User:Shinkolobwe/Sandbox 3

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Water autoprotolysis: Effect of temperature, pressure and ionic strength on pK_w

• 
  Temperature dependence of the water ionization constant at 25 MPa.
• 
  Pressure dependence of the water ionization constant at 25 °C.
• 
  Variation of pK_w with ionic strength of NaCl solutions at 25 °C.

See also Template:Gallery

See also Template:Multiple image

Translation done

• Water–cement ratio → Rapport eau-ciment
• Sulfur concrete → Béton de soufre

AFm phases

AFm phases are crystalline hydrates with generic chemical formula 3CaO·Al₂O₃·CaX_y·nH₂O where n may be comprised between 13 and 19 water molecules.

or:

AFm phases are crystalline hydrates with generic, simplified, formula 3CaO·(Al,Fe)₂O₃·CaX_y·nH₂O,
where:

• CaO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ represent calcium oxide, aluminium oxide, and ferric oxide, respectively;
• CaX represents a calcium salt, where X replaces an oxide ion;
• X is the substituted anion in CaX:
  – divalent  (SO2−4, CO2−3…) with y = 1, or;
  – monovalent (OH⁻, Cl⁻…) with y = 2.
• n represents the number of water molecules in the hydrate and may be comprised between 13 and 19.
  

Friedel's salt

2 Ca₂Al(OH)₆(Cl, OH) · 2 H₂O

or,

3CaO·Al₂O₃·CaCl₂ · 11 H₂O

3CaO·Al₂O₃·Ca(O,Cl₂) · 11 H₂O

Carboaluminates

AFm in a table

In the most studied class of LDHs, the positive layer (c) consists of divalent M²⁺ and trivalent N³⁺ cations, and can be represented by the generic formula

[M²⁺
_1-xN³⁺
_x(OH⁻
)₂]^x+ [(Xⁿ⁻)_x/n · yH
₂O]^x-,

where Xⁿ⁻ is the intercalating anion (or anions).

LDH, such as hydrotalcite: Mg₆Al₂CO₃(OH)₁₆ · 4H₂O

Different AFm phases as a function of the substituent ion

Ion	AFm name	Oxide notation	LDH formula	Reference
${\ce {X-}}$	AFm-generic	3CaO·Al2O3·CaXy·nH2O	Ca4Al2Xy(OH)12·(n-6)H2O	—
${\ce {OH-}}$	AFm-monohydrate	3CaO·Al2O3·Ca(OH)2·10H2O	Ca4Al2(OH)14·4H2O	Hydrocalumite (Mindat)
${\ce {SO4^2-}}$	AFm-monosulfate	3CaO·Al2O3·CaSO4·12H2O	Ca4Al2(SO4)(OH)12·6H2O	Divet (2000)
${\ce {CO3^2-}}$	AFm-monocarbonate	3CaO·Al2O3·CaCO3·11H2O	Ca4Al2(CO3)(OH)12·5H2O	Divet (2000)
${\ce {CO3^2-}}$	AFm-hemicarbonate	3CaO·Al2O3·½CaCO3·½Ca(OH)2·11.5H2O	Ca4Al2(CO3)½(OH)13·5.5H2O	Divet (2000)
${\ce {Cl-}}$	Friedel's salt	3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O	Ca4Al2Cl2(OH)12·4H2O	Friedel (1897)
${\ce {Cl-}}$	Kuzel's salts	3CaO·Al2O3·½CaSO4·½CaCl2·11H2O	Ca4Al2(SO4)½Cl(OH)12·5H2O	Glasser (1999)
${\ce {NO3-}}$	AFm-nitrate	3CaO·Al2O3·Ca(NO3)2·10H2O	Ca4Al2(NO3)2(OH)12·4H2O	Balonis & Glasser (2011)
${\ce {NO2-}}$	AFm-nitrite	3CaO·Al2O3·Ca(NO2)2·10H2O	Ca4Al2(NO2)2(OH)12·4H2O	Balonis & Glasser (2011)

References

Mini sandbox

Mg₆Cr₂(OH)₁₆CO₃·4H₂O

Mg₆Cr₂(OH)₁₆CO₃·4H₂O

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