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Climate data for London, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		19.6
(67.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.8
(91.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.7
(98.1) 		38.1
(100.6) 		35.2
(95.4) 		29.6
(85.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.2
(63.0) 		38.1
(100.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.3
(52.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		21.0
(69.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.2
(73.8) 		19.9
(67.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.1
(52.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		15.2
(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.4
(47.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.5
(45.5)
Record low °C (°F) −13.6
(7.5) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		6.7
(44.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−13.6
(7.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.2
(2.17) 		40.9
(1.61) 		41.6
(1.64) 		43.7
(1.72) 		49.4
(1.94) 		45.1
(1.78) 		44.5
(1.75) 		49.5
(1.95) 		49.1
(1.93) 		68.5
(2.70) 		59.0
(2.32) 		55.2
(2.17) 		601.7
(23.69)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.5 77.9 114.6 168.7 198.5 204.3 212.0 204.7 149.3 116.5 72.6 52.0 1,632.6
Source 1: [1]
Source 2: [2]
Climate data for Moscow, Russia Russia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		28.9
(84.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		34.9
(94.8) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4
(25) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		2.6
(36.7) 		11.3
(52.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.3
(75.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		8.7
(47.7) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−3
(27) 		9.6
(49.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−1
(30) 		6.7
(44.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		5.8
(42.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.1
(15.6) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.4
(45.3) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F) −42.2
(−44.0) 		−38.2
(−36.8) 		−32.4
(−26.3) 		−21
(−6) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−16.1
(3.0) 		−32.8
(−27.0) 		−38.8
(−37.8) 		−42.2
(−44.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52
(2.0) 		41
(1.6) 		35
(1.4) 		37
(1.5) 		49
(1.9) 		80
(3.1) 		85
(3.3) 		82
(3.2) 		68
(2.7) 		71
(2.8) 		55
(2.2) 		52
(2.0) 		707
(27.7)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 22
(8.7) 		34
(13) 		37
(15) 		16
(6.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		4
(1.6) 		8
(3.1) 		15
(5.9) 		136
(53.6)
Average rainy days 0.8 0.7 3 9 13 14 15 15 15 12 6 2 105.5
Average snowy days 18 15 9 1 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 2 10 17 72.2
Average relative humidity (%) 83 80 74 67 64 70 74 77 81 81 84 85 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 33 72 128 170 265 279 271 238 147 78 32 18 1,731
Percent possible sunshine 14 27 35 40 53 53 52 51 38 24 13 8 34
Source: [3] [4] [5][6] [7]
Climate data for Ruhr, Germany Germany (Duisburg, *Essen*, Bochum, Dortmund)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		5.5
(41.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.7
(54.9) 		17.6
(63.7) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.2
(46.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		2.9
(37.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.7
(51.3) 		5.9
(42.6) 		3.6
(38.5) 		10.0
(50.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.9
(37.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.6
(45.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.7
(44.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 84.5
(3.33) 		58.1
(2.29) 		78.2
(3.08) 		61.0
(2.40) 		72.2
(2.84) 		92.8
(3.65) 		81.2
(3.20) 		78.8
(3.10) 		78.0
(3.07) 		75.1
(2.96) 		81.1
(3.19) 		93.1
(3.67) 		934.1
(36.78)
Average precipitation days 14.1 10.5 13.6 11.1 11.1 12.0 10.4 9.9 11.2 10.9 13.6 14.1 142.5
Average relative humidity (%) 83 82 78 75 74 76 78 80 79 81 82 80 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 43.4 78.3 102.3 147.0 192.2 183.0 186.0 182.9 135.0 111.6 57.0 40.3 1,459
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[8] Hong Kong Observatory[9] for data of sunshine hours
Climate data for Istanbul, Turkey Turkey
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		29.3
(84.7) 		33.6
(92.5) 		34.5
(94.1) 		40.5
(104.9) 		41.5
(106.7) 		39.6
(103.3) 		36.6
(97.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.8
(78.4) 		41.5
(106.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		17.5
(63.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.8
(56.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		3.1
(37.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.9
(48.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.9
(51.6)
Record low °C (°F) −11.0
(12.2) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		8.5
(47.3) 		12.0
(53.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		7.1
(44.8) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−11.0
(12.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 105.3
(4.15) 		77.3
(3.04) 		71.8
(2.83) 		44.9
(1.77) 		34.1
(1.34) 		34.0
(1.34) 		31.6
(1.24) 		39.8
(1.57) 		57.9
(2.28) 		87.7
(3.45) 		101.3
(3.99) 		122.6
(4.83) 		808.3
(31.83)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.5 15.2 13.8 10.4 8.1 6.0 4.2 4.9 7.3 11.2 13.3 17.3 129.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 71.3 87.6 133.3 180.0 251.1 300.0 322.4 294.5 243.0 164.3 102.0 68.2 2,217.7
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service (sun, 1960–2012)[10][11][12]
Climate data for Paris, France France
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.2
(86.4) 		34.8
(94.6) 		37.6
(99.7) 		40.4
(104.7) 		39.5
(103.1) 		36.2
(97.2) 		28.4
(83.1) 		21
(70) 		17.1
(62.8) 		40.4
(104.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		16.0
(60.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		12.5
(54.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		5.8
(42.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.5
(47.3)
Record low °C (°F) −14.6
(5.7) 		−14.7
(5.5) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6
(43) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−14
(7) 		−23.9
(−11.0) 		−23.9
(−11.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53.7
(2.11) 		43.7
(1.72) 		48.5
(1.91) 		53
(2.1) 		65
(2.6) 		54.6
(2.15) 		63.1
(2.48) 		43
(1.7) 		54.7
(2.15) 		59.7
(2.35) 		51.9
(2.04) 		58.7
(2.31) 		649.6
(25.62)
Average precipitation days 10.2 9.3 10.4 9.4 10.3 8.6 8 6.9 8.5 9.5 9.7 10.7 111.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62.5 79.2 128.9 166.0 193.8 202.1 212.2 212.2 167.9 117.8 67.7 51.4 1,661.7
Source: Meteo France[13]
Climate data for Randstad, Netherlands Netherlands (The Hague, *Rotterdam*, Amsterdam, Utrecht)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.1
(57.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		34.9
(94.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		34.9
(94.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		6.6
(43.9) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		14.7
(58.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.6
(43.9) 		14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.4
(43.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		14.8
(58.6) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.3
(45.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		10.4
(50.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.3
(39.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.8
(55.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.4
(34.5) 		6.4
(43.5)
Record low °C (°F) −17.1
(1.2) 		−13.8
(7.2) 		−11.4
(11.5) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		0.5
(32.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−17.1
(1.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 69.1
(2.72) 		57.9
(2.28) 		64.9
(2.56) 		42.6
(1.68) 		58.3
(2.30) 		65.2
(2.57) 		74.0
