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Milward, H. (1994). Review: Nonprofit Contracting and the Hollow State Public Administration Review. 54(1), 73-77.

The reason I chose this article is because Milward is the most knowledgeable about this Subject. Milward still researches the subject of the Hollow State. This article has shown that the idea of the hollow state has existed before the 20^th century. This article focuses on how third parties also have an influence on service agencies that are supposed to be provided and funded by the government.

Ingram, H., & Smith, S. (Eds.). (2011). Public Policy For Democracy. The Brookings Institution.

In the book Public Policy For Democracy the authors dissect the meaning of the term “Hollow State.” The authors also go into detail explain how it primarily came from the Raegan and Bush Administration and how non-profit and for-profit agencies financially contribute to social and health programs that should be solely funded by the federal government. The chapter within the book will also discuss the relationship between the state and the citizens and how that relationship affects the state and the programs efficiency and effectiveness. It also shows that although not all third party contributors are corrupt it discusses how they may have their own agenda and may push away from the original purpose of the program or services.

Milward, H. (2014). Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration The increasingly hollow state: challenges and dilemmas for public administration. 36(1), 77-79.

For over 20 years, a research has been conducted on service implementation networks that are connected to governments by a network of contracts. The networks themselves engage in a joint production of the service and thus collaboration is essential if these networks are to perform reasonably well. Most of the research in the program has been in mental health. The degree of connectedness between the state and its agents has been used as a measure of how many degrees of separation there are between the source of taxpayer funds and the use of those funds. The more degrees of separation there are, the greater the degree of “hollowness”, and the more degrees of separation, the more difficult it is to govern and manage what is called a “hollow state”.

Milward, H. B., & Provan, K. G. (2000). Governing the Hollow State Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 10(2), 359-379.

Milward is knowledgeable on the subject of the Hollow State. He is the author of numerous articles regarding the subject. Provan is also a contributor which strengthens the points from this article. This article is a summary of the theoretical development and the empirical findings from the authors' research on the dimensions and impact of the hollow state in departments/programs of health and human services contracting. The article integrates the authors' research on the hollow state. This research has been conducted for over the past ten years regarding the subject; primarily non-profit organizations. This is a summative article that seeks to bring together in one place what the authors have learned. In addition, new directions are explored for future research on the hollow state.

Fredericksen, P. & London, R. (2000). Disconnect in the Hollow State: The Pivotal Role of Organizational Capacity in Community-Based Development Organizations Public Administration Review. 60(3), 230-239.

In this article it focuses on the hollowness of community-based development organizations (CBDOs) and how nongovernmental organizations are contributing to them. The research they are obtaining are specifically Mexican-American border towns such as El Paso. Of course there are questions about the accountability and the influence these private and non-private organizations will have on these services.