User:Sonianaibaho/sandbox

Topic Choosing

There are so many countries who can't afford a proper education for it's people due to their economic conditions, and for that, I believe that we need to know the wise spending on education. South Korea is a country that is well known for it's entertainment since years ago and it make a great contribution to their economy conditions. So I would like to know more about their education especially for the entertainment sector and how they manage their economy and spending for it.

Annotated Bibliography

1. South Korea - Government Education expenditure

https://countryeconomy.com/government/expenditure/education/south-korea

This data shows education expenditure nominal, GDP percentage, and expenditure per capita of South Korea from 1970–2018 but can only show budget expenditure percentage from 1999 – 2011. This information is important since we need to know how much money Korea spend for its education. This is an article I find on internet.

2. South Korea Administration, Finance, & Educational Research

https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1404/South-Korea-ADMINISTRATION-FINANCE-EDUCATIONAL-RESEARCH.html

“Education in Korea is funded largely by the central government from tax revenues, but also by local government and private or school foundations. Funds also come from private sources, mostly from parents but also from private organizations.” This information needed to understand more about administration and finance in the educational system in Korea. This is an article I find on internet.

3. Does policy matter in shadow education spending? Revisiting the effects of the high school equalization policy in South Korea

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12564-009-9061-9

“The findings suggest that the government intervention by reducing disparities among schools and competition for entering a particular school makes a difference in shadow education spending.” This is an article talking about the policy in education spending which is needed so we can understand the government role in Korean education. This is an article I find on the internet.

4. The Korean Wave: From PSY to BTS -The Impact of K-Pop on the South Korean Economy

https://www.asiascot.com/news/2021/01/22/the-korean-wave-from-psy-to-bts-the-impact-of-k-pop-on-the-south-korean-economy/

“K-Pop is making a major contribution to the South Korean economic system. According to Korea Foundation for International Cultural Exchange, the “Korean Wave” of K-Pop, TV dramas, and games contributed USD 9.5 billion to the Korean economy in 2018. This is only likely to grow.” The Korean wave has been a trend for several years. We know that this trend has given much impact on the South Korean economy that is also one of the funding for Korean education system. This is an article I find on the internet.

5. The Korean Wave

https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/05/26/the-korean-wave/

“The expansion of South Korea’s cultural industries has boosted its domestic economy. The nation’s export of cultural goods and services has grown exponentially: a forty-time increase from $188.9 million in 1998 to $7.5 billion in 2018.” This is also an article showing how big the Korean wave industry impact on Korean economy for this several years. This is an article I find on the internet.

Draft Wikipedia Article

South Korea Domestic Resource Mobilization and Spending on Education

South Korea is one the of the leading country in education system. According to a recent September 2018 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), South Korea has recently been ranked first in having the most educated young people in the world in having the most educated young people. 70% of young people between the ages of 25 and 34 in the Republic of Korea have completed tertiary education or higher education such as a university.

In this case, economy must play an important role on the education system in South Korea. One indicator that can be used to see their domestic resource mobilization is from looking at their source of funding and how they spend their money for education purposes which will be covered in this article by three parts:

1. Education Funding

This part will be cover South Korea’s fund for their education which known from 2 main sources: government and independent resources.

a. Government

This pat will cover how the governance of the education system is shared between central and local authorities. This share is affecting their workload where local authorities are responsible for primary to upper secondary education, and central authorities are responsible for university and university college education. The difference are also seen from their funding:

- The education budget of the central government is supported by funds from the nation’s taxes.

- Education budgets of local governments comes primarily from subsidies disbursed by the central government.

b. Independent Resources of private school

Other sources of funding in South Korea education system is from independent resources of private school.

- Public school do not have to pay a tuition fee, but private school requiring student to pay their tuition fee

- Private school are still relying or have their major source of funding from tuition payment and entrance fees from parents

- Other sources for are from contributions from donors, entrepreneurs or private organizations remain negligible

2. Education Spending

This part will mostly talk about how much South Korea spend for their aeducation system and how they divide their spending.

- The central government’s education budget provides funding for education offices which control primary and secondary school education, the operating funding of national universities, some support for private universities, and for educational administrative and research organizations.

- The budget for the Ministry of Education consists of the general fund, financial loan special fund, state-owned property special fund, special fund for the management of special taxes for rural areas, special fund for local education fund transfer management, and the special fund for organizational management.

