User:Saxum/Diocletian's Palace

History

Following the emperor's death in 311, the palace became government property. By the 5th century, the northern section of the palace was converted into a weaving workshop used for producing clothing for soldiers while the southern section remained in use as a residential chamber housing different exiled and dethroned officials.

Architecture

The ground plan of the palace is an irregular rectangle (approximately 160 meters x 190 meters) with towers projecting from the western, northern, and eastern facades. It combines qualities of a luxurious villa with those of a military camp, with its huge gates and watchtowers. The palace is enclosed by walls, and at times, it housed over 9000 people. Subterranean portions of the palace feature barrel vaulted stonework.

Only the southern facade, which rose directly from or very near to the sea, was unfortified. The elaborate architectural composition of the arcaded gallery on its upper floor differs from the more severe treatment of the three shore facades. A monumental gate in the middle of each of these walls led to an enclosed courtyard. The southern sea gate (the Porta Aenea) was simpler in shape and dimensions than the other three, and it is thought that it was originally intended either as the emperor's private access to the sea, or as a service entrance for supplies.

Palace's peristyle before and after recent restoration works

The design is derived from both villa and castrum types, and this duality is also evident in the arrangement of the interior. The transverse road (decumanus) linking the eastern gate (the Silver Gate or Porta argentea) and western gate (the Iron Gate or Porta ferrea) divided the complex into two-halves. In the southern half were the more luxurious structures; that is, the emperor's apartments, both public and private, and religious buildings. The emperor's apartments formed a block along the sea front and were situated above a substructure because the sloping terrain demanded significant differences in level. Although for many centuries almost completely filled with refuse, most of the substructure is well preserved, and indicates the original shape and disposition of the rooms above.

A monumental court, called the Peristyle, formed the northern access to the imperial apartments. It also gave access to Diocletian's mausoleum on the east (now Cathedral of St. Domnius), and to three temples on the west (two of which are now lost, and the third became a baptistery, originally being the temple of Jupiter). There is a temple just to the west of the Peristylum called The Temple of Aesculapius, which has a semicylindrical roof, made out of hand carved stone blocks, which did not leak until the 1940s, and was then covered with a lead roof. The temple was restored recently.

The northern half of the palace, divided in two parts by the main north-south street (cardo) leading from the Golden Gate (Porta aurea) to the Peristyle, is less well preserved. It is usually supposed that each part was a residential complex, housing soldiers, servants, and possibly some other facilities. Both parts were apparently surrounded by streets. Leading to perimeter walls there were rectangular buildings, possibly storage magazines.

The Palace is built of white local limestone and marble of high quality, most of which was from Brač marble quarries on the island of Brač, of tuff taken from the nearby river beds, and of brick made in Salonitan and other factories. Some material for decoration was imported: Egyptian granite columns, fine marble for revetments and some capitals produced in workshops in the Proconnesos. The Palace was decorated with numerous 3500-year-old granite sphinxes, originating from the site of Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III. Only three have survived the centuries. One is still on the Peristyle, the second sits headless in front of Jupiter's temple, and a third is in the city museum.

Gates

The palace's original layout consisted of four gates, three of which were land entrances while the fourth one faced the sea.

From left to right: Golden Gate (Porta Aurea), Silver Gate (Porta argentea), Iron Gate (Porta ferrea) and the Brass Gate (Porta aenea).

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Religious buildings

Roman

In its original Roman layout, the Diocletian's Palace was known to have four religious buildings, two of which are preserved. The largest of the four is the octogonal mausoleum of Diocletian himself before being converted into a Christian cathedral in the early middle ages. The second preserved building is the temple of Jupiter located west of the Peristyle.

Numerous

Their exact function and atribution to a particular Roman deity, however, remained disputeded among historians.

Christian

Preserved

Church (Croatian)	Built or converted	Image	Architectural style	Location	Notes	References
Church of St. Martin Crkva Sv. Martina	4th century		Ancient / romanesque	43°29′13″N 79°23′02″W	Preserved	In use until the 1783/84 plague epidemic.
Church of Our Lady of the Bell Tower Crkva Gospe od Zvonika	1	2	3	4	Preserved	6
Church of St. Roch Crkva Sv. Roka	1516		Renaissance with elements of romanesque	4	Preserved
Church of St. Andrew Crkva Sv. Andrija	7th century		3	4	Preserved	Sv. Andrija de Fenestris

Historical

Church (Croatian)	Built or converted	Image	Architectural style	Location	Status	Notes	References
Church of St. Apollinaris Crkva Sv. Apolinara	1	-	3	4	historical	6	7
Church of St. Leonard Crkva Sv. Leonarda	1	-	3	4	historical	6	7
Church of St. Peter Crkva Sv. Petra	1	-	3	4	historical	Located in the north-western tower of the Palace.	7
Church of St. Matthew Crkva Sv. Mateja	Early Middle Ages	-	3	4	Demolished in 1881	Built just south of the cathedral. Renovated in 1700 on the initiative of Stjepan Cosmi.	7

Sphinxes

The sphinx on the Peristyle viewed from different angles.

References

http://www.casopis-gradjevinar.hr/assets/Uploads/JCE-59-2007-06-06.pdf

• Regan, Krešimir; Nadilo, Branko (2007). "Stare crkve u Dioklecijanovoj palači i u neposrednoj blizini" [Old Churches in the Diocletian's Palace and its Surroundings] (PDF). Građevinar (in Croatian). Vol. 59, no. 7. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Association of Civil Engineers. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
• Tadinac, Ivana (December 2011). "Sfinge iz Dioklecijanove palače u Splitu" [Sphinxes from the Diocletian's Palace in Split]. Kulturna baština (in Croatian) (37): 371–400. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
• Marasović, Katja (December 2014). "Sudnica u obrambenom dvorištu zapadnih vrata Dioklecijanove palače" [The Courtroom in the Defensive Courtyard of the Western Gate of Diocletian's Palace]. Klesarstvo I Graditeljstvo (in Croatian). XXV (1–4): 4–11. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
• Madiraca, Vinko (2011). "Sondažna arheološka istraživanja na prostoru ckrve Sv. Roka i Peristila Dioklecijanove palače u Splitu" [Archeological Exploration of the Space of the Church of St. Roche and the Peristyle of the Diocletian's Palace in Split]. Kulturna baština (in Croatian) (37): 127–142. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
• Marasović, Jerko; Marasović, Tomislav; Gabričević, Branimir (2014). Istraživanje i uređenje Peristila Dioklecijanove palače u Splitu [Research and Reconstruction of the Peristyle of the Diocletian's Palace in Split] (PDF). Biblioteka knjiga Mediterana 79 (in Croatian). Split: Knjižveni krug Split. ISBN 978-953-163-402-1.

• "Dioklecijanova palača" [Diocletian's Palace]. Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. Retrieved 17 May 2019.