(2.91) 		81.0
(3.19) 		87.1
(3.43) 		90.1
(3.55) 		87.1
(3.43) 		78.3
(3.08) 		855.6
(33.69)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 12 10 12 9 9 10 10 10 12 12 13 13 132
Average snowy days 6 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 23
Average relative humidity (%) 88 85 83 78 77 79 79 80 84 86 89 89 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62.5 83.8 124.0 174.9 213.9 203.6 213.1 196.6 137.6 106.9 60.4 46.7 1,623.8
Source 1: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1981–2010 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)[14]
Source 2: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1971–2000 extremes)[15]
Climate data for Milan, Italy Italy 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		36.6
(97.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		36.9
(98.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.2
(82.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		37.2
(99.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.3
(57.7) 		17.4
(63.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.2
(79.2) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		6.4
(43.5) 		17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.0
(73.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		13.4
(56.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		13.0
(55.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.9
(30.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		0.1
(32.2) 		8.3
(46.9)
Record low °C (°F) −15.0
(5.0) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−15.6
(3.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.7
(2.31) 		49.2
(1.94) 		65.0
(2.56) 		75.5
(2.97) 		95.5
(3.76) 		66.7
(2.63) 		66.8
(2.63) 		88.8
(3.50) 		93.1
(3.67) 		122.4
(4.82) 		76.7
(3.02) 		61.7
(2.43) 		920.1
(36.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.7 5.3 6.7 8.1 8.9 7.7 5.4 7.1 6.1 8.3 6.4 6.3 83.0
Average relative humidity (%) 86 78 71 75 72 71 71 72 74 81 85 86 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.9 96.1 151.9 177.0 210.8 243.0 285.2 251.1 186.0 130.2 66.0 58.9 1,915.1
Source: Servizio Meteorologico[16][17][18]
Climate data for Brussels, Belgium Belgium
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		34.1
(93.4) 		38.8
(101.8) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		34.9
(94.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3) 		6.6
(43.9) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.6
(69.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		14.2
(57.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.9
(39.0) 		10.5
(51.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		5.3
(41.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		7.8
(46.0) 		4.1
(39.4) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.9
(44.4)
Record low °C (°F) −21.1
(−6.0) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.4
(39.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−17.7
(0.1) 		−21.1
(−6.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 76.1
(3.00) 		63.1
(2.48) 		70.0
(2.76) 		51.3
(2.02) 		66.5
(2.62) 		71.8
(2.83) 		73.5
(2.89) 		79.3
(3.12) 		68.9
(2.71) 		74.9
(2.95) 		76.4
(3.01) 		81.0
(3.19) 		852.4
(33.56)
Average precipitation days 19.2 16.3 17.8 15.9 16.2 15.0 14.3 14.5 15.7 16.6 18.8 19.3 199
Average snowy days 5.2 5.9 3.2 2.4 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 2.4 4.6 24.1
Average relative humidity (%) 86.6 82.5 78.5 72.5 73.2 74.1 74.3 75.5 80.9 84.6 88.2 88.8 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 59 77 114 159 191 188 201 190 143 113 66 45 1,546
Source: KMI/IRM[19]
Climate data for *Manchester*-Liverpool, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.3
(57.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		31.3
(88.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.7
(92.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		33.7
(92.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.4
(45.3) 		13.5
(56.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −12.0
(10.4) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−13.5
(7.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 72.3
(2.85) 		51.4
(2.02) 		61.2
(2.41) 		54.0
(2.13) 		56.8
(2.24) 		66.1
(2.60) 		63.9
(2.52) 		77.0
(3.03) 		71.5
(2.81) 		92.5
(3.64) 		81.5
(3.21) 		80.7
(3.18) 		828.8
(32.63)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.1 9.7 12.3 11.2 10.4 11.1 10.9 12.0 11.1 13.6 14.1 13.5 142.9
Average snowy days 9 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 30
Average relative humidity (%) 87 86 86 85 82 84 86 88 89 89 87 87 86
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.5 73.9 99.0 146.9 188.3 172.5 179.7 166.3 131.2 99.3 59.5 47.1 1,416.2
Source 1: Met Office[20]
Source 2: NOAA[21]
Climate data for Madrid, Spain Spain
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.8
(49.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		28.2
(82.8) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		19.9
(67.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3) 		7.9
(46.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.1
(77.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		15.0
(59.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.7
(45.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		10.1
(50.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33
(1.3) 		35
(1.4) 		25
(1.0) 		45
(1.8) 		51
(2.0) 		21
(0.8) 		12
(0.5) 		10
(0.4) 		22
(0.9) 		60
(2.4) 		58
(2.3) 		51
(2.0) 		421
(16.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6 5 4 7 7 3 2 2 3 7 7 7 59
Mean monthly sunshine hours 148 157 214 231 272 310 359 335 261 198 157 124 2,769
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[22][23][24][25]
Climate data for Barcelona, Spain Spain
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.7
(81.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		35.8
(96.4) 		36.8
(98.2) 		38.2
(100.8) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.6
(90.7) 		26.1
(79.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		29.0
(84.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		21.2
(70.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.3
(66.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		18.2
(64.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		9.3
(48.7) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19.8
(67.6) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		15.1
(59.2)
Record low °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		0.4
(32.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		6.3
(43.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		1.7
(35.1) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−1.0
(30.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.7
(1.72) 		31.4
(1.24) 		33.0
(1.30) 		47.7
(1.88) 		47.4
(1.87) 		25.5
(1.00) 		25.1
(0.99) 		40.8
(1.61) 		81.9
(3.22) 		96.5
(3.80) 		45.1
(1.78) 		46.8
(1.84) 		565.0
(22.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6.0 5.0 6.2 7.9 7.5 5.5 3.1 5.8 8.0 8.0 6.6 7.0 76.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158 171 206 239 258 287 293 264 229 196 153 137 2,591
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - Barcelona City Hall[26]
Climate data for Frankfurt, Germany Germany
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5) 		17.5
(63.5) 		24.2
(75.6) 		28.3
(82.9) 		32.0
(89.6) 		37.5
(99.5) 		38.8
(101.8) 		39.6
(103.3) 		31.6
(88.9) 		28.0
(82.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 		5.9
(42.6) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.1
(77.2) 		20.3
(68.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		14.8
(58.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.4
(43.5) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		10.6
(51.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		10.5
(50.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		6.2
(43.2)
Record low °C (°F) −19.1
(−2.4) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−12.7
(9.1) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−19.1
(−2.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.5
(1.75) 		40.9