- Education budgets of local governments comes primarily from subsidies disbursed by the central government.

- This part will also cover how South Korea spend more of its GDP for education over years.

3. Spending difference on Public and Private School

This part will cover how public and private school get a different amount of money from the government and how different they spend the money.

- There are more public school in South Korea

- The prices for private school in South Korea is higher than public school

- Public school get more money from the government than the private school

- Most funding for private school is from the independent resources

- public and private school has a different kind of teacher and teaching materials that affect their spend on education.

Sources:

South Korea - Government Education expenditure

https://countryeconomy.com/government/expenditure/education/south-korea

This data shows education expenditure nominal, GDP percentage, and expenditure per capita of South Korea from 1970–2018 but can only show budget expenditure percentage from 1999 – 2011. This information is important since we need to know how much money Korea spend for its education. This is an article I find on internet.

South Korea Administration, Finance, & Educational Research

https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1404/South-Korea-ADMINISTRATION-FINANCE-EDUCATIONAL-RESEARCH.html

“Education in Korea is funded largely by the central government from tax revenues, but also by local government and private or school foundations. Funds also come from private sources, mostly from parents but also from private organizations.” This information needed to understand more about administration and finance in the educational system in Korea. This is an article I find on internet.

Does policy matter in shadow education spending? Revisiting the effects of the high school equalization policy in South Korea

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12564-009-9061-9

“The findings suggest that the government intervention by reducing disparities among schools and competition for entering a particular school makes a difference in shadow education spending.” This is an article talking about the policy in education spending which is needed so we can understand the government role in Korean education. This is an article I find on the internet.

EDUCATION POLICY OUTLOOK KOREA

https://www.oecd.org/education/Education-Policy-Outlook-Korea.pdf

Here is written South Korea’s education policy from it’s equity and quality, preparing students for the future, school improvement, evaluation and assessment, the high outonomy for institutions and the funding. This is needed to know more about the policy used in South Korea. I find this on the internet.

Peer Review

User talk:Azaciel/sandbox

User talk:Huang sun choi

Comment on Peer Review

Thank you so much for all the helpful reviews. I do agree with the review saying that there is still not much substantial content in the article. I was mainly focused on writing about the structure of the article. So, after this, I will try to elaborate on the content. I also need to write the statement written along with the sources. I will also give a lot of thoughts on the structure so the flow of the article will be more pleasant to read.

WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE: South Korea Domestic Resource Mobilization and Spending on Education

South Korea is one of the leading countries in the education system^[1]. South Korea has recently been ranked first in having the most educated young people in the world in having the most educated young people. About 70% of young people between the ages of 25 and 34 in the Republic of Korea have completed tertiary education or higher education such as a university.^[2]

In this case, the economy must play an essential role in the education system in South Korea. One indicator that can be used to see their domestic resource mobilization is looking at their source of funding and how they spend their money for education purposes.

Funding

South Korea's education is divided into public school and private school^[3].

The education budget for South Korea is made up of funds from the central government, local government, and the independent resources of private schools^[4]. The central government and local government also cover different levels of education in South Korea. Public schools will get total funding from the government based on their education level. Central governments are responsible for university and university college education. Local governments are responsible for primary to upper secondary education. Meanwhile, private education has its own authority on funding and spending its money. The private school will receive less funding from the government^[5].

Central Government

The central government received their funds mainly from the nation's taxes. The most significant source of income for education is from the education tax. In 1982, a supplemental education tax was put in place, and it was made permanent in 1991. In 1999, it made up 26.2 percent of the MOE's budget.^[6]

Any person in one of the following list, needs to pay for education tax based on the standard tax rates^[7].


Tax Payers	Tax Base	Standard Tax Rate
Persons engaged in financial and insurance businesses	Gross receipts	1.5%
Taxpayer of Individual consumption tax	Individual consumption tax amount payable pursuant to the Individual consumption tax Law	30% (15% in the case of kerosene, heavy oil, butane, heavy end)
Taxpayer of Transportation·Energy· Environment Tax	Transportation·Energy·Environ ment Tax amount payable pursuant to the Transportation·Energy·Environ ment Tax Law	15%
Taxpayer of Liquor Tax	Liquor tax amount payable pursuant to the Liquor Tax Law	10% (30% when liquor tax rate is over 70/100)

Local Government

Another funding for education in South Korea comes from the local government. The local government's budget comes primarily from subsidies disbursed by the central government. The next biggest funding for education by the local government comes from the local education tax.

