User:Stelle-Pluto/The Hall of the Saints (Pinturicchio)
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The Hall of the Saints or the Sala dei Santi is a room in the Borgia Apartment of the Vatican Palace, frescoed by the Italian Renaissance artist, Pinturicchio. It dates to 1491–1494 and was commissioned by Pope Alexander VI. The frescoes depict scenes from the lives of the saints. The ceiling fresco, which depicts myths related to the ancient Egyptian gods Osiris and Isis, has been the subject of much scholarly attention.[1] The iconographic program reflects the humanistic interests of Alexander VI and was likely designed by his secretary, Giovanni Annio of Viterbo.[2]
| Hall of the Saints | |
|---|---|
| Sala dei Santi | |
 | |
| Artist | Pinturicchio |
| Year | 1491-1494 |
| Medium | fresco |
| Location | Vatican Palace |
History
[edit]Throughout the fifteenth and early sixteenth century, Pinturicchio was an artist who was often commissioned by the church members among the papal court.[3] After Alexander VI had been coronated as Pope, he commissioned Pinturicchio for these frescos murals. He had appointed Giovanni Annio of Viterbo as the Theologian to the Papel Court, this lead to the rendering of a mythological genealogy composition of Pope Alexander VI. The compositions depicting him as having traces of origin to Egyptian ancestors.[1] Using his position as Pope, Alexander VI wanted Pinturicchio's frescoes to help establish his legitimacy of claims in having any Egyptian ancestry.[3]
Borgia Apartments
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Among the five rooms of the Borgia Apartments, frescos cover the upper half of the walls. Although, for about four centuries after the frescos were created, they were forgotten and later sealed until the 19th century. Located in the fourth room, there’s a fresco of the Visitation that contains the seven saints: Anthony, Barbara, Catherine, Elizabeth, Paul, Sebastian, and Susanna.[3] The Hall of Saints are located with the Visitation fresco in the fourth room.
In the first room features the prophets from the Old Testament and twelve sibyls holding scrolls about the coming of Christ. The second room having the twelve apostles and prophets holding inscribed scrolls with prophecies of the Savior. Inside the third room, are the seven Liberal Arts represented as women. Where in the fifth room has scenes in order of the Annunciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, Resurrection, Ascension, Pentecost, and Assumption of the Virgin Mary.[3] These illustrations being the depictions of the lives of the Christ and the Virgin Mary.
The Hall of Saints Frescoes
[edit]The upper walls of the Hall of Saints are decorated with frescoes that illustrates the lives of people selected by Pope Alexander VI, such as patron saints. Also, several of the other frescos showing illustrations of Christ and Egyptian Gods. Also, this room served as a possible throne room for Pope Alexander VI as the second Borgia pope, reigning Rodrigo Borgia from 1493–1503.[1]
A courtier would have seen Pope Alexander VI back against the Saint Catherine fresco, where it depicts her debating about the Incarnation and Passion of Christ against Maxentus and his scholars about the Incarnation and Passion of Christ. [2]
The religions that were inspired by the ancient Egyptian myths or in pagan culture are found the same decorations inside the Hall of Saints, specially centering on the presences of the bull. [4] This same bull were called oxen by the Borgia family. There’s an impression that Pope Alexander VI had shared a great fondness for the bull, due to the various imagery of the animal in a variety of media and scales portrayed throughout the Borgia Apartment.[1]
Ceiling Fresco
[edit]
Most of the frescos in the Hall of the Saints you have to look up at the ceiling to notice Egyptian gods Osiris, Isis, and Apis. The ceiling fresco has eight scenes that depicts the story of Ancient Egyptian Gods, Osiris and Apis.[1] It wasn’t a coincidence that the figures in the ceiling fresco resembles the Egyptian myth of Isis and Osiris, Borgias family’s symbol with the bull, and the glorification of the Egyptians’ worship. [4]
In the northern vault, it begins the narrative of Osiris and Isis as the “cultivators of peace” and mankind’s benefactors. In the south vault, there are four scenes which depict the assassination and dismemberment of Osiris by his brother Typhon, Christ's entombment, Osiris’ resurrection as Apis, and Apis prophesying the triumph of Christ.[2]
Assassination of Osiris
[edit]During the era of lawless brutality, Osiris had brought peace to the nations with an army that stayed away from military arts and taught them agriculture instead. Also, Osiris set aside his royal investments, taught the use of a plough to the Egyptians, agricultures of vines and fruit, then his marriage to Isis.[5] When Typhon had killed Osiris, he had mutilated the body parts and spread them across the earth. [4]
