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Trace metal

Original page material goes here.

Iron

Humans

Roughly 5 grams of iron are present in the human body and is the most abundant trace metal.^[1] It is absorbed in the intestine as heme or non-heme iron depending on the food source. Heme iron is derived from the digestion of hemoproteins in meat.^[2] Non-heme iron is mainly derived from plants and exist as iron(II) or iron(III) ions.^[2]

Iron is essential for more than 500 hemeproteins, the likes of which include hemoglobin and myoglobin, and account for 80% of iron usage.^[1] The other 20% is present in ferritin, hemosiderin,^[1] iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins, such as ferrochelatase, and more.

Zinc

Humans

A relatively non-toxic metal to humans and the second most abundant, the body has 2-3 grams of zinc.^[1] It can enter the body through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion,^[3] with the latter of the bunch being the most common. The mucosal cells of the digestive tract contain metallothionein proteins that store the zinc ions.^[1]

Nearly 90% of zinc is found in the bones, muscles,^[3] and vesicles in the brain.^[1] Zinc is a cofactor in hundreds of enzyme reactions and a major component of zinc finger proteins.

Copper

Humans

The third most abundant trace metal in the human body.^[1]

It is found in cytochrome c oxidase, a protein necessary for the electron transport chain in mitochondria.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (2019-06). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Iron physiology and pathophysiology in humans. Gregory J. Anderson, Gordon D. McLaren. New York: Humana Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-60327-485-2. OCLC 773925198.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ ^a ^b Plum, Laura M.; Rink, Lothar; Haase, Hajo (2010-03-26). "The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7 (4): 1342–1365. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041342. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 2872358. PMID 20617034.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (2019-06). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[:1-2] Iron physiology and pathophysiology in humans. Gregory J. Anderson, Gordon D. McLaren. New York: Humana Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-60327-485-2. OCLC 773925198.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[:2-3] Plum, Laura M.; Rink, Lothar; Haase, Hajo (2010-03-26). "The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7 (4): 1342–1365. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041342. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 2872358. PMID 20617034.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

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