(1.61) 		48.4
(1.91) 		42.1
(1.66) 		63.4
(2.50) 		58.1
(2.29) 		64.7
(2.55) 		56.5
(2.22) 		53.0
(2.09) 		54.7
(2.15) 		49.1
(1.93) 		53.9
(2.12) 		629.18
(24.77)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 50 80 121 178 211 219 233 219 156 103 51 41 1,662
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[27]
Climate data for Saint Petersburg, Russia Russia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		32.0
(89.6) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.3
(95.5) 		37.1
(98.8) 		30.4
(86.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		9.3
(48.7) 		16.0
(60.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		20.8
(69.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		9.1
(48.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.3
(52.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.2
(43.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		5.8
(42.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.0
(17.6) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		2.7
(36.9)
Record low °C (°F) −35.9
(−32.6) 		−35.2
(−31.4) 		−29.9
(−21.8) 		−21.8
(−7.2) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		0.1
(32.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−12.9
(8.8) 		−22.2
(−8.0) 		−34.4
(−29.9) 		−35.9
(−32.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44
(1.7) 		33
(1.3) 		37
(1.5) 		31
(1.2) 		46
(1.8) 		71
(2.8) 		79
(3.1) 		83
(3.3) 		64
(2.5) 		68
(2.7) 		55
(2.2) 		51
(2.0) 		661
(26.0)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 18
(7.1) 		22
(8.7) 		22
(8.7) 		29
(11) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		4
(1.6) 		14
(5.5) 		18
(7.1) 		128
(50.1)
Average rainy days 9 7 10 13 16 18 17 17 20 20 16 10 173
Average snowy days 17 17 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 17 75
Average relative humidity (%) 86 84 79 69 65 69 71 76 80 83 86 87 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 21.7 53.7 124.0 180.0 260.4 276.0 266.6 213.9 129.0 71.3 24.0 12.4 1,633
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[28]
Source 2: HKO (sunshine hours)[29]
Climate data for Naples, Italy Italy
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.5
(54.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.2
(59.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.2
(79.2) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		13.6
(56.5) 		20.4
(68.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		12.3
(54.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		15.9
(60.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		4.3
(39.7) 		5.9
(42.6) 		8.3
(46.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.4
(50.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 104.4
(4.11) 		97.9
(3.85) 		85.7
(3.37) 		75.5
(2.97) 		49.6
(1.95) 		34.1
(1.34) 		24.3
(0.96) 		41.6
(1.64) 		80.3
(3.16) 		129.7
(5.11) 		162.1
(6.38) 		121.4
(4.78) 		1,006.6
(39.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.9 9.8 9.5 8.8 5.7 4.0 2.3 3.8 5.8 8.1 10.8 10.7 89.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 114.7 127.6 158.1 189.0 244.9 279.0 313.1 294.5 234.0 189.1 126.0 105.4 2,375.4
Source: World Meteorological Organization[30]
Climate data for Rome, Italy Italy
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7) 		14.0
(57.2) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.9
(75.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		27.5
(81.5) 		22.4
(72.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		13.2
(55.8) 		21.4
(70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		17.3
(63.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		8.2
(46.8) 		15.3
(59.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		2.7
(36.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		3.1
(37.6) 		9.1
(48.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 69.5
(2.74) 		75.8
(2.98) 		59.0
(2.32) 		76.2
(3.00) 		49.1
(1.93) 		40.7
(1.60) 		21.0
(0.83) 		34.1
(1.34) 		71.8
(2.83) 		107.0
(4.21) 		109.9
(4.33) 		84.4
(3.32) 		798.5
(31.44)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 7.6 7.4 7.8 8.8 5.6 4.1 2.3 3.2 5.6 7.7 9.1 8.5 77.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 120.9 132.8 167.4 201.0 263.5 285.0 331.7 297.6 237.0 195.3 129.0 111.6 2,472.8
Source: Servizio Meteorologico[31]
Climate data for Berlin, Germany Germany 1971-2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		24.8
(76.6) 		31.3
(88.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.9
(96.6) 		38.1
(100.6) 		38.0
(100.4) 		34.2
(93.6) 		28.1
(82.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		16.0
(60.8) 		38.1
(100.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		7.1
(44.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		13.4
(56.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		1.4
(34.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.9
(48.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		2.0
(35.6) 		9.7
(49.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		1.3
(34.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		5.9
(42.6)
Record low °C (°F) −23.1
(−9.6) 		−26.0
(−14.8) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		1.5
(34.7) 		5.4
(41.7) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−20.5
(−4.9) 		−26.0
(−14.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 42.3
(1.67) 		33.3
(1.31) 		40.5
(1.59) 		37.1
(1.46) 		53.8
(2.12) 		68.7
(2.70) 		55.5
(2.19) 		58.2
(2.29) 		45.1
(1.78) 		37.3
(1.47) 		43.6
(1.72) 		55.3
(2.18) 		570.7
(22.48)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.0 8.0 9.1 7.8 8.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.8 7.6 9.6 11.4 101.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46.5 73.5 120.9 159.0 220.1 222.0 217.0 210.8 156.0 111.6 51.0 37.2 1,625.6
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[32] HKO[29][33]
Climate data for Birmingham, United Kingdom United Kingdom 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		30.0
(86.0) 		31.6
(88.9) 		32.9
(91.2) 		34.9
(94.8) 		29.8
(85.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		34.9
(94.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1) 		7.1
(44.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.7
(54.9) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		13.4
(56.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		4.2
(39.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.8
(38.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −20.8
(−5.4) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−20.8
(−5.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 73.2
(2.88) 		51.4
(2.02) 		55.8
(2.20) 		61.9
(2.44) 		61.3
(2.41) 		65.6
(2.58) 		63.8
(2.51) 		66.7
(2.63) 		68.1
(2.68) 		82.7
(3.26) 		74.8
(2.94) 		79.7
(3.14) 		805
(31.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.7 60.0 101.5 129.2 178.0 186.2 181.0 166.8 134.3 97.2 64.2 46.9 1,395
Source 1: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute[34]
Source 2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[35]
Climate data for Munich, Germany Germany 1971-2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		36.2
(97.2) 		37.1
(98.8) 		31.7
(89.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		22.9
(73.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.0
(73.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		3.7
(38.7) 		13.0
(55.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		4.2
(39.5)
Record low °C (°F) −30.5
(−22.9) 		−31.6
(−24.9) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−14.4
(6.1) 		−21.1
(−6.0) 		−31.6
(−24.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48
(1.9) 		45
(1.8) 		58
(2.3) 		70
(2.8) 		93
(3.7) 		128
(5.0) 		132
(5.2) 		111
(4.4) 		86
(3.4) 		65
(2.6) 		71
(2.8) 		61
(2.4) 		968
(38.3)
Average rainy days 10.0 8.6 10.5 10.9 11.6 13.8 12.0 11.4 9.6 9.1 10.7 11.2 129.4
Average relative humidity (%) 80 74 62 57 55 58 55 55 61 71 80 81 66
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61 84 128 157 199 209 237 213 173 129 69 49 1,708
Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation[36]
Source 2: "Climate Munich – Bavaria".
