial. [26] |
| 6 | Fränk Schleck (LUX) |
Team CSC | +4' 28" |
Positive for diuretic masking agent xipamide at 2012 Tour de France, removed from Tour. Made payments of 7000 Euros to doper Euphemiano Fuentes [27] |
| 7 | Samuel Sánchez (ESP) |
Euskaltel | +6' 25" | |
| 8 | Kim Kirchen (LUX) |
Team Columbia | +6' 55" | |
| 9 | Alejandro Valverde (ESP) |
Caisse d'Epargne | +7' 12" | See #2007_Tour_de_France |
| 10 |  Tadej Valjavec (SLO) |
Ag2r | +9' 05" | Irregular biological passport values, 2-year ban |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alberto Contador (ESP) |
Astana | 85h 48' 35" | See #2007_Tour_de_France |
| 2 | Andy Schleck (LUX) |
Team Saxo Bank | +4' 11" | |
| 3 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
Astana | +5' 24" | See #1999_Tour_de_France |
| 4 |  Bradley Wiggins (GBR) |
Garmin | +6' 01" | |
| 5 | Fränk Schleck (LUX) |
Team Saxo Bank | +6' 04" | See #2008_Tour_de_France |
| 6 | Andreas Klöden (GER) |
Astana | +6' 42" | See #2004_Tour_de_France |
| 7 | Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) |
Liquigas | +7' 35" | |
| 8 | Christian Vande Velde (USA) |
Garmin | +12' 04" | See #2008_Tour_de_France |
| 9 |  Roman Kreuziger (CZE) |
Liquigas | +14' 16" | |
| 10 | Christophe Le Mével (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +14' 25" |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alberto Contador (ESP)  |
Astana | 91h 58'48" | See #2007_Tour_de_France. Disqualified from 2010 Tour de France. |
| 2 | Andy Schleck (LUX)  |
Team Saxo Bank | + 39" | |
| 3 | Denis Menchov (RUS) |
Rabobank | +2' 01" | See #2006_Tour_de_France |
| 4 | Samuel Sánchez (ESP) |
Euskaltel | +3' 40" | |
| 5 | Jurgen Van Den Broeck (BEL) |
Omega Pharma – Lotto | +6' 54" | |
| 6 | Robert Gesink (NED) |
Rabobank | +9' 31" | |
| 7 |  Ryder Hesjedal (CAN) |
Garmin | +10' 15" | |
| 8 | Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP) |
Katusha | +11' 37" | |
| 9 | Roman Kreuziger (CZE) |
Liquigas | +11' 54" | |
| 10 | Chris Horner (USA) |
Team Radioshack | +12' 02" |
| Rank | Name | Team | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cadel Evans (AUS)
|
BMC Racing Team | 86h 12′ 22″ | |
| 2 | Andy Schleck (LUX)
|
Leopard Trek | + 1′ 34″ | |
| 3 | Fränk Schleck (LUX)
|
Leopard Trek | + 2′ 30″ | See #2008_Tour_de_France |
| 4 | Thomas Voeckler (FRA)
|
Team Europcar | + 3′ 20″ | |
| 5 | Samuel Sánchez (ESP) 
|
Euskaltel–Euskadi | + 4′ 55″ | |
| 6 | Damiano Cunego (ITA)
|
Lampre–ISD | + 6′ 05″ | |
| 7 | Ivan Basso (ITA)
|
Liquigas–Cannondale | + 7′ 23″ | See #2003_Tour_de_France |
| 8 | Tom Danielson (USA) 
|
Garmin–Cervélo | + 8′ 15″ | |
| 9 | Jean-Christophe Péraud (FRA)
|
Ag2r–La Mondiale | + 10′ 11″ | |
| 10 | Pierre Rolland (FRA)
|
Team Europcar | + 10′ 43″ |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Pantani: Future 'in doubt'". BBC. 5 June 1999. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ "Jan Ullrich given two year ban from CAS". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing limited. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "Michael Boogerd responds to Floyd Landis accusations". Velonation. velonation. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ "Rabobank tolerated doping on cycling team, De Rooy claims". Cyclingnews. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ . cycling news.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help); Text "http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2001/may01/may16news.shtml" ignored (help) - ^ . Kronen-Zeitung.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help); Text "http://www.krone.at/Sport/6_Monate_Haft_fuer_Radler_Frigo._Elli_und_Di_Grande-Doping!-Story-37158" ignored (help) - ^ "Gotti e Cipollini nella lista nera del ciclismo". Corriere della Sera. 5 January 2000. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ "Ein Fleck auf Lance Armstrongs Gelbem Trikot". Die Welt. 25 July 2001. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Wada boss slams Armstrong 'farce'". BBC Sports. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ "Ein Fleck auf Lance Armstrongs Gelbem Trikot". Die Welt. 25 July 2001. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ [9 after testing positive, wouldn't have won the Tour that he won that year, the first of five and also the 1970 Tour. He w "Cycling News and Analysis: Drugs Update"]. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ "Masseur at centre of drugs find is linked to Virenque". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
- ^ "Tour riders down wheels over drug use". London independent. Retrieved 2007-07-28. [dead link]
- ^ "Heras tests positive for EPO". The Telegraph. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "58 Riders Named In Report". Bicycling / AFP. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ "Ex-Teammates Are Said to Be Ready to Testify Against Armstrong". New York Times. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Basso: "It was only attempted doping"". Cycling News. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ Westemeyer, Susan (13 May 2009). "Klöden named in Freiburg report". Cycling News. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ Ferrari, Michele. "Tour de France 2011". 53x12.com. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Landis admits doping, accuses Lance". ESPN.com. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ "Italian newspaper reveals details of Ferrari investigation". Cycling News. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ "UCI angry after doping index leak". Eurosport. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Cadel's foe a friend on the London road". The Australian. 14 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Alejandro Valverde loses global doping ban appeal". BBC Sports. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ "UCI angry after doping index leak". Eurosport. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Ex-Teammates Are Said to Be Ready to Testify Against Armstrong". New York Times. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Frank Schleck admits Fuentes payment". Bike Radar. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2012.