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Article Evaluation: Abortion in the Republic of Ireland

All information presented in the article was relevant to the topic. The article consisted of a background, a good introduction, and supporting evidence.The article is fairly neutral and did not display any signs of bias towards any views of the people of Ireland nor their own. They kindly provided opinion polls from magazines over the topic that gave the views of the people of Ireland; however, they were not biased. The statistics were simply discussed and the source was given. The viewpoints may have been underrepresented due to the large amount of focus on governmental cases that occurred in the country over the span of 60 to 80 years. The sources cited in the article are from reliable sources, and most of the links provided worked. There were some that resulted in "page not found." Many of the sources are from credible websites, books, and magazines, such as The Economist, The Irish Times, and the Irish Independent. These sources are informational and neutral. Most of the information is from as late as 2014; however, it was last updated on September 3rd. It is a part of WikiProjects, but has been of low importance for some. It is of high importance for WikiProjects Feminism. There was no rating evident on the article. This article differs from in-class discussions in that it focuses more on the trials that occurred in the country and the many women who were hurt by it. It expands on the views of the people of Ireland in today's date and how they feel about abortion in the country and how it should be dealt with. This article, based on the talks page, has been under constant revision due to the number of inaccuracies. Furthermore, people wanted to see more about Savita Halappanavar. A warning also shows up on the top of the article stating to edit carefully and look to outside sources for further information. It seems dependable, but also does not.

Topic and Sources for Esther Chapa Tijerina

The article for Esther Chapa presents baseline information about her life and what she was involved in. This is a great start to organize the page in terms of chronological events that Esther Chapa endured. This may be starting form her life as a physician to her activism for women in the community. Most articles are in Spanish, so there is a barrier between translation and truth. I plan to add to this page in terms of detail, organization, and improvements of already present citations. Most of the sources listed on the page have to do with her activism, so my goal will be to add to the medical aspects, while simultaneously adding to her civil persona. According to sources listed and others being found, she was better known as an activist. However, I plan to find the reasons for her motives as a physician. The page currently does not talk about the books Dr. Esther Chapa published. One source below discusses Chapa's position in the revolution, while the other talks about how Chapa taught classes and contributed to nursing education.


Lead for Esther Chapa Tijerina

Esther Chapa Tijerina (22 October 1904 in Tamaulipas - 14 December 1970 in Mexico City) was a Mexican medical surgeon, writer, feminist, suffragist, trade unionist, and activist involved in pro-women's and children's rights [1] [2] [3] [4]. She was a physician who specialized in clinical analysis and microbiology. She was said to be a part of the first generation of women physicians in the 20th century. Her work as a physician and researcher led her to hold powerful positions not only in the university, but also as a leader in the women’s suffragist movement. She taught at Mexico's national university (UNAM) in microbiology[5][6]. Later in her life, after about four decades of teaching, she became a leader in women's rights, as she fought for more than just the right to vote. Her positions academically, politically, and in health were leading factors that made her such a prominent figure for all women. Her work, however, was not done alone as she collaborated with several other female figures, such as Matilde Rodríguez Cabo and María Lavalle Urbina. Some of her own work included being the president of the National School of Nursing, working to create a Women’s Prison through the Social Prevention in the Federal Penitentiary, cofounding the surgeon’s union and union of service worker’s, and acting as an international consultant to form relations between China and Mexico[7][8]. As Chapa and her Communist counterparts fought for women’s rights, the former president in that time period also worked hard to bring about justice for these women. After about two decades worth of fighting, in 1958, women received the full right to be equal to men and have similar opportunities[9]. Chapa died shortly after due to cancer in December 1970[7].

The Fight for Justice

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In 1931, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PNR) recognized women's fight for equal rights and included the women's suffragist group in a meeting to hear their issues and needs[10]. At the PNR meeting, a woman Esther worked with, Cuca García, accused another PNR member of murdering many farmers[10]. García was soon sent to jail and forcefully released, as police officials feared a riot from the women who came to García's defense[10]. Chapa also worked with Dr. Matilde Rodriguez Cabo in the FUPDM (Single Front Pro-Women's Rights) to demand suffrage[10]. In June 1934 at a meeting, Marxist dissidents, such as Esther Chapa, argued that poverty was a large reason for the amount of prostitution in the area, as this was one of her fights in regards to women's welfare [9]. Prostitution was regulated at the time and became a large sum of government official's salary[9]. She fought to have a Marxist revolution to stop the regulation of prostitution and use government funds for education and social reforms instead[9]. Esther Chapa, additionally, fought for abortion, equality, and the right to vote and be an active political member of society. Chapa’s views on rights for women were more than getting women into work places and universities. Her intent was to bring them into the very community that brings men responsibility through politics. This was because she believed that women are more level headed than men and can bring new perspectives into the field[11]. Her view was less maternalistic than other women in the group. Many countries had already granted women’s rights to their people. However, Chapa insisted on following the Soviet Union’s method: women are to enjoy their equality with men rather than having men grant their equality through laws[11].