Climate data for Vienna, Austria Austria
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.1
(97.0) 		37.0
(98.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		16.4
(61.5) 		37.0
(98.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.0
(75.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		15.3
(59.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.6
(70.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		11.4
(52.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		17.4
(63.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		0.5
(32.9) 		8.3
(46.9)
Record low °C (°F) −17.6
(0.3) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−17.6
(0.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.3
(0.84) 		29.3
(1.15) 		39.1
(1.54) 		39.2
(1.54) 		60.9
(2.40) 		63.3
(2.49) 		66.6
(2.62) 		66.5
(2.62) 		50.4
(1.98) 		32.8
(1.29) 		43.9
(1.73) 		34.6
(1.36) 		547.9
(21.56)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 18.6
(7.3) 		15.6
(6.1) 		8.3
(3.3) 		1.5
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		7.9
(3.1) 		16.4
(6.5) 		68.3
(26.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.3 6.0 8.1 6.3 8.3 9.3 8.2 8.5 6.9 6.0 7.5 7.6 88
Mean monthly sunshine hours 70.1 101.6 142.9 197.5 238.5 237.9 263.1 251.6 181.6 132.3 66.7 51.8 1,935.5
Percent possible sunshine 25.6 35.5 40.1 48.2 50.6 49.6 54.4 56.8 53.8 40.6 23.9 19.8 41.6
Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[37]
Climate data for Ankara, Turkey Turkey
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		33.0
(91.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		41.0
(105.8) 		40.4
(104.7) 		36.0
(96.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		30.2
(86.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		19.8
(67.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		17.8
(64.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		1.9
(35.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.4
(59.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		11.6
(52.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.7
(53.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.7
(53.1) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		6.4
(43.5)
Record low °C (°F) −31.2
(−24.2) 		−21.5
(−6.7) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−17.2
(1.0) 		−31.2
(−24.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42.2
(1.66) 		37.0
(1.46) 		38.8
(1.53) 		47.7
(1.88) 		49.7
(1.96) 		35.0
(1.38) 		14.5
(0.57) 		10.5
(0.41) 		19.2
(0.76) 		29.4
(1.16) 		32.6
(1.28) 		45.4
(1.79) 		402
(15.84)
Average precipitation days 12.2 11.0 10.9 11.9 12.5 8.6 3.7 2.8 3.9 6.8 8.5 11.8 104.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 77.5 98.9 161.2 189.0 260.4 306.0 350.3 328.6 276.0 198.4 132.0 71.3 2,449.6
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[38]
Climate data for Athens, Greece Greece
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		25.2
(77.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		33.4
(92.1) 		33.7
(92.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		14.7
(58.5) 		22.7
(72.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8) 		10.2
(50.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.7
(53.1) 		18.5
(65.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.8
(44.2) 		6.8
(44.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.8
(60.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		14.5
(58.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 56.9
(2.24) 		46.7
(1.84) 		40.7
(1.60) 		30.8
(1.21) 		22.7
(0.89) 		10.6
(0.42) 		5.8
(0.23) 		6.0
(0.24) 		13.9
(0.55) 		52.6
(2.07) 		58.3
(2.30) 		69.1
(2.72) 		414.1
(16.30)
Average rainy days 12.6 10.4 10.2 8.1 6.2 3.7 1.9 1.7 3.3 7.2 9.7 12.1 87.1
Average relative humidity (%) 70.7 68.9 67.0 62.9 59.5 52.6 48.7 47.6 57.2 64.6 71.9 71.8 62.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158.1 168.0 189.1 225.0 303.8 360.0 384.4 359.6 252.0 198.4 144.0 105.4 2,847.8
Source: Climatebase (temperatures, RH, and sun 1980–2000)[39] World Meteorological Organization (precipitation 1955–1997),[40]
Climate data for Rhine-Neckar, Germany Germany (*Mannheim*, Heidelberg)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5) 		20.2
(68.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.8
(103.6) 		32.6
(90.7) 		28.2
(82.8) 		19.7
(67.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.9
(78.6) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		15.50
(59.90)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.9
(67.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		10.85
(51.53)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		2.3
(36.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		-0.0
(32.0) 		6.28
(43.30)
Record low °C (°F) −18.7
(−1.7) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		4.7
(40.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−18.7
(−1.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40.9
(1.61) 		43.1
(1.70) 		50.8
(2.00) 		49.3
(1.94) 		72.5
(2.85) 		66.6
(2.62) 		76.0
(2.99) 		57.7
(2.27) 		54.1
(2.13) 		56.4
(2.22) 		53.5
(2.11) 		54.1
(2.13) 		675.0
(26.57)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.2 85.6 124.0 180.2 214.1 219.1 235.1 222.1 164.1 108.8 59.0 44.9 1,712.2
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[41]
Climate data for *Bristol*-Cardiff, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		32.4
(90.3) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.1
(79.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		33.5
(92.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.7
(56.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		1.8
(35.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		7.3
(45.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.2
(54.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.5
(40.1) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −14.4
(6.1) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−2
(28) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−14.4
(6.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 94.36
(3.71) 		65.47
(2.58) 		73.73
(2.90) 		50.46
(1.99) 		61.30
(2.41) 		68.33
(2.69) 		52.23
(2.06) 		75.02
(2.95) 		85.95
(3.38) 		92.08
(3.63) 		91.62
(3.61) 		102.78
(4.05) 		913.33
(35.96)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.50 74.80 112.70 170.8 199.60 214.70 217.70 201.80 149.9 104.80 69.1 52.7 1,627.1
Source 1: Met Office[42]
Source 2: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[43]
Climate data for Hamburg, Germany Germany
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.6
(94.3) 		36.9
(98.4) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		37.3
(99.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		1.9
(35.4) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		2.4
(36.3) 		9.4
(48.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		4.0
(39.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		6.2
(43.2)
Record low °C (°F) −22.8
(−9.0) 		−29.1
(−20.4) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−19.1
(−2.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 67.8
(2.67) 		49.9
(1.96) 		67.7
(2.67) 		43.0
(1.69) 		57.4
(2.26) 		78.6
(3.09) 		76.7
(3.02) 		78.9
(3.11) 		67.4
