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  1. Isik AT, Dost FS, Yavuz I, Ontan MS, Ates Bulut E, Kaya D (April 2023). "Orthostatic hypotension in dementia with Lewy bodies: a meta-analysis of prospective studies". Clin Auton Res (Meta-analysis). 33 (2): 133–141. doi:10.1007/s10286-023-00933-1. PMID 36862320.
  2. Jellinger KA (December 2023). "Mild cognitive impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies: an update and outlook". J Neural Transm (Vienna) (Review). 130 (12): 1491–1508. doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02670-1. PMID 37418039.
  3. Jellinger KA (October 2023). "Depression in dementia with Lewy bodies: a critical update". J Neural Transm (Vienna) (Review). 130 (10): 1207–1218. doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02669-8. PMID 37418037.
TS
  1.  Done Johnson KA, Worbe Y, Foote KD, Butson CR, Gunduz A, Okun MS (February 2023). "Tourette syndrome: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment". Lancet Neurol (Review). 22 (2): 147–158. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00303-9. PMID 36354027.
  2. Marazziti D, Palermo S, Arone A, Massa L, Parra E, Simoncini M, Martucci L, Beatino MF, Pozza A (2023). "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders". Adv Exp Med Biol (Review). 1411: 275–300. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_13. PMID 36949315.
  3. Nilles C, Hartmann A, Roze E, Martino D, Pringsheim T (2023). "Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders of childhood". Handb Clin Neurol (Review). 196: 457–474. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-98817-9.00002-8. PMID 37620085.

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Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Translation task force/RTT/Simple Asperger syndrome (March 13, 2016)

SandyGeorgia/sandbox2
Other namesAsperger's syndrome, Asperger disorder (AD), Asperger's
SpecialtyPsychiatry

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a developmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests.[1] It is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and differs from other disorders by relatively normal language and intelligence.[2] Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and unusual use of language are common.[3][4] Symptoms usually begin before two years old and can last for a person's entire life.[1]

The exact cause of Asperger's is unknown.[1] While there is likely a genetic basis it has not been determined.[3][5] Environmental factors are also believed to play a role.[1] Brain imaging have not identified a common underlying problem.[3] The diagnosis of Asperger's was gotten rid of in the 2013 fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and people with these symptoms are now included within the autism spectrum disorder along with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified.[6][1] It remains within the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) as of 2015.[2]

There is no single treatment, and the effectiveness of particular interventions is supported by only limited data.[3] Treatment is aimed at improving poor communication skills, obsessive or repetitive routines, and physical clumsiness.[7] Efforts may include social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, parenting training, and medications for associated problems such as depression or anxiety.[7] Most children improve as they grow up, but social and communication difficulties may persist.[8] Some researchers and people on the autism spectrum have advocated a shift in attitudes toward the view that autism spectrum disorder is a difference, rather than a disease that must be treated or cured.[9][10]

In 2013, Asperger's was estimated to affect 31 million people globally.[11] The syndrome is named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger who, in 1944, described children in his practice who lacked nonverbal communication, had limited understanding of others feelings, and were physically clumsy.[12] The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization.[13][14][15] It became a standardized diagnosis in the early 1990s.[16] Many questions and controversies remain about aspects of the disorder.[8] There is doubt about whether it is distinct from high-functioning autism (HFA).[17] Partly because of this, the percentage of people affected is not firmly established.[3]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Translation task force/RTT/Simple Dementia with Lewy bodies (October 3, 2016)

SandyGeorgia/sandbox2
Other namesLewy body dementia (LBD), diffuse Lewy body disease, cortical Lewy body disease, senile dementia of Lewy type

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia that gradually worsens over time.[1][18] Additional symptoms may include fluctuations in alertness, seeing things that other people do not, slowness of movement, trouble walking, and rigidity.[1] Excessive movement during sleep and mood changes such as depression are also common.[19]

The cause is unknown. There is typically no family history among those affected. The underlying mechanism involves the buildup of Lewy bodies, clumps of alpha-synuclein protein in neurons. It is classified as a neurodegenerative disorder.[1] A diagnosis may be suspected based on symptom, with blood tests and medical imaging done to rule out other possible causes.[20] The differential diagnosis includes Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.[1]

There is no cure for DLB. Treatments try to improve mental, psychiatric, and motor symptoms. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, may provide some benefit. Some motor problems may improve with levodopa. Antipsychotics, even for hallucination, should generally be avoided due to side effects.[1]

