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The 2020 Egyptian protests were a series of decentralized street protests in Egypt that started on 20 September, the anniversary of the 2019 Egyptian protests, and were aimed at the resignation of Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[1][2] Protesters turned to the streets in several cities in Egypt, including Cairo, Giza,[3] Suez, Kafr El Dawwar, Alexandria, Aswan, El Qanater El Khayreya,[4] Faiyum, Minya, Luxor,[1] and Damietta.[5] September 25th, the sixth day of the protests, was called "Friday of Rage" (Arabic: جُمْعة الغَضَب, ALA-LC: jumʿa al-ghaḍab).[5]

Background

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Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, München, 2019

See also: Egyptian Crisis (2011-2014), 2019 Egyptian protests.

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's administration began after the 2013 uprisings when former Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi was overthrown.[6] Egyptians had accused Morsi of not realizing the promises he made to them in the elections that made him president after the uprising of 2011.[6] They furthermore accused Morsi of steering political power to the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood.[6] Sisi, who was an army chief general at the time, had ordered for Morsi to be arrested.[6] Morsi went to trial with several members of the Muslim Brotherhood and was eventually imprisoned for 20 years, he died in 2019.[6]

Because of Sisi's important role in the arrest and resignation of Morsi, people considered him a saviour from Islamist and Muslim Brotherhood rule.[7] In the elections of 2014, Sisi won with 96% of the votes.[8] But Sisi's popularity decreased as the years went by, especially after the austerity measures taken in 2016[9] and after Sisi had granted sovereignty of the Red Sea islands of Tiran and Sanafir to Saudi Arabia.[7] In the 2018 elections, Sisi was again elected president with 97% of the votes.[8] Despite the anti-protest law that he implemented after the events of 2013, people turned to protest in 2016, again in 2019, and eventually in 2020, against his regime.[7]

On 20 September, 2019, construction contractor and actor Mohamed Ali had called for people to protest against president Sisi through a video that he posted online.[9] Ali had posted other videos online accusing the Egyptian president and the military of corruption.[9] These videos gained much attention.[9] An anonymous source told Africa Research Bulletin that around 3000 Egyptians turned to the streets on this first day of protests.[9] Nael Shama, an Egyptian political analyst, stated how the demonstrations escalated quickly, which could be seen in the chants they shouted: in protests in 2011, protesters' main slogan was "Bread, freedom, and social justice" (Arabic translation?), but during the protests in 2019, people chanted that they wanted president Sisi to resign.[9] Two slogans used according to Al Jazeera were "Rise up, fear not, Sisi must go" and "The people demand the regime's fall".[10] The protests were also different from 2011 because the young people that attended the 2020 protests had not experienced the events of the 2011 uprising in the way they are experiencing Egyptian life now.[10] Therefore, their ideas, demands, and ideas of the future are different.[10] CHECK THIS PART ON THE DIFFERENCES Sisi supporters turned to the streets as a counter-force, and, as videos of the demonstrations had circulated the internet, they responded online by using pro-Sisi hashtags.[9] According to Africa Research Bulletin, the government responded to the protests with fire weapons, teargas, and arrests.[9] They furthermore blocked Tahrir Square, the square in Cairo where the 2011 protests had also taken place.[9] Amnesty International adds that besides arresting many, the Egyptian government also blocked the BBC and Alhurra news websites to try to stop the protests from spreading.[11] The Egyptian security forces detained a total of 4300 people in relation to the 2019 protests, 111 of which were minors.[12]

Causes of the 2020 protests

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The motivation behind the 2020 protests are similar to that of the 2019 protests. Many Egyptians had been discontent towards the government because of police brutality[13] and the economic issues the country had been facing as a result of the 2016 austerity measures;[5][9] in 2020, almost 70% of the Egyptian population lived under the poverty line.[5] People's dissatisfaction about Egyptian economics was strengthened in 2020 by the worsening economic situation as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[14] Additionally, people had become frustrated when a government campaign issued fines and demolitions on unlicensed housing,[14] or illegal construction, as Sisi called it.[5] People were often not able to pay the fines and were disgruntled as unlicensed housing had not been a problem before.[13]

Timeline

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The start of the protests

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On August 29, after Sisi had issued a referendum asking people if they wanted him to remain president or not, a Twitter campaign was launched issuing discontent about Sisi's administration with the hashtag "we don't want you" (Arabic: #مِش_عايْزينَك, ALA-LC: mish ʿāyzīnak).[7] During this campaign the first calls for a revolution on September 20, being the anniversary of the preceding year's protests, were published online and gained much attention.[7] After Muhamed Ali supported the campaign by posting a call to action himself, people turned to the streets on September 20th.[3] The protests were not led by any known opposition movements.[5]