(2.65) 		67.0
(2.64) 		69.2
(2.72) 		68.9
(2.71) 		792.6
(31.20)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.1 9.2 11.3 8.9 9.6 11.3 11.4 10.2 10.8 10.5 11.7 12.4 129.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46.9 69.0 108.8 171.6 223.4 198.7 217.5 203.1 144.6 107.9 53.0 37.4 1,581.9
Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[36]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst[44]
Climate data for Venice, Italy Italy 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.9
(76.8) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.5
(81.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		17.2
(63.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		13.8
(56.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		13.0
(55.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.7
(54.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.3
(57.7) 		9.6
(49.3) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		8.8
(47.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.0
(1.85) 		48.3
(1.90) 		48.8
(1.92) 		70.0
(2.76) 		66.0
(2.60) 		78.0
(3.07) 		63.9
(2.52) 		64.8
(2.55) 		72.0
(2.83) 		73.5
(2.89) 		65.5
(2.58) 		50.6
(1.99) 		748.4
(29.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.0 5.2 5.7 8.3 8.2 8.6 5.9 6.1 5.9 6.7 5.8 5.9 78.3
Average relative humidity (%) 81 77 75 75 73 74 71 72 75 77 79 81 75.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 80.6 107.4 142.6 174.0 229.4 243.0 288.3 257.3 198.0 151.9 87.0 77.5 2,037
Source: MeteoAM (sun and humidity 1961–1990)[46][16]
Climate data for Stuttgart, Germany Germany
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		25.6
(78.1) 		30.8
(87.4) 		34.5
(94.1) 		39.5
(103.1) 		40.8
(105.4) 		39.7
(103.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		30.8
(87.4) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		40.9
(105.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		10.8
(51.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		2.6
(36.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.4
(34.5) 		11.4
(52.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		0.5
(32.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		7.9
(46.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.6
(33.1) 		8.0
(46.4)
Record low °C (°F) −25.5
(−13.9) 		−20.3
(−4.5) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.3
(37.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.1
(41.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−14.9
(5.2) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−25.5
(−13.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46.2
(1.82) 		35.5
(1.40) 		38.6
(1.52) 		49.6
(1.95) 		85.7
(3.37) 		86.8
(3.42) 		86.1
(3.39) 		69.1
(2.72) 		57.1
(2.25) 		58.8
(2.31) 		49.8
(1.96) 		50.4
(1.98) 		718.7
(28.30)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 79.8 96.4 137.9 177.0 236.5 255.8 272.4 258.1 190.4 144.6 74.1 60.4 1,807.2
Percent possible sunshine 29 34 37 43 46 45 48 50 45 37 27 23 40
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst, note: sunshine hours are from 1990–2012 [47]
Climate data for Kiev, Ukraine Ukraine
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		30.2
(86.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.4
(102.9) 		39.3
(102.7) 		33.8
(92.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		23.2
(73.8) 		14.7
(58.5) 		39.4
(102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.9
(30.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		25.6
(78.1) 		24.9
(76.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		12.5
(54.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7) 		−3
(27) 		1.8
(35.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		8.4
(47.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) −31.1
(−24.0) 		−32.2
(−26.0) 		−24.9
(−12.8) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		5.8
(42.4) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−21.9
(−7.4) 		−30.0
(−22.0) 		−32.2
(−26.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 36
(1.4) 		39
(1.5) 		36
(1.4) 		46
(1.8) 		57
(2.2) 		82
(3.2) 		72
(2.8) 		61
(2.4) 		58
(2.3) 		40
(1.6) 		48
(1.9) 		44
(1.7) 		619
(24.4)
Average rainy days 8 7 9 13 14 15 14 11 14 12 12 9 138
Average snowy days 14 13 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 12 51
Average relative humidity (%) 83 80 74 64 62 67 68 67 74 77 85 86 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 31.0 56.5 124.0 180.0 279.0 270.0 310.0 248.0 210.0 155.0 60.0 31.0 1,954.5
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[28]
Source 2: BBC weather (sun values).[48]
Climate data for Kraków, Poland Poland
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.6
(90.7) 		38.4
(101.1) 		35.5
(95.9) 		37.3
(99.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		27.1
(80.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		38.4
(101.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		2.5
(36.5) 		7.5
(45.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.6
(56.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		1.8
(35.2) 		12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		8.8
(47.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.0
(62.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		8.7
(47.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.9
(23.2) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		4.4
(39.9)
Record low °C (°F) −29.6
(−21.3) 		−27.0
(−16.6) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−29.6
(−21.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 39
(1.5) 		33
(1.3) 		39
(1.5) 		47
(1.9) 		82
(3.2) 		90
(3.5) 		85
(3.3) 		74
(2.9) 		61
(2.4) 		41
(1.6) 		41
(1.6) 		38
(1.5) 		670
(26.4)
Average relative humidity (%) 85 82 78 71 72 74 74 76 81 83 87 87 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 43 54 102 144 189 204 208 183 153 105 51 33 1,469
Source: http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/12566.htm
Climate data for Lille, France France
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		33.8
(92.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		36.6
(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		14.5
(58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		4.1
(39.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		4.2
(39.6) 		10.8
(51.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2) 		1.3
(34.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −19.5
(−3.1) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−17.3
(0.9) 		−19.5
(−3.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60.5
(2.38) 		47.4
(1.87) 		58.3
(2.30) 		50.7
(2.00) 		64.0
(2.52) 		64.6
(2.54) 		68.5
(2.70) 		62.8
(2.47) 		61.6
(2.43) 		66.2
(2.61) 		70.1
(2.76) 		67.8
(2.67) 		742.5
(29.23)
Average precipitation days 11.7 9.6 11.4 10.1 10.6 10.0 9.8 9.2 10.1 11.0 12.6 11.3 127.4
Average snowy days 4.9 4.1 3.2 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 3.8 19.2
Average relative humidity (%) 88 85 82 79 78 79 78 78 83 87 89 90 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.5 70.7 121.1 172.2 193.9 206.0 211.3 199.5 151.9 114.4 61.4 49.6 1,617.5
Source 1: Meteo France[49][50]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[51]
