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Halogen nonmetals

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  • Wikipedia (2020): Chemically, all s-elements except helium are highly reactive. Metals of the s-block are highly electropositive and often form essentially ionic compounds with nonmetals, especially with the highly electronegative halogen nonmetals.
  • Giansante (2020): "Most semiconductors…are composed by (n − 1)d10 metals of groups 11−15 (with empty or filled ns orbitals, such as Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, In, Pb, and Bi, among others) and chalcogen, pnictogen, or halogen nonmetal atoms…
  • Vassilev & Vassilv (2016): As a general trend, only non-metals (especially halogen non-metals), alkaline and alkaline-earth lithophile elements, noble elements, and some chalcophile elements are commonly more enriched in algae than in coal."
  • Hui Wen at al. (2013): "−alkali-halides also enable the formation of non-stoichiometric (MnX or MXn) clusters by adding sin gle or multiple excess electrons, where, M=alkali metal atom, X=halogen nonmetal.
  • Daub & Seese (1996, p. 228): "A series similar to the electromotive or activity series exists for the halogen nonmetals."
  • Fernandez & Whitaker (1975, p. 149): "It was seen that the noble gases form a logical 'buffer' zone of relatively unreactive elements separating the very reactive alkali metals and the very reactive halogen nonmetals."
  • Leeds RD (1967, p. 33): "Ionic bonds are formed between metals and nonmetals; any alkali metal in group I will bond with any halogen nonmetal in group VII of the periodic table."

Moderately active nonmetals

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  • Timm (1950): "Oxygen is a moderately active nonmetal and will combine directly with nearly every other element to form an oxide.
  • Gelender at al. (1959): "This oxidation may be accomplished by: (a) The use of suitable oxidizing agents for moderately active nonmetals."
  • Perlman (1970): "Between Groups I and VII there are gradations from active metals (Col. I) to less active metals to moderately active nonmetals to volatile nonmetals (halogens Col. VII)."
  • Wulfsberg (2000): "Most of the moderately active metals and nonmetals (the electropositive metals and electronegative nonmetals) are reduced from their oxides…using carbon."
  • Welcher (2001): "The elements change from active metals to less active metals, to metalloids, to moderately active nonmetals, to very active nonmetals, and to a noble gas."
  • Sorokhtin at al. (2007): "Nitrogen is a moderately active element, reacting weakly with natural inorganic compounds."

Unique and shared properties of H, C, N, O, P, S, Se

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^ Black P, the most stable form in ambient conditions, is these days easily prepared.[3]