Different from the 2019 protests was that some people believed that there would be no response to Ali's calls because people were afraid of getting arrested.[15][7] Others believed that Ali deliberately wanted people to get detained or killed in protests, even going so far as accusing him of working together with the government.[15] Despite these thoughts, protests started on September 20th and several photos and videos of alleged demonstrations in 17 Egyptian governorates started circulating the internet.[15] The videos and photos were accompanied by hashtags that became trending on Twitter, e.g. "the revolution began", "down with military rule",[15] and "go out on 20 September" (Arabic: #اِنْزِلـ20ـسِبْتِمْبِر, ALA-LC: #inzil_20_sibtimbir).[16]

The course of the protests

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The protests started in Giza, Cairo, Suez, Kafrl El Dawwar, Alexandria, Aswan, and El Qanater El Khayreya[4] and mostly took place in rural areas in Egypt and Upper Egypt.[17] Because of that, they are also referred to as Galabiya Uprising.[17] In Aswan, a presidential residence was set on fire after security forces attacked protesters.[4] People furthermore threw stones at police vehicles.[4] In El-Qanatar, protestors walked through small streets to try to not get attacked by security forces.[4] In the village of Al-Kadaya (also written as Kidaya), Atfih, people had overturned a police car and set it on fire after security forces had surrounded them and asked them not to protest.[1]

On September 22nd, demonstrations continued in Giza, Fayoum, Minya, Luxor, and Aswan.[1] Protesters pushed a car in a canal in Al-Hawarta, Minya, after security forces used teargas and fired weapons at them.[18] In several places cafes took precautions by closing their doors to protect their business,[4] in some cases they were forced to do so by authorities.[19]

Friday of rage

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Protests continued on September 25, marking the sixth day of anti-Sisi demonstrations.[5] People had increasingly called for protests to be taking place on Friday September 25th in the days before.[20] Thousands of people responded to these calls by demonstrating after Friday prayer in Cairo, Giza, Damietta, and Luxor.[5] This day is also referred to as "Friday of Rage",[5] or "Friday of Anger".[20]

Several video's were distributed through Twitter on which people are heared chanting "say it out loud and don't be scared, el-Sisi has got to go".[5] Protesters furthermore burned tires as a roadblock.[5] The police and security forces responded by charging their weapons at the crowd, trying to disperse the protesters.[5] In a shooting in al-Blida, in the Giza governorate, three people got wounded, and one 25 year old man, Sami Wagdy Bashir, was killed when riot police tried to disperse the crowd.[5][17] It is unclear how many people were arrested after the protests on Friday the 25th; the total number of arrest since the start of the protests was estimated to be around 400.[17]

Using Friday as a day of protest and mobilization has been done in other mass protests in Egypt since the January 25 Revolution.[21] This is often paired with a symbolic name, such as "Friday of Unity", "the Friday of the Last Chance", "Friday of Anger" on 28 January 2011, and "Friday of Rage" on 25 September 2020.[21][5] Protesting on Friday as a focal day occurs in other countries in the MENA region as well.[21]

ADDED: On September 30th, Awais Al-Rawi was shot and killed by police, according to eyewitnesses.[22][23][24] Police raided Al-Rawi's family home in an attempt to arrest a family member who had participated in protests the week before.[24] They instead arrested Al-Rawi's younger brother to which their father objected, to which a police officer reacted by slapping Al-Rawi's father.[24] Al-Rawi objected verbally about the treatment of his father and the argument escalated, resulting in an officer shooting him.[24] During the funeral on the same day, mourners chanted "Sisi is the enemy of God" and "retribution by bullets", to which the police responded by firing warning shots and teargas, and arresting several people.[24] A video of the funeral was posted on Twitter.[22][24] In a response to the police's reaction, civilians kidnapped and beat an officer who was released after negotiations between tribal elders and a police official.[24] The officer who killed Al-Rawi was suspended and would be interrogated.[24]

FROM ORIGINAL PAGE: Confrontations between police and protestors continued on 30 September in the village of al-Awamiya in Luxor, with a fatal shooting of a protestor. The sequence of events started with troops and armoured vehicles arriving at the village. Police raided al-Rawi's home, trying to arrest Awais al-Rawi's younger brother. A police officer insulted and slapped al-Rawi's father, who objected to the arrest. Awais al-Rawi objected verbally about the treatment of his father and the argument escalated. A police officer shot Awais al-Rawi four times using a "side arm", once in the face, killing him. The funeral took place the same day. Mourners chanted against the police and el-Sisi, calling el-Sisi "the enemy of God". Police fired warning shots and teargas and arrested 20 funeral participants. Mourners kidnapped and beat a police officer. The officer was released after hours of negotiation between police and tribal elders.