DLB is the most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. It typically begins after the age of 50.[18] About 0.1% of those over 65 are affected.[21] Males appear to be more commonly affected than females. In the late part of the disease people may depend entirely on others for their care.[18] Life expectancy following diagnosis is around 8 years.[1] The abnormal deposits that cause the disease were discovered in 1912 by Frederic Lewy.[18]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Autism Spectrum Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2016. Cite error: The named reference "NIH2015" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b "F84.5 Asperger syndrome". World Health Organization. 2015 Version. Retrieved 13 March 2016. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e McPartland J, Klin A (2006). "Asperger's syndrome". Adolesc Med Clin. 17 (3): 771–88. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010. PMID 17030291.
  4. ^ Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH (2006). "Asperger syndrome revisited". Rev Neurol Dis. 3 (1): 1–7. PMID 16596080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Klauck SM (2006). "Genetics of autism spectrum disorder" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (6): 714–720. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201610. PMID 16721407.
  6. ^ "Autism Spectrum Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  7. ^ a b National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (31 July 2007). "Asperger syndrome fact sheet". Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007. NIH Publication No. 05-5624.
  8. ^ a b Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR (January 2009). "Asperger syndrome". Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 18 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0. PMID 18563474.
  9. ^ Clarke J, van Amerom G (2007). "'Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'". Disabil Soc. 22 (7): 761–76. doi:10.1080/09687590701659618.
  10. ^ Baron-Cohen S (2002). "Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability?". Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 17 (3): 186–91. doi:10.1177/10883576020170030801. A preliminary, freely readable draft, with slightly different wording in the quoted text, is in: Baron-Cohen S (2002). "Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability?" (PDF). Cambridge: Autism Research Centre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  11. ^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators (5 June 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMID 26063472. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Asperger H; tr. and annot. Frith U (1991) [1944]. "'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood". In Frith U (ed.). Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–92. ISBN 0-521-38608-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F (2005). "Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: Implications for research". J of Autism and Dev Dis. 35 (2): 221–34. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y. PMID 15909408.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Wing L (1998). "The history of Asperger syndrome". In Schopler E; Mesibov GB; Kunce LJ (eds.). Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?. New York: Plenum press. pp. 11–25. ISBN 0-306-45746-6.
  15. ^ Woodbury-Smith M, Klin A, Volkmar F (2005). "Asperger's Syndrome: A Comparison of Clinical Diagnoses and Those Made According to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV". J of Autism and Dev Disord. 35 (2): 235–240. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2002-x. PMID 15909409.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Baker, Linda (2004). Asperger's Syndrome: Intervening in Schools, Clinics, and Communities. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 9781135624149.
  17. ^ Klin A (2006). "Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview". Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 28 (suppl 1): S3–S11. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002. PMID 16791390.
  18. ^ a b c d "The Basics of Lewy Body Dementia". NIA. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  19. ^ "Common Symptoms". NIA. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  20. ^ "Diagnosis". NIA. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  21. ^ Dickson, Dennis; Weller, Roy O. (2011). Neurodegeneration: The Molecular Pathology of Dementia and Movement Disorders (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 224. ISBN 9781444341232.

TS forced order of lead narrative

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Order of content as preferred Altered to impose an order
Tourette syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. Common tics are blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically change in location, strength, and frequency. Tourette's is at the more severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders. The tics often go unnoticed by casual observers.

Once regarded as a rare and bizarre syndrome, Tourette's has popularly been associated with coprolalia (the utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks).[1] It is no longer considered rare; about 1% of school-age children and adolescents are estimated to have Tourette's,[1] and coprolalia occurs only in a minority. There are no specific tests for diagnosing Tourette's; it is not always correctly identified because most cases are mild and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence. Therefore, many go undiagnosed or may never seek medical attention. Extreme Tourette's in adulthood, though sensationalized in the media, is rare, but for a small minority, severely debilitating tics can persist into adulthood. Tourette's does not affect intelligence or life expectancy.

There is no cure for Tourette's and no single most effective medication. Education is an important part of any treatment plan, and explanation and reassurance alone are often sufficient.[1] In most cases, medication for tics is not necessary, and behavioral therapies are the first-line treatment. Among those who are referred to specialty clinics, other conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are more likely than in the broader population of persons with Tourette's. These co-occurring diagnoses often cause more impairment to the individual than the tics; hence it is important to correctly distinguish co-occurring conditions and treat them.

Tourette syndrome was named by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot for his intern, Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who published in 1885 an account of nine patients with a "convulsive tic disorder". While the exact cause is unknown, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The mechanism appears to involve dysfunction in neural circuits between the basal ganglia and related structures in the brain.

Tourette syndrome (TS or simply Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in childhood,[1] characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. These tics characteristically wax and wane, can be suppressed temporarily, and are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles. Some common tics are eye blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. Tourette's does not adversely affect intelligence or life expectancy.

Tourette's is defined as part of a spectrum of tic disorders, which includes provisional, transient and persistent (chronic) tics. Tics are often unnoticed by casual observers. While the exact cause is unknown, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There are no specific tests for diagnosing Tourette's; it is not always correctly identified because most cases are mild and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence. Extreme Tourette's in adulthood, though sensationalized in the media, is a rarity.

In most cases, medication for tics is not necessary. Education is an important part of any treatment plan, and explanation and reassurance alone are often sufficient treatment.[1] Many individuals with Tourette's go undiagnosed or never seek medical care. Among those who are seen in specialty clinics, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are present at higher rates. These co-occurring diagnoses often cause more impairment to the individual than the tics; hence, it is important to correctly identify associated conditions and treat them.[1]

About 1% of school-age children and adolescents have Tourette's.[1] It was once considered a rare and bizarre syndrome, most often associated with coprolalia (the utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks), but this symptom is present in only a small minority of people with Tourette's.[1] The condition was named by Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) on behalf of his resident, Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette (1857–1904), a French physician and neurologist, who published an account of nine patients with Tourette's in 1885.

References

Other

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