Climate data for Aachen, Germany Germany
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.5
(94.1) 		36.7
(98.1) 		36.8
(98.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		26.9
(80.4) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		36.8
(98.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		9.3
(48.7) 		5.9
(42.6) 		14.2
(57.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		10.4
(50.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.9
(46.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		1.5
(34.7) 		7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F) −16.4
(2.5) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		0.4
(32.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		5.8
(42.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−14.3
(6.3) 		−16.4
(2.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 68.1
(2.68) 		63.6
(2.50) 		67.0
(2.64) 		55.7
(2.19) 		72.0
(2.83) 		80.3
(3.16) 		75.2
(2.96) 		74.8
(2.94) 		69.2
(2.72) 		70.1
(2.76) 		66.1
(2.60) 		74.9
(2.95) 		836.8
(32.94)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 63.5 83.0 119.3 163.4 195.6 196.6 208.5 195.7 149.3 120.4 71.0 50.2 1,616.5
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[52]
Climate data for Zürich, Switzerland Switzerland
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		21.6
(70.9) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.3
(73.9) 		18.8
(65.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.7
(38.7) 		13.5
(56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5) 		1.3
(34.3) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.8
(47.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		9.3
(48.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.5
(50.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		5.8
(42.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63
(2.5) 		64
(2.5) 		78
(3.1) 		83
(3.3) 		122
(4.8) 		128
(5.0) 		124
(4.9) 		124
(4.9) 		99
(3.9) 		86
(3.4) 		79
(3.1) 		83
(3.3) 		1,134
(44.6)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 18.4
(7.2) 		22.0
(8.7) 		13.7
(5.4) 		3.0
(1.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.8
(0.3) 		8.0
(3.1) 		19.1
(7.5) 		85.0
(33.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.5 9.3 11.9 11.4 12.4 12.7 12.3 11.6 10.2 9.9 10.3 11.4 133.9
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 4.8 5.2 3.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.6 4.8 20.4
Average relative humidity (%) 83 78 72 69 71 71 71 74 79 83 84 84 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55 81 124 153 175 189 215 200 150 102 59 42 1,544
Percent possible sunshine 22 31 36 40 41 44 49 50 44 33 24 18 38
Source: MeteoSwiss[53]
Climate data for Budapest, Hungary Hungary 1971-2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		25.4
(77.7) 		30.2
(86.4) 		34.0
(93.2) 		39.5
(103.1) 		40.7
(105.3) 		39.4
(102.9) 		35.2
(95.4) 		30.8
(87.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		40.7
(105.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.6
(70.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.0
(39.2) 		15.3
(59.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		11.8
(53.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		1.8
(35.2) 		11.3
(52.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		7.85
(46.13) 		2.9
(37.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F) −25.6
(−14.1) 		−23.4
(−10.1) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.0
(37.4) 		5.9
(42.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−20.8
(−5.4) 		−25.6
(−14.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37
(1.5) 		29
(1.1) 		30
(1.2) 		42
(1.7) 		62
(2.4) 		63
(2.5) 		45
(1.8) 		49
(1.9) 		40
(1.6) 		39
(1.5) 		53
(2.1) 		43
(1.7) 		532
(20.9)
Average precipitation days 7 6 6 6 8 8 7 6 5 5 7 7 78
Average relative humidity (%) 79 74 66 59 61 61 59 61 67 72 78 80 68.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62 93 137 177 234 250 271 255 187 141 69 52 1,988
Source: Hungarian Meteorological Service[54]
Climate data for Bucharest, Romania Romania
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.4
(88.5) 		35.1
(95.2) 		36.4
(97.5) 		39.6
(103.3) 		40.0
(104.0) 		36.8
(98.2) 		33.6
(92.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		40.0
(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		23.3
(73.9) 		26.8
(80.2) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.5
(83.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		16.5
(61.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		4.8
(40.6) 		11.3
(52.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.2
(70.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		0.2
(32.4) 		10.6
(51.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		0.3
(32.5) 		5.6
(42.1) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −23.7
(−10.7) 		−23.9
(−11.0) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−18.8
(−1.8) 		−19.5
(−3.1) 		−23.9
(−11.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40
(1.6) 		36
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		46
(1.8) 		70
(2.8) 		77
(3.0) 		64
(2.5) 		58
(2.3) 		42
(1.7) 		32
(1.3) 		49
(1.9) 		43
(1.7) 		595
(23.4)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 13.7
(5.4) 		11.0
(4.3) 		10.5
(4.1) 		1.5
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		8.8
(3.5) 		10.5
(4.1) 		56
(22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6 6 6 7 6 6 7 6 5 5 6 6 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 70.6 84.5 138.0 184.8 246.3 265.8 289.2 281.4 224.1 177.4 87.5 62.8 2,112.4
Source: NOAA[55]
Climate data for Porto, Portugal Portugal
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		28.5
(83.3) 		30.2
(86.4) 		34.1
(93.4) 		38.7
(101.7) 		40.0
(104.0) 		38.5
(101.3) 		36.9
(98.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		26.3
(79.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		40.5
(104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		19.6
(67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.2
(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		5.9
(42.6) 		7.8
(46.0) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		12.2
(54.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.7
(51.3)
Record low °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		0.1
(32.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		9.5
(49.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−3.3
(26.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 147.1
(5.79) 		110.5
(4.35) 		95.6
(3.76) 		117.6
(4.63) 		89.6
(3.53) 		39.9
(1.57) 		20.4
(0.80) 		32.9
(1.30) 		71.9
(2.83) 		158.3
(6.23) 		172.0
(6.77) 		181.0
(7.13) 		1,237
(48.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17 16 15 14 13 9 6 5 8 14 15 15 147
Mean monthly sunshine hours 124.0 130.0 192.2 216.0 257.3 273.0 306.9 294.5 225.0 182.9 138.0 124.0 2,464
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia,[56] Hong Kong Observatory[57] for data of average precipitation days and sunshine hours
Climate data for Lisbon, Portugal Portugal
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7) 		24.8
(76.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		34.8
(94.6) 		41.5
(106.7) 		40.6
(105.1) 		41.8