Her Involvement in the FUPDM (Single Front Pro-Women's Rights)

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Esther Chapa worked with several women in the FUPDM, such as Dr. Matilde Rodriguez Cabo. Dr. Matilde Rodriguez Cabo was also a member of the FUPDM who worked with Chapa, as physicians, for years prior to the creation of the FUPDM. Drs. Chapa and Cabo became acquainted with one another while in medical school and created reform efforts to assist in prisons, prostitution, and welfare for women and children[10]. Cabo and Chapa together created the Frente Unico (Single Front in Mexico) in 1935[9]. In order to investigate the issues mentioned, Chapa and a few other women created the "Leona Vicarío" for the study of the particular issues of Mexican families and the "status of a woman as mother and wife"[10]. Further, during the Maximato period (1928-1934), a variety of institutions were formed for the nation of Mexico, both economical and political[12]. Parties like the PNR were formed and issues, such as prostitution, were discussed since many disagreed on the morality of the problem[12]. The FUPDM was founded around 1935 and a broad array of groups was underneath this larger organization [12][11]. The FUPDM brought together women of all economical status, all ages, literacies, religion, political beliefs, and more[12]. Esther Chapa held an important position in this organization to guide these women in their fight for equality[12]. These women simultaneously confronted other differences between the PNR and PCM (Mexican Communist Party) and had a less expansive plan in regards to making these differences[11]. They created a women-only membership with the intent for long-term initiatives, such as combating fascism[11]. They attempted to act as an intermediate between the two parties [11]. Although they wanted to be an intermediate, the FUPDM had a more communistic approach in their actions and leadership, as many of the women in the organization had a communist and Marxist state of mind[11].

Political Aspects of Her Fight

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Politically, outside of the FUPDM, the former President Lázaro Cardenas supported and attempted to endorse the women's rights movement[11]. Although he was not able to grant full equality to women, in 1939, Cardenas supported the same cause as Chapa where women should be a part of political activities[12]. Dr. Chapa was deemed as the director of the Help Committee for the Children of the Spanish People (for refugees of the Spanish Civil War)[12]. Additionally, Chapa wrote a book El derecho al voto para la mujer (1938) to compare women's inability to vote to the category of prisoners and insane asylums, as they too were not allowed to vote and were restricted in the activities they could do[10]. Esther Chapa was an avid supporter of President Cardenas and wanted his reform to pass instead of President Cortines’. She went to Congress to argue the reform of President Ruiz Cortines, yet the only difference between Cortines’ and Cardenas’ reforms was that the initial version used a different form of the word men than the second[13]. In the end, Chapa's and the National Action Party's (PAN) opinion of Cortines' amendment had no effect as to which one should be in place[13]. However, the Frente Unico gained their victory in granting women equal rights, about two decades later in 1958[9]. Afterwards, Chapa became an international consultant and made frequent trips to China to create relations between the countries of China and Mexico[10]. She died soon after from cancer in 1970[10].

Other Pertinent Information

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Esther was one of 5 children in her family. Her parents were Virginia Tijerina and Quirino Chapa [5].

Selected works

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  • El derecho de voto para la mujer (1936)
  • Las mujeres mexicanas (with Miguel Alemán) (1945)
  • La mujer en la política en el próximo sexenio (1946)
  • El problema de la penitenciaría del Distrito Federal (1947)
  • Apuntes de prácticas de microbiología (with Pedro Pérez Grovas) (1941)
  1. ^ Castañeda López, Gabriela; Rodríguez de Romo, Ana Cecilia (2010). «Esther Chapa Tijerina, 1904-1970» (PDF). Boletín Mexicano de Historia y Filosofía de la Medicina 13 (1): pp. 34-35 (in Spanish)
  2. ^ Plaza y Valdés. p. 543. ISBN 978-970-722-802-3 (in Spanish)
  3. ^ Tuñón, Enriqueta (2002). Por fin... ya podemos elegir y ser electas!: el sufragio femenino en México, 1935-1953. Plaza y Valdés. p. 305. ISBN 978-970-188-318-1 (in Spanish)
  4. ^ Garza Treviño, Ciro R. de la (1975). La Revolución Mexicana en el Estado de Tamaulipas, Volume 2. Librería de M. Porrúa. (in Spanish)
  5. ^ a b Castañeda López, Gabriela, and Ana Cecilia Rodríguez De Romo. "Esther Chapa Tijerina, 1904-1970." Medigraphic 13, no. 1 (2010): 34-35. http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/bmhfm/hf-2010/hf101h.pdf.
  6. ^ Soto, Shirlene A. The Mexican Woman: A Study Of Her Participation in the Revolution, 1910-1940, The University of New Mexico, Ann Arbor, 1977, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global p.136, https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/docview/287995646?accountid=12964.
  7. ^ a b Cecilia, Rodríguez de Romo Ana, et al. Protagonistas de la medicina científica mexicana, 1800-2006. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, 2008.
  8. ^ Cervantes, Erika. “Esther Chapa fue promotora incansable del voto femenino.” Esther Chapa fue promotora incansable del voto femenino | Cimac Noticias, 10 Nov. 2005, www.cimacnoticias.com.mx/node/38865.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Macías, Anna. Against all odds: the feminist movement in Mexico to 1940. Greenwood Press, 1982.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Soto, Shirlene. Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman. Arden Press, 1990.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Olcott, Jocelyn. Revolutionary Women in Post-Revolutionary Mexico. Duke University Press, 2005.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Tuñon, Julia. Mujeres en México: Recordando una Historia. Conaculta, 1987.
  13. ^ a b Lamas, Marta. Miradas feministas sobre las mexicanas del siglo XX. Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2007.
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