A video of the funeral was posted under a trending hashtag with the Arabic equivalent of "Friday we're coming out in our millions." The officer suspected of the shooting of Awais al-Rawi was suspended from duty, according to a leak from the prosecutor's office.

Government responses

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The government started taking preemptive methods since September 10th when rumors of demonstrations spread.[19][23] These preemptive methods included random searches of residents and pedestrians,[25] police checking peoples phones,[10] and arresting over 1000 activists, political figures, intellectuals, university students, and other citizens.[3]

When the protests occurred, security forces were deployed and military checkpoints were set up in several cities.[4][14] Security was especially cautious on Fridays.[14] in several places where protests took place, security responded to protesters with more violent measures by using birdshot (khartoush), teargas, and live bullets against protesters.[23]

Authorities and state-run media furthermore responded to the protests by denying they were taking place.[1] Several media channels said the videos and photos circulating the internet were Muslim Brotherhood propaganda, stating that there were no actual demonstrations taking place.[2] The intelligence affiliated United Media Services Group filmed a fake protest and distributed it to satellite channels associated with the Muslim Brotherhood to show evidence of the Brotherhood's fabrication of demonstrations.[2] As videos and photos of demonstrations kept circulating the internet, instead of denying the demonstrations from taking place, state-led media said they were staged and that the footage shown was Muslim Brotherhood violence.[2] Some pro-government people, channels, or news outlets responded by stating the demonstrations were small in size.[1][10] On September 25th, when Friday of Rage was taking place, several pro-government news media continued stating there were not any protests taking place.[5]


FROM ORIGINAL PAGE: Fake protests

According to Mada Masr, United Media Services Group (UMSG), which is owned by one of the Egyptian intelligence agencies (Mukhabarat, military intelligence, National Security Agency) and owns Youm7, showed the fake protests videos, including one of a protest in Nazlit al-Samman in Giza Governorate. UMSG sent the videos to Al Jazeera and to international media associated with the Muslim Brotherhood, including El Sharq TV. Both Al Jazeera and El Sharq broadcast the videos, presenting them as genuine. UMSG presented this as evidence that media were careless in verifying the authenticity of their material.

International responses

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The international responses to the 2020 Egyptian protests were limited. On September 20th, Amnesty International issued for detained protesters of the 2019 protests to be released.[1] Then on September 22nd, the UN stated that people should "be allowed to express themselves, and for governments to listen to the people."[1]

Detentions, deaths, and injuries

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Several news outlets and articles stated the numbers of detentions, deaths, and injuries that resulted when authorities intervened throughout the course of the protests. As preemptive measure, authorities arrested over 1000 people before the protests started.[3] In the first few days, around 150 people were reported to be prosecuted, including at least 14 minors.[1][5][25] On Friday September 25th, the Friday of Rage, three protesters were injured and one man, Sami Wagdy Bashir, was killed.[5][23] After one week of protests, a total of 382 detainees were documented, of which 68 were minors.[2][14][17] On September 30th, Awais Al-Rawi was shot and killed by police, according to eyewitnesses.[17][23][26] The police also opened fire at the people who attended Al-Rawi's funeral, which can be seen in a video posted on Twitter.[17][26] On October 2nd it was reported that 496 people were detained, with a total of between 571 and 735 arrests between September 10th and 29th.[23]


NOT UPLOADED: Several news outlets and articles stated the numbers of the detentions, deaths, and injuries that resulted when authorities intervened, but these differ greatly as the protests progressed. This list provides a chronological overview of some of the news articles published. People were charged with spreading false rumors and misinformation, misusing social media, and being a member of or joining terrorist organizations.[1][25]

