User:SinaSabet28

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I'm using this to document information on my conlang called Ravya.

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m¹	n̪¹			ɲ	ŋ¹
Stop	p b	t̪ d̪				k ɡ	q
Affricate			t͡ɬ	t͡ʃ d͡ʒ		k͡ɬ
Fricative	f¹ v¹	θ¹ (ð)^1,2 s̪¹ z̪¹		ʃ¹ ʒ¹			χ	h
Trill	(ʙ)³		r̥⁴ (r)⁵
Tap			ɾ
Approximant	w		l		j

1: can occur syllabically

2: allophone of /θ/ after voiced plosives

3: in free variation with the cluster /bð/

4: can only occur syllabically and without a syllable coda

5: allophone of /ɾ/ word-initially

Vowels

All of Ravya's monophthongs and diphthongs can be nasalized following the letters n or m. There is no contrast between /Ṽ/ and /V/ before a nasal consonant. Phonetically, these vowels are either /ṼN/ or /VN/.

Vowel phonemes in Ravya
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y¹
Mid		ʌ	o
Open-mid	ɛ
Near-open	æ²

1: may be realized as /u/

2: may be lowered as /a/ or centralized as /ɐ/

Oral diphthongs
		Endpoint
		/j/	/w/
Start point	/æ~a/	æj	aw
	/ɛ/	ɛj	ɛw
	/i/		iw
	/o/	oj	ow¹
	/ʌ/	ʌj	ʌw¹
	/y/		yw¹

1: Only as a result of l-vocalization; found in negative 3rd person singular neuter verbs and foreign borrowings

Orthography

Consonants
IPA	Ravya	Example	English approximation
b	b	bab	bike
d̪	d	düda	door
d͡ʒ	j	ja	jeep
f	f	fank	fief
ɡ	g	gutai	girl
h	h	hun	hell
j	y	yai	yes
k	k	ku	kill, scam
k͡ɬ	kl	kli	clue, clean
l	l	lala	lion
m	m	mu	mile
n̪	n	nei	Nile
ɲ	ny	nya	canyon
ŋ^[1]	n^[2]	mango^ⓘ	doing
p	p	policja^ⓘ	spike
r	r	różowy^ⓘ	American English atom
s	s	smak^ⓘ	sign
ʂ	sz	szybko^ⓘ	shore^[3]
t	t	tak^ⓘ	stow
t͡ɕ^[4]	ć, c(i)^[5]	cierpki^ⓘ	cheer^[3]
t͡s^[4]	c	całkiem^ⓘ	cats
t͡ʂ^[4]	cz	czy^ⓘ	child^[3]
v	w	wartość^ⓘ	vile
w	ł	ładny^ⓘ	way
x	ch, h	chleb^ⓘ	Scottish loch
xʲ	ch(i), h(i)^[5]	hiacynt^ⓘ	huge
z	z	zebra^ⓘ	raisin
ʑ	ź, z(i)^[5]	ziarno^ⓘ	vision, azure^[3]
ʐ	ż, rz	rzadko^ⓘ	vision, azure^[3]

Pronouns

		Singular	Plural
1st person	exclusive	ja	ka
1st person	inclusive	ja	ma
2nd person		ta	ca
3rd person	neuter	la	ða
	masculine pejorative	pa
	feminine pejorative	nya
	non-binary	tla
4th person		ya	ša
Soliloquy		ha/xa

