User:Skinsmoke/Sandbox/Civil parishes/Kernow
A civil parish is a subnational entity, forming the lowest unit of local government in England. There are 218 civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow), the county effectively being entirely parished; only the unpopulated Wolf Rock is unparished. At the 2001 census, there were 501,267 people living in the 218 parishes, accounting for 100.0 per cent of the county's population. The final unparished areas of mainland Cornwall, around St Austell, were parished on 1 April 2009, to coincide with the structural changes to local government in England.
History
[edit]Parishes arose from Church of England divisions, and were originally purely ecclesiastical divisions. Over time they acquired civil administration powers.[1]
The Highways Act 1555 made parishes responsible for the upkeep of roads. Every adult inhabitant of the parish was obliged to work four days a year on the roads, providing their own tools, carts and horses; the work was overseen by an unpaid local appointee, the Surveyor of Highways.[2]
The poor were looked after by the monasteries, until their dissolution. In 1572, magistrates were given power to 'survey the poor' and impose taxes for their relief. This system was made more formal by the Poor Law Act 1601, which made parishes responsible for administering the Poor Law; overseers were appointed to charge a rate to support the poor of the parish.[3] The 19th century saw an increase in the responsibility of parishes, although the Poor Law powers were transferred to Poor Law Unions.[4] The Public Health Act 1872 grouped parishes into Rural Sanitary Districts, based on the Poor Law Unions; these subsequently formed the basis for Rural Districts.[5]
Parishes were run by vestries, meeting annually to appoint officials, and were generally identical to ecclesiastical parishes,[6] although some townships in large parishes administered the Poor Law themselves; under the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, all extra-parochial areas and townships that levied a separate rate became independent civil parishes.[7]
Civil parishes in their modern sense date from the Local Government Act 1894, which abolished vestries; established elected parish councils in all rural parishes with more than 300 electors; grouped rural parishes into Rural Districts; and aligned parish boundaries with county and borough boundaries.[7] Urban civil parishes continued to exist, and were generally coterminous with the Urban District, Municipal Borough or County Borough in which they were situated; many large towns contained a number of parishes, and these were usually merged into one. Parish councils were not formed in urban areas, and the only function of the parish was to elect guardians to Poor Law Unions; with the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.[8]
The Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas, and many former Urban Districts and Municipal Boroughs that were being abolished, were replaced by new successor parishes; urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes became unparished areas.[9]
The current position
[edit]Recent governments have encouraged the formation of town and parish councils in unparished areas, and the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand the creation of a new civil parish.[10]
A parish council can become a town council unilaterally, simply by resolution;[9] and a civil parish can also gain city status, but only if that is granted by the Crown.[9] The chairman of a town or city council is called a mayor.[9] The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 introduced alternative names: a parish council can now choose to be called a community; village; or neighbourhood council.[11]
List of civil parishes and unparished areas
[edit]
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See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Angus Winchester, 2000, Discovering Parish Boundaries. Shire Publications. Princes Risborough, 96 pages ISBN 978-0747804703
- ^ RAC Foundation : What Went Wrong? British Highway Development Before Motorways Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ The Victorian Web : The Poor Law : Introduction Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Staffordshire University : Poor Law Unions and Registration Districts Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Status Details for Rural Sanitary District Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Robert Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns in England, 1998, Oxford University Press, 395 pages, ISBN 9780198207184
- ^ a b Modern British Surnames : Selected Events in the History of Civil Registration and Boundary Changes 1801-1996 Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Alex MacMorran and T R Colquhoun Dill, The Local Government Act 1894 and the Subsequent Statutes Affecting Parish Councils, 1907, Butterworth and Co, London, 626 pages
- ^ a b c d Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government Act 1972 Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government and Rating Act 1997 Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ From 1974 to 2009, mainland Cornwall was divided into districts: Caradon (Cornish: Karadon), formed from Liskeard Municipal Borough, Liskeard Rural District, Looe Urban District, Saltash Municipal Borough, St Germans Rural District and Torpoint Urban District; Carrick (Cornish: Karrek), formed from Falmouth Municipal Borough, Penryn Municipal Borough, Truro Municipal Borough and Truro Rural District; Kerrier (Cornish: Keryer), formed from Camborne–Redruth Urban District, Helston Municipal Borough and Kerrier Rural District; North Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow Gledh), formed from Bodmin Municipal Borough, Bude–Stratton Urban District, Camelford Rural District, Launceston Municipal Borough, Launceston Rural District, Stratton Rural District and Wadebridge and Padstow Rural District; Penwith (Cornish: Pennwydh), formed from Penzance Municipal Borough, St Ives Municipal Borough, St Just Urban District and West Penwith Rural District; and Restormel (Cornish: Rostorrmoel), formed from Newquay Urban District, St Austell Rural District and St Austell with Fowey Municipal Borough
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m A Vision of Britain Through Time : Camelford Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : North Cornwall Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t A Vision of Britain Through Time : Launceston Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p A Vision of Britain Through Time : St Germans Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Caradon Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t A Vision of Britain Through Time : Wadebridge and Padstow Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t A Vision of Britain Through Time : Liskeard Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Bodmin Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v A Vision of Britain Through Time : Kerrier Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Kerrier Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Bude–Stratton Urban District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h A Vision of Britain Through Time : Camborne–Redruth Urban District Retrieved 20 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i A Vision of Britain Through Time : St Austell with Fowey Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Usual Resident Population Crinnis (part) ward. Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d Restormel Borough Council : New Parishes Plan Retrieved 10 April 2009
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x A Vision of Britain Through Time : Truro Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Carrick Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q A Vision of Britain Through Time : St Austell Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Restormel Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b A Vision of Britain Through Time : Newquay Urban District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Falmouth Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r A Vision of Britain Through Time : West Penwith Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Penwith Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b A Vision of Britain Through Time : Helston Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j A Vision of Britain Through Time : Stratton Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Launceston Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Liskeard Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Looe Urban District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penryn Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Usual Resident Population Mevagissey (part); and St Ewe (part) wards. Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penzance Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Saltash Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Usual Resident Population Bethel (part); Gover (part); Mount Charles; and Poltair (part) wards. Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Usual Resident Population Crinnis (part); and St Ewe (part) wards. Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : St Ives Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : St Just Urban District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Torpoint Urban District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Truro Municipal Borough Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e A Vision of Britain Through Time : Isles of Scilly Rural District Retrieved 22 September 2010
- ^ a b c d e Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Isle of Scilly Retrieved 22 September 2010
External links
[edit]- Office for National Statistics : Geographical Area Listings
- Cornwall Council: Names of Town and Parish Councils
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