  • Before September 20: As preemptive measure, authorities arrested over 1000 people.[3]
  • September 23: The Middle East Monitor said over 200 people have been detained, of which 150 have appeared at the State Security Prosecution.[1]
  • September 24: Mada Masr reported the prosecution of 150 people and mentioned there were at least 14 minors amongst the arrested.[25]
  • September 26: Al Jazeera reports that one protester by the name of Sami Wagdy Bashir was killed on Friday during the "Friday of Rage" protests.[5] Three other protesters got injured.[5] They furthermore state 150 were detained, including 14 minors.[5]
  • September 28: Reuters reports a total of at least 382 people being detained since September 20th.[14] 249 detainees were documented by the Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms.[14] Another 133 were documented by other rights groups or lawyers.[14] Amongst these detainees were 68 minors, who were asked to be released by the public prosecutor's office on Sunday the 27th.[14]
  • September 28: Mada Masr reported at least 400 arrests were made, including 68 minors.[2]
  • October 1: The Middle East Monitor reports the killing of Awais Al-Rawi on September 30th who was shot by police according to eyewitnesses.[17][26] The police also opened fire at the people who attended Al-Rawi's funeral, which can be seen in a video posted on Twitter.[17][26]
  • October 1: The Middle East Monitor reported around 400 detainees containing 68 minors since the protests started.[17]
  • October 2: Amnesty International stated there were 496 people detained on October second, with a total of between 571 and 735 arrests between September 10th and 29th.[23] They furthermore mention the deaths of two men, Sami Wagdy Bashir on September 25th and Awais Al-Rawi on September 30th (the spelling of their names may differ in different articles).[23]
  • 6 oct: "rights groups say two Egyptians have been killed"[13] in "a recent wave of protests" (when was this wave?). CANT DUBBELCHECK THIS ONE OR I HAVE TO REGISTER WHY
  • October 6: The Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms states that there have been 510 detainees since 20 September; the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information put the number of detainees around 600; human rights lawyer Khaled Ali stated there are 735 people who got detained.[13] According to Egypt's public prosecution at least 68 of the detainees were minors.[13]


NOT UPLOADED: Unrelated protest in November

In early November there were two peaceful protests by Sudanese refugees and migrants over the tragic killing of 15-year old Sudanese Mohammed Hassan Abdullah Mohammed on 29 October.[27][28] Mohammed Hassan was killed in a fight between his father and an Egyptian citizen in Giza.[27] The protests took place in front of Muhammed Hassan's house in Giza, but protesters were met with violent responses from the government.[27] Security forces used teargas and water cannons to disperse the crowds and arrested tens of Sudanese protesters.[28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Demonstrations in Egypt continue for third day". Middle East Monitor. 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Sisi, Public Prosecution acknowledge protests after week of silence, 68 minors released". Mada Masr. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Anti-gov't protests in Egypt's Giza amid tight security presence". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Protests against Sisi's rule break out across Egypt". Middle East Monitor. 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "One 'killed' in Egypt as protesters demand el-Sisi resign". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Egypt's Mohammed Morsi: A turbulent presidency cut short". BBC News. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Online calls for anti-Sisi protests in Egypt may fall flat - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  8. ^ a b "The 2020 Egyptian Protests | Public Policy for & by Students | JIPP". The Journal of Interdisciplinary Public Policy. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "EGYPT: Anti-Sisi Protests". Africa Research Bullet. Political, social and cultural series. Volume 56, issue 9: 22443–22446. October 15, 2019 – via Wiley Online Library. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e "In rare protests, Egyptians demand President el-Sisi's removal". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-16. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  11. ^ "World leaders must confront Sisi over repressive crackdown". Amnesty International. 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  12. ^ "JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Egypt". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Threat of home demolitions sparks protests among Egypt's poorest". the Guardian. 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Several hundred arrests amid protest calls in Egypt - rights group". Reuters. 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  15. ^ a b c d "Does Egyptian army contractor Mohamed Ali really have a magic wand?". Middle East Monitor. 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  16. ^ "Egypt whistlebower Mohamed Ali calls for protests on 20 September". Middle East Monitor. 2020-09-08. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Egypt police kill Luxor man then shoot mourners at his funeral". Middle East Monitor. 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  18. ^ "Egypt protesters push police vehicle into canal". Middle East Monitor. 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  19. ^ a b "Heavy police presence, random searches around Tahrir ahead of Sept. 20 protest anniversary". Mada Masr. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  20. ^ a b "Egypt braces for fresh anti-Sisi protests". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  21. ^ a b c Ketchley, Neil; Barrie, Christopher (June 2020). "TRENDS: Fridays of Revolution: Focal Days and Mass Protest in Egypt and Tunisia". Political Research Quarterly. 73 (2): 308–324. doi:10.1177/1065912919893463. ISSN 1065-9129.
  22. ^ a b "Egypt police kill Luxor man then shoot mourners at his funeral". Middle East Monitor. 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h "Egypt: Rare protests met with unlawful force and mass arrests". Amnesty International. 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h "Clashes in Egypt's Luxor after police kill man for defending his father". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  25. ^ a b c d "150 arrested on September 20 anniversary after small, scattered protests". Mada Masr. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  26. ^ a b c d "Clashes in Egypt's Luxor after police kill man for defending his father". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  27. ^ a b c "Sudan calls for restraint after death of child in Egypt". Middle East Monitor. 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  28. ^ a b "Egypt: Protests by Sudanese migrants and refugees over brutal killing of a child met with violence and arrests". Amnesty International. 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
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