(107.2) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.6
(90.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		41.8
(107.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		25.7
(78.3) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.5
(79.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		15.3
(59.5) 		21.5
(70.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.9
(58.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		17.5
(63.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.5
(56.3)
Record low °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		4.3
(39.7) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−1.2
(29.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 99.9
(3.93) 		84.9
(3.34) 		53.2
(2.09) 		68.1
(2.68) 		53.6
(2.11) 		15.9
(0.63) 		4.2
(0.17) 		6.2
(0.24) 		32.9
(1.30) 		100.8
(3.97) 		127.6
(5.02) 		126.7
(4.99) 		774
(30.5)
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[58]
Climate data for Leeds-*Bradford*, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.6
(58.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.9
(75.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		32.2
(90.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.3
(48.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		12.8
(55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.3
(34.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.9
(44.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.7
(35.1) 		6.1
(42.9)
Record low °C (°F) −13.9
(7.0) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−3
(27) 		0.6
(33.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−13.9
(7.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 92.69
(3.65) 		65.99
(2.60) 		67.24
(2.65) 		64.35
(2.53) 		53.68
(2.11) 		71.04
(2.80) 		57.85
(2.28) 		68.58
(2.70) 		65.31
(2.57) 		85.06
(3.35) 		86.70
(3.41) 		94.33
(3.71) 		872.82
(34.36)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 41.98 65.21 96.32 130.68 163.94 153.19 163.14 152.90 119.41 89.25 54.29 34.26 1,264.57
Source: Calculated from Met Office Long term data[59]
Climate data for Warsaw, Poland Poland 1971-2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		22.9
(73.2) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.8
(91.0) 		35.1
(95.2) 		36.0
(96.8) 		37.1
(98.8) 		34.5
(94.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.4
(59.7) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		6.8
(44.2) 		13.1
(55.6) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		12.3
(54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		8.1
(46.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.3
(55.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		8.2
(46.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		3.1
(37.6) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.3
(52.3) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.6
(47.5) 		4.4
(39.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		4.0
(39.2)
Record low °C (°F) −30.7
(−23.3) 		−27.6
(−17.7) 		−22.6
(−8.7) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−30.7
(−23.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26.5
(1.04) 		26.1
(1.03) 		30.2
(1.19) 		33.9
(1.33) 		54.6
(2.15) 		69.8
(2.75) 		72.9
(2.87) 		62.9
(2.48) 		47.3
(1.86) 		32.8
(1.29) 		39.5
(1.56) 		35.0
(1.38) 		531.5
(20.93)
Average precipitation days 15 14 13 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 14 16 159
Mean monthly sunshine hours 42 67 108 155 218 230 235 219 143 102 41 29 1,589
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[36]
Source 2: KNMI[60]
Climate data for Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.4
(50.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		30.2
(86.4) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.7
(58.5) 		12.4
(54.3) 		31.2
(88.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.0
(69.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		11.4
(52.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.8
(58.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.1
(35.8) 		8.2
(46.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.7
(28.9) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.0
(41.0)
Record low °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0) 		−16.2
(2.8) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−15.9
(3.4) 		−17.8
(0.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.3
(1.47) 		22.7
(0.89) 		35.0
(1.38) 		32.5
(1.28) 		40.5
(1.59) 		50.0
(1.97) 		51.4
(2.02) 		50.1
(1.97) 		58.9
(2.32) 		50.2
(1.98) 		48.0
(1.89) 		46.0
(1.81) 		522.6
(20.57)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 14.9 11.4 13.5 11.5 10.8 12.0 12.4 12.0 13.6 14.5 15.4 15.4 157.4
Average snowy days 5.9 4.4 4.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.7 3.9 21.4
Average relative humidity (%) 86 84 82 76 72 72 73 75 78 83 84 85 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46 65 117 188 262 247 260 241 154 103 58 38 1,780
Source: Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity 1961–1990)[61][62]
Climate data for Turin, Italy Italy 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.1
(77.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.1
(98.8) 		32.2
(90.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.6
(45.7) 		17.1
(62.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		4.3
(39.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.8
(64.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		6.5
(43.7) 		3.1
(37.6) 		12.0
(53.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		5.7
(42.3) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.0
(57.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F) −18.5
(−1.3) 		−21.8
(−7.2) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−13.8
(7.2) 		−21.8
(−7.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.8
(1.88) 		47.1
(1.85) 		72.5
(2.85) 		113.3
(4.46) 		145.3
(5.72) 		104.3
(4.11) 		70.5
(2.78) 		76.1
(3.00) 		83.8
(3.30) 		106.1
(4.18) 		69.1
(2.72) 		45.1
(1.78) 		981.0
(38.62)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.4 4.4 5.8 8.6 11.2 8.6 5.8 7.7 6.4 7.0 5.6 4.4 80.9
Average relative humidity (%) 75 75 67 72 75 74 72 73 75 79 80 80 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 111.6 118.7 158.1 180.0 195.3 219.0 260.4 223.2 168.0 142.6 105.0 108.5 1,990.4
Source: Italian Air Force Meteorological Service[16][63][64]
Climate data for Lyon, France France
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3) 		21.9
(71.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		34.2
(93.6) 		38.4
(101.1) 		39.8
(103.6) 		40.5
(104.9) 		35.8
(96.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		20.2
(68.4) 		40.5
(104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.2
(81.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		16.9
(62.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.4
(39.9) 		12.5
(54.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.5
(43.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.1
(57.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		16.0
(60.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.3
(39.7) 		1.6
(34.9) 		8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F) −23.0
(−9.4) 		−22.5