The local education tax is received from the registration tax, the leisure tax, per capita inhabitant tax, property tax, tobacco consumption tax, and automobile tax. Any person in one of the following categories needs to pay for local education tax based on the standard tax rates^[8].


Tax Payers	Tax Base	Standard Tax Rate
Taxpayer of per capita Inhabitant Tax	Inhabitant tax amount payable pursuant to the Local Tax Law	10% (25% in cities with population exceeding 500,000)
Taxpayer of Acquisition Tax	Acquisition tax amount payable pursuant to the Local Tax Law	20%
Taxpayer of Leisure Tax	Leisure tax amount payable pursuant to the Local Tax Law	40% (60% until 2008)
Taxpayer of Property Tax	Property tax amount payable pursuant to the Local Tax Law	20%
Taxpayer of Automobile Tax	Automobile tax amount payable pursuant to the Local Tax Law	30%
Taxpayer of Tobacco Consumption Tax	Tobacco consumption tax amount payable pursuant to the Local Tax Law	50%

Independent Resource

Private schools receive a little amount of money from the government. Public schools mostly receive their funds from local, state and federal funds^[9]. The major source of funding for private schools are from tuition payment and entrance fees from parents. The other contributors for private school are donors, entrepreneurs or private organizations remain negligible.^[10]

Expenditures

South Korea Government Education Expenditures

Government expenditures for education in South Korea can be seen from the diagram. South Korea expenditures on education fluctuate overtime. In 2018, South Korea spend 4.46% from the total GDP for education, about 76,918.4M USD.

Total expenditures for public school is more significant than private school. Total expenditure on primary to tertiary public schools in South Korea is USD 14,536 per student. This number is more significant compared to USD 10 365 on private schools.

The expenses are also breakdown into some school levels. For primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, South Korea spent USD 13,794 per student. At the tertiary level, Korea spent USD 11 290 per student. In total, South Korea spent 5.1% of its GDP on primary to tertiary educational institutional or equal to USD 9,504 in 2018. The share shows that South Korea spends more money on primary to tertiary education than the average OECD country.

Capital cost at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level is 15% of total spending on educational institutions, 7 percentage points above the OECD average. Capital costs represent 10% at the tertiary level, slightly lower than the average across OECD countries of 11%.

South Korea also spent the expenditures on teachers and other staff employed in educational institutions. The spent for teachers and other staff employed in educational institutions is the largest share of current spending from primary to tertiary education. In 2018, Korea allocated 71% of its current expenditure to staff compensation.^[11]

South Korea Participation in ODA

South Korea started to join official development assistance (ODA) in 2010. By then, South Korea's ODA had expanded more than 20 times^[12]. Currently, South Korea is the 16th-largest donor country on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD's) Development Assistance Committee (DAC). In 2020, South Korea spend US$2.2 billion on official development assistance (ODA). As a percentage of its gross national income (GNI), South Korea gives 0.14 percent of its money to DAC. This share makes South Korea the 27th-largest DAC donor in terms of its size^[13].

References List

^ Advocate, Human Rights (2018-01-16). "The Incredible South Korean Education System". Educate Every Child on the Planet: The World Top 20 Project. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "South Korea Has the Most Educated Young People in the Entire World". Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "Education in South Korea", Wikipedia, 2022-01-04, retrieved 2022-01-12
^ "South Korea - Administration, Finance, Educational Research". education.stateuniversity.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "Education in South Korea", Wikipedia, 2022-01-04, retrieved 2022-01-12
^ "South Korea - Administration, Finance, Educational Research". education.stateuniversity.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "Education in South Korea". WENR. 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "Education in South Korea". WENR. 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ study.com https://study.com/learn/lesson/public-private-school-funding.html#:~:text=Public%20schools%20receive%20all%20their,local,%20state%20and%20federal%20funds. Retrieved 2022-01-12. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "South Korea - Administration, Finance, Educational Research". education.stateuniversity.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "Home". www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "South Korea's middle power aid diplomacy". East Asia Forum. 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "South Korea". Donor Tracker. Retrieved 2022-01-12.