Ravya Swadesh List

No.	English gloss	Ravya gloss
1.	I	ja
2.	you (sg., pl.)	ta (sg.), ca (pl.)
3.	we (incl., excl.)	ma (incl.), ka (excl.)
4.	this	ein
5.	that	ein
6.	what?	vet
7.	who?	beð
8.	not	nei
9.	all	kita
10.	many	wit
11.	one	wa
12.	two	ðon
13.	big	ki
14.	long	tlo
15.	small	mi
16.	woman	no
17.	man	mu
18.	person, folk	kye
19.	fish	pšeix
20.	bird	az
21.	dog	koge
22.	louse	??
23.	tree	abðo
24.	seed	??
25.	leaf	blaoz
26.	root	??
27.	bark	??
28.	skin	dzeim
29.	flesh, meat	laxne
30.	blood	dükl
31.	bone	os
32.	egg	tox
33.	grease, rendered fat	??
34.	horn	??
35.	tail	dm
36.	feather, pinion	??
37.	hair (of head)	kwad
38.	head	qebza
39.	ear	kšo, güšyo
40.	eye	ceiš
41.	nose	faktayo
42.	mouth	boga
43.	tooth	tinð
44.	tongue	liqwa
45.	(finger)(toe)nail	??
46.	foot	qad
47.	knee	roj
48.	hand	mew
49.	belly, stomach	??
50.	neck	klom
51.	breast	bui, mamei
52.	heart	qwað
53.	liver	ejgat
54.	to drink	bai
55.	to eat	kot
56.	to bite	manti
57.	to see	me
58.	to hear	güš
59.	to know	uk
60.	to sleep	lon
61.	to die	fas
62.	to kill, slay	ðok
63.	to swim	para
64.	to fly	laot
65.	to walk	yeit
66.	to come	se
67.	to lie, lying	??
68.	to sit, sitting, seated	vews
69.	to stand, standing	pntso
70.	to give	pit
71.	to say	bam
72.	sun	muðek
73.	moon	lona
74.	star	ek
75.	water	paka
76.	rain	??
77.	stone, rock	sng, kwen
78.	sand	??
79.	earth, dirt, soil	xak
80.	cloud	wis
81.	smoke	füm
82.	fire	face
83.	ashes	klef
84.	to burn	voic, ckaivoic
85.	path, road	vya, uð
86.	mountain	minða
87.	red	him
88.	green	nažb
89.	yellow	ye
90.	white	bža
91.	black	zyak
92.	night	xon
93.	hot	kaon
94.	cold	maon
95.	to get full	yesom ckaibum
96.	good	zü, qapo
97.	new	von
98.	round (like a ball)	??
99.	dry	maohavi
100.	name	sme

Experimental Consonant Chart

		Labial			Dental			Alveolar					Postalveolar			Palatal	Velar				Uvular			Glottal
		Labial			Dental			Alveolar					plain				Velar				Uvular
		plain	lab.	pal.	plain	lab.	pal.	plain	lab.	pal.	sib.	lat.	plain	lab.	pal.		plain	lab.	pal.	lat.	plain	lab.	pal.
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	pʷ	pʲ				t	tʷ	tʲ	t͡s	t͡ɬ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʷ	t͡ʃʲ		k	kʷ	kʲ	kʟ̝̊	q	qʷ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	bʷ	bʲ				d	dʷ	dʲ	d͡z		d͡ʒ	d͡ʒʷ	d͡ʒʲ		ɡ	ɡʷ	ɡʲ
Fricative	voiceless	f	fʷ	fʲ	θ	θʷ	θʲ	s	sʷ	sʲ			ʃ	ʃʷ	ʃʲ						χ	χʷ	χʲ	h
Fricative	voiced	v	vʷ	vʲ				z	zʷ	zʲ			ʒ	ʒʷ	ʒʲ
Nasal		m		mʲ				n								ɲ
Approximant								l								j		w
Trill								r̥
Tap								ɾ

^ Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/ in some cases.
^ Cite error: The named reference nasalvowel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Polish makes a distinction between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound roughly like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an ⟨ee⟩ sound to them.
^ a b c Polish contrasts affricates /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/ with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta] "three hundred".
^ ^a ^b ^c The letter ⟨i⟩, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt *pjes). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt *śę, *ćos, *ńańa. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled *źima, *ći, *dźiśaj.

[1] Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/ in some cases.

[nasalvowel-2] Cite error: The named reference nasalvowel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[postalveolar-3] Polish makes a distinction between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound roughly like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an ⟨ee⟩ sound to them.

[affricate-4] Polish contrasts affricates /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/ with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta]^ⓘ "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta]^ⓘ "three hundred".

[soften-5] The letter ⟨i⟩, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt *pjes). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt *śę, *ćos, *ńańa. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled *źima, *ći, *dźiśaj.

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