(−8.5) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−24.6
(−12.3) 		−24.6
(−12.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.2
(1.86) 		44.1
(1.74) 		50.4
(1.98) 		74.9
(2.95) 		90.8
(3.57) 		75.6
(2.98) 		63.7
(2.51) 		62.0
(2.44) 		87.5
(3.44) 		98.6
(3.88) 		81.9
(3.22) 		55.2
(2.17) 		831.9
(32.75)
Average precipitation days 9.0 7.8 8.4 9.3 11.3 8.4 6.9 7.1 7.6 10.2 9.0 9.1 104.1
Average snowy days 5.5 3.9 2.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.6 19.6
Average relative humidity (%) 84 80 74 71 72 70 65 70 76 82 84 86 76.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 73.9 101.2 170.2 190.5 221.4 254.3 283.0 252.7 194.8 129.6 75.9 54.5 2,001.9
Source 1: Météo France[65][50]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[51]
Climate data for Valencia, Spain Spain
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		30.2
(86.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		22.8
(73.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.3
(59.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.4
(65.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		13.8
(56.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.0
(1.46) 		36.0
(1.42) 		33.0
(1.30) 		38.0
(1.50) 		39.0
(1.54) 		22.0
(0.87) 		8.0
(0.31) 		20.0
(0.79) 		70.0
(2.76) 		77.0
(3.03) 		47.0
(1.85) 		48.0
(1.89) 		475.0
(18.70)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 4 4 4 5 4 3 1 2 5 5 4 5 46
Mean monthly sunshine hours 171 171 215 234 259 276 315 288 235 202 167 155 2,696
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[66][67]
Climate data for Nottingham, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.6
(58.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.6
(81.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.6
(94.3) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.0
(82.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		34.6
(94.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		21.0
(69.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		13.4
(56.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		14.0
(57.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		9.8
(49.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		1.1
(34.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −13.3
(8.1) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−13.3
(8.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.2
(2.41) 		47.2
(1.86) 		49.5
(1.95) 		53.8
(2.12) 		51.8
(2.04) 		62.5
(2.46) 		57.6
(2.27) 		62.0
(2.44) 		58.6
(2.31) 		71.2
(2.80) 		65.7
(2.59) 		68.6
(2.70) 		709.4
(27.93)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.8 10.0 11.1 9.9 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.4 9.4 11.2 11.8 12.1 124.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 54.7 73.2 104.2 141.0 181.6 170.6 191.1 180.1 131.2 99.4 63.7 49.2 1,440.1
Source 1: Met Office[68]
Source 2: KNMI[69]
Climate data for Eindhoven, Netherlands Netherlands
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		24.6
(76.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		32.5
(90.5) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.6
(97.9) 		31.1
(88.0) 		27.0
(80.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		37.0
(98.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3) 		6.6
(43.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.1
(70.0) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		9.6
(49.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		14.5
(58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		3.3
(37.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		10.3
(50.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		4.1
(39.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.8
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F) −21.7
(−7.1) 		−21.6
(−6.9) 		−14.7
(5.5) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.9
(37.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−17.4
(0.7) 		−21.7
(−7.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.6
(2.50) 		56.9
(2.24) 		58.2
(2.29) 		44.5
(1.75) 		54.6
(2.15) 		62.5
(2.46) 		77.2
(3.04) 		71.2
(2.80) 		62.6
(2.46) 		62.6
(2.46) 		78.8
(3.10) 		70.4
(2.77) 		750.0
(29.53)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16 14 16 13 13 14 14 13 14 15 17 17 176
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 cm) 6 6 4 1 0 — — — — 0 2 5 24
Average relative humidity (%) 87 84 80 74 73 75 75 77 83 85 89 90 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.5 84.0 120.8 170.2 202.5 191.5 204.8 188.8 141.7 115.9 65.1 48.1 1,603.6
[citation needed]
Climate data for Belgrade, Serbia Serbia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		28.8
(83.8) 		32.2
(90.0) 		34.9
(94.8) 		37.4
(99.3) 		43.6
(110.5) 		40.0
(104.0) 		37.5
(99.5) 		30.7
(87.3) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.6
(72.7) 		43.6
(110.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.7
(83.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		18.4
(65.1) 		11.2
(52.2) 		5.8
(42.4) 		17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		7.6
(45.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		7.1
(44.8) 		2.7
(36.9) 		12.5
(54.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.8
(60.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		8.5
(47.3)
Record low °C (°F) −26.2
(−15.2) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−18.2
(−0.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46.9
(1.85) 		40.0
(1.57) 		49.3
(1.94) 		56.1
(2.21) 		58.0
(2.28) 		101.2
(3.98) 		63.0
(2.48) 		58.3
(2.30) 		55.3
(2.18) 		50.2
(1.98) 		55.1
(2.17) 		57.4
(2.26) 		690.9
(27.20)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13 12 11 13 13 13 10 9 10 10 12 14 139
Average relative humidity (%) 78 71 63 61 61 63 61 61 67 71 75 79 68
Mean monthly sunshine hours 72.2 101.7 153.2 188.1 242.2 260.9 290.8 274.0 204.3 163.1 97.0 64.5 2,111.9
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[70]
Climate data for Hanover, Germany Germany
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		29.7
(85.5) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		36.4
(97.5) 		38.1
(100.6) 		33.0
(91.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.3
(61.3) 		38.1
(100.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.2
(73.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		13.6
(56.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		9.6
(49.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1.2
(34.2) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.8
(51.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F) −22.4
(−8.3) 		−24.3
(−11.7) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.3
(32.5) 		3.3
(37.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		−20.9
(−5.6) 		−24.3
(−11.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.9
(2.20) 		41.1
(1.62) 		54.8
(2.16) 		39.6
(1.56) 		56.1
(2.21) 		59.2
(2.33) 		61.0
(2.40) 		68.7
(2.70) 		57.2
(2.25) 		52.8
(2.08) 		54.7
(2.15) 		60.2
(2.37) 		661.3
(26.04)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 50.0 71.4 108.1 166.2 216.4 204.5 213.4 199.5 144.4 107.2 52.7 38.9 1,566
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[71]
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