Christ’s Entombment
[edit]Any possibility in bring back Osiris was for Isis in gathering back his scattered limbs and fusing them together to prepare for his regeneration rite.[5] Isis able to find Osiris’ limbs, recompose the body and have a burial underneath a pyramid. [4] Although, details of Isis victory over Typhon weren’t shown, there’s details of typhon’s mutilated torso forcing him to acknowledge Osiris as the Apis. The downfall of Typhon was predicted by the Mohammedan Turks and respect to the Apis was a world wide recognition from the Church.[5]
Osiris’s Resurrection
[edit]Osiris resurrected from his burial with the features of an ox and was carried out by an entourage of Egyptians. [4] In a celebration for Osiris‘ ascendancy as Apis, he was elevated in his honor and his entourage moved him from the surrounding people. With his new features as Apis, he restarted as Apis-Osiris in an exercise of true religion.[5]
Apis Prophesizing the Triumph of Christ
[edit]The reason for the Egyptians celebration was because they considered the bull, Apis, an image of a resurrected god. Apis was considered by the Egyptians as a system of worship and the Borgia family’s insignia of a bull serves as a symbol of the Christian Church in its triumph. The connection of these two types of symbols signify that they were raised in triumphal honor, one as the distant ancestor of the other stressed by the procession of the Apis.[5]
Iconography and Analysis
[edit]That these ancient Egyptian gods had been offered tributes and honored by the frescos after about a millennium of being neglected, they returned as subordinates. They’re now to be seen as ‘hieroglyphic emblems’ and forerunners of the virtues and authority of the Borgia pope.[1] This idea was brought upon the inspiration of Giovanni Annio of Viterbo’s studies. There were arches placed around the frescos, used to signify the victory the church had over the East.[2] Including the Saint Catherine fresco had been shifted from the left to the center to avoid any distractions in the alignment of the pope.
In addition of a statue of Apis, with an inscription "To the cultivator of peace," that references Apis, Pope Alexander VI, and Christ as equals. This inscription further serves as a way to claim legitimacy to what Pope Alexander VI is stating about having supreme spiritual power that mediates between earth and heaven.[2] These frescos provided a visual proclamation upon the aspirations and virtues of Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family. These frescos were made in the regards of Pope Alexander VI, who wanted to show his divinely sanction as the head of the church.[1] Although, there were evidence of Alexander VI's desire to re-create the atmosphere of a wealthy cardinal, which he had become accustomed to.
When the Hall of Saints had illustrated the myth of Osiris and Apis, it provided both a historical and mythical justification for the Borgia family to claim as their ‘ancestral’ right to rule Italy, because of their ‘Egyptian’ ancestors.[1] In Giovanni Annio of Viterbo's works of Diodorus Siculus, he talks about Isis and Osiris establishing colonies in the Mediterranean Sea. Which he speaks upon it being a deriving of a divine and Egyptian ancestry for the Borgia family.[6]
Gallery
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The Encounter Between St. Anthony Abbot & St. Paul the Hermit Pinturiccio, 1492-1494, Fresco, Borgia Apartments -
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Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Curran, Brian (2007). The Egyptian Renaissance : the afterlife of ancient Egypt in early modern Italy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 107–132. ISBN 978-0-226-12893-1. OCLC 487611853.
- ^ a b c d e Partridge, Loren (1996). The Art of Renaissance Rome, 1400-1600. New York: Henry N. Abrams. pp. 144–148.
- ^ a b c d Riess, Jonathan, B (1984). "Raphael's Stanze and Pinturicchio's Borgia Apartments". Notes in the History of Art. 3 (4): 57–67 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e Jatta, Barbara (ed.). "Room of Saints". Vatican Museums. MVSEI VATICANI. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Parks, N. Randolph (1979). "On The Meaning of Pinturicchio's Sala Dei Santi" (PDF). Art History. 2 (3): 291–317 – via Sacramento State University Library.
- ^ Collins, Amanda (July 2000). "Renaissance Epigraphy and its Legitimating Potential: Annius of Viterbo, Etruscan Inscriptions, and the Origins of Civilization". Bulletin Institute of Classical Studies. 44 (S75) – via School of Advanced Studies, University of London.
References
[edit]- Curran, Brian. 2007. The Egyptian Renaissance: the afterlife of ancient Egypt in early modern Italy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Partridge, Loren (1996). The Art of Renaissance Rome, 1400-1600. New York: Henry N. Abrams. pp.144–148.
- Riess, J. B. (1984). "Raphael's Stanze and Pinturiccio's Borgia Apartment." Source (New York, N.Y.), 3(4), 57–67.