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Ciudad Vieja

Coordinates	13°51′33″N 89°01′58″W

Ciudad Vieja, is an archaeological site in the Cuscatlán department of El Salvador. The name Ciudad Vieja is Spanish for "Old City". The site is also sometimes known as Hacienda La Bermuda, the name of the landholding in which the site was once located.

Ciudad Vieja was the first permanently-occupied location of the Spanish Colonial city of San Salvador. It was founded in 1528 CE and occupied until 1545. It was the capital of the Province of El Salvador, part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala.

The archaeological site covers an area of 0.45 km², and consists of the remains of a number of structural foundation platforms laid out in a grid plan and centered on an open civic plaza. The major structures of Ciudad Vieja include the cabildo hall and a church. The architecture, while laid out on a Spanish Colonial plan, has many features, especially in the form of the house lots and terraced platforms, in common with pre-colombian structures.

Location

The ruins of the city are 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) to the south of the modern city of Suchitoto. Ciudad Vieja occupies 45 hectares (110 acres) of a plateau northeast of a small volcanic cone called Cerro Tecomatepe, at the southern margin of the valley of the Lempa River. The location would have been rugged and wooded at the time of the city's occupation, requiring significant labor from surrounding conquered native communities to build the city and supply it with food.

The site appears to have been intentionally located in an area of low indigenous population. The valley of the Lempa River may have approximated a cultural boundary between the Nahuat-speaking Pipil state of Cuzcatán to the south and west and areas occupied by Maya and Lenca peoples to the north and east.

History

The site was founded by XX in 1528. An earlier attempt to found the city of San Salvador in 1525 had been abandoned in 1526 due to native resistance.

Antecedents

Spanish conquistadors under Pedro de Alvarado entered the territory of what is now El Salvador in June of 1524. Several skirmishes and two major battles were fought between the Spaniards and armies from the Pipil states of Itzalco and Cuzcatán. This first Spanish expedition into El Salvador entered the capital of the Cuzcatán state, but was unable to fully pacify the Pipil. In the face of resistance, and desiring to consolidate his power among the Mayas of highland Guatemala, Alvarado withdrew into the Guatemalan mountains to found the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala on the site of the Kaqchikel capital of Iximche.

Following this withdrawal, Pedro de Alvarado appointed his brother, Diego de Alvarado, who had participated in the first expedition, to return and pacify the Pipil of Cuzcatán. This second expedition, which involved at least three hundred native auxiliaries from the Soconusco region, and probably many other contingents of native from Mexico and the Highland Maya area, entered the Pipil states in 1525. Diego de Alvarado founded the city of San Salvador in that year, appointing Diego Holguín as its first alcalde. This first foundation of the city was short-lived, and was abandoned by 1526, apparently due to strong native resistance. The location of the first San Salvador is uncertain, but it may have been at or near the Ciudad Vieja site.

From 1526 to 1528, there was little or no Spanish presence in El Salvador. This period saw dissent among the conquistadors who remained in Guatemala and insurrection by the Kaqchikel and K'iche' peoples there.

Foundation

Diego de Alvarado returned with yet another Spanish expedition in 1528. The city of San Salvador was refounded for a second time. This second foundation of San Salvador is definitely represented by the Ciudad Vieja site. The site was apparently chosen for its location in a sparsely inhabited area between the Pipil states to the south and southwest and the Lencas, Mayas, and other peoples to the north and northeast. The conquest of surrounding areas was still ongoing at this time, and San Salvador was placed, at least in part, as a military outpost and supply center.

Site description

The site can be visited, although little restoration work has been done to it.

References

Carmack, Robert M.; Weeks, John M. (April 1981). "The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Utatlan: A Conjunctive Approach". American Antiquity. 46 (2). Society for American Archaeology: 323–341. doi:10.2307/280211. JSTOR 280211. S2CID 162190746.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Carmack, Robert M. (2001a). Kik'ulmatajem le K'iche'aab': Evolución del Reino K'iche'. Guatemala: Iximulew. ISBN 99922-56-22-2. OCLC 253481949. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (in Spanish)

Carmack, Robert M. (2001b). Kik'aslemaal le K'iche'aab': Historia Social de los K'iche's. Guatemala: Iximulew. ISBN 99922-56-19-2. OCLC 47220876. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (in Spanish)

Christenson, Allen J. "K'iche' - English Dictionary and Guide to Pronunciation of the K'iche'-Maya Alphabet" (PDF). Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI). Retrieved 2009-02-04. {{cite web}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Fox, John W. (September 1989). "On the Rise and Fall of Tuláns and Maya Segmentary States". American Anthropologist, New Series. 91 (3). Oxford/Arlington, VA: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association: 656–681. doi:10.1525/aa.1989.91.3.02a00080. {{cite journal}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Fox, John W. (1991). "The Lords of Light Versus the Lords of Dark: The Postclassic Highland Maya Ballgame". In Vernon Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.) (ed.). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 213–238. ISBN 0-8165-1360-0. OCLC 51873028. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Fox, John W. (December 1996). "Constructing Maya Communities: Ethnography for Archaeology" (PDF online publication). Current Anthropology. 37 (5). University of Chicago Press: 811–830. doi:10.1086/204565. S2CID 144182849. Retrieved 2009-06-04. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |coauthors= at position 5 (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Kelly, Joyce (1996). An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Macario, Raquel (2007). "Proyecto Etnoarqueológico Q'um'arkaj, Quiché, Guatemala (2003-2006)" (versión digital). XX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2006 (Edited by J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo and H. Mejía). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 971–986. Retrieved 2010-01-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |coauthors= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (in Spanish)

Milbrath, Susan (2003). "Revisiting Mayapan: Mexico's last Maya capital". Ancient Mesoamerica, 14 (2003). Cambridge University Press: 1–46. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |coauthors= at position 5 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Putzeys, Yvonne (2008). "Año 2006 y la arqueología en Q´um´arkaj: Proyecto Etnoarqueológico Q´um´arkaj y rescate en tramo carretero Santa Cruz del Quiché-La Estancia" (PDF). XXI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2007 (Edited by J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo and H. Mejía). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 1–15. Retrieved 2011-05-21. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |coauthors= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (in Spanish)

Recinos, Adrian (1952, 1986). Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala (2nd ed.). Guatemala: CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra". OCLC 243309954. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (in Spanish)

Sharer, Robert J. (2000). "The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast". In Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. Macleod (eds.) (ed.). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 449–499. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Sharer, Robert J. (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |coauthors= at position 6 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Stephens, John L. (1969). Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, Vol. 2 (PDF online facsimile). New York: Dover Publications. pp. 169–180. ISBN 978-0-486-22405-3. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Vásquez, Rosaura (August 2009). "Plan de Intervención Parque Arqueológico Q'u'markaj" (Microsoft Word document). Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes; Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural y Natural; Instituto de Antropología e Historia; Departamento de Monumentos Prehispánicos y Coloniales. Retrieved 2010-01-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |coauthors= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Weeks, John M. (1997). "Las ruinas de Utatlán: 150 años después de la publicación de Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, de John L. Stephens". Apuntes Arqueologicos. 5 (1): 7–26. {{cite journal}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |author= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (in Spanish)

Category:Maya sites in Guatemala Category:Former populated places in Guatemala Category:Quiché Department Category:K'iche'