User:Samuel Jabaley/Aleutian Arc

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Introduction

The Aleutian Arc is a large volcanic arc of islands extending from the Southwest tip of the U.S. state of Alaska to the Kamchatka Peninsula that is owned by the Russian Federation.

It consists of a number of active and dormant volcanoes that have formed as a result of the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate along the Aleutian Trench. Although taking its name from the Aleutian Islands, this term is a geologic grouping rather than a geographic one. The Aleutian Arc extends through the Alaska Peninsula following the Aleutian Range through the Aleutian Islands.^[1] The arc makes up a sizable portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire, and is known for generating many strong magnitude earthquakes (magnitude 6-6.7) as well as its volcanism.^[2]

Formation and Geologic Features

Formation

The Aleutian Arc reflects subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate. It extends 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from the Kamchatka Peninsula in the west to the Gulf of Alaska in the east. The arc was formed around 55 million years ago during the early Eocene period.^[3]^[2] Unimak Pass at the southwestern end of the Alaska Peninsula (~165°W) marks the eastward transition from an intra-oceanic in the west to a continental arc in the east.^[2] Volcanic activity on the Aleutian Ridge extends from the Southwest corner of Alaska to around 175°E, west of Attu Island (~173°E).^[2] The Aleutian Arc is distinct in that its arc massif is laterally extended and in-tact, which is unusual for an intra-oceanic arc.^[3]

Geologic Features

The Aleutian Trench, formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the North American Plate, sits south of the island arc.^[2] A forearc basin reaching depths of 7km occupies the space between the trench and the island arc and leads up to the Aleutian Ridge, the north side of which being the area where the most volcanic activity occurs.^[2] The Aleutian Ridge is largest near tip of the Alaskan Peninsula (160-225 km wide, 25-35 km thick) and decreases in width (80 km wide near the Komandorski Islands) as it extends west towards the Kamchatka Peninsula.^[3] Due to the arcuate geometry of the trench, the relative velocity vector changes from almost trench-normal in the Gulf of Alaska to almost trench-parallel in the west. Along the oceanic part of the subduction zone, convergence varies from 6.3 cm (2.5 in) per year to the north-northwest in the east to 7.4 cm (2.9 in) per year towards the northwest in the west.^[4] The eastern Aleutians see an orthogonal direction of convergence relative to the trench, while the more central area sees an oblique direction of convergence relative to the trench.^[2] Past Attu Island, the direction of convergence becomes parallel with the trench.^[2]

Seismic Activity

Tectonic Activity

The Pacific Plate is continuously converging and moving against the North American Plate at a rate of 48 mm/year eastward and 78 mm/year westward.^[2] The oblique direction of convergence in the western and central portions of the area is causing westward transportation of the arc.^[3]^[2] This movement of the Pacific Plate relative to the North American Plate in the central and west Aleutian Arc also causes portions of the forearc to break off and form rotating crustal blocks between the trench and the island arc.^[3]^[2] The boundaries of the 5 major blocks that have been identified form areas with cohesive movement that are often disrupted by strike-slip and normal faults.^[2] Submarine canyons are present at the boundaries between the blocks due to the clockwise rotation of each block cutting into the surface of the other crustal blocks.^[3]

Earthquakes

Thousands of earthquakes per year are seen in this region due to the constant tectonic activity, making the Aleutian islands the most seismically active area in the United States of America. Faulting within the subduction zone (Aleutian Megathrust) as well as within the subducting and overriding plates themselves accounts for the majority of earthquakes that occur.^[2] Some smaller magnitude earthquakes are also caused by the volcanic activity of the Aleutian Arc. The regionality of the earthquakes makes it possible for inter-plate and intra-plate events to be differentiated.^[2] The majority of events have been noted as having a thrusting mechanism, which denotes them as earthquakes occurring from the interface of a plate.^[2] Strike-slip and normal faulting does occur in shallow events, where the depth of the event is less than 30 km deep^[2]. Events with a normal fault mechanism tend to occur where the Pacific Plate bends as it forms the Aleutian Trench, whereas strike-slip mechanisms are concentrated inland along the axis of the islands themselves.^[2]

The constant activity near the Aleutian Arc has resulted in an area prone to high magnitude earthquakes. One Major earthquake (Mw ≥ 8) occurs every 13 years on average, and strong magnitude earthquakes (Mw 6–7) occur an average of six times per year.^[5] The rapid conversion and the gentle subduction angle of the Pacific Plate under the North American Plate also caused a back-arc region of tectonic deformation that spans 700 km from the Aleutian Arc into the interior of Alaska to form.^[5] These conditions have allowed for a multitude of major earthquakes to be measured throughout Alaska's history. Most major earthquakes measured in the region tend to be caused by ruptures in the gentle subduction interface between the subducting and overriding plates.^[5]

Volcanic Activity

Volcanoes within this arc include:

References

^ "A Policy for Rapid Mobilization of USGS OBS (RMOBS) - Alaska Volcanoes". Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Ruppert, Natalia A.; Kozyreva, Natalia P.; Hansen, Roger A. (2012-02-05). "Review of crustal seismicity in the Aleutian Arc and implications for arc deformation". Tectonophysics. 522–523: 150–157. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.11.024. ISSN 0040-1951.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f pubs.geoscienceworld.org https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/34/8/661/129614/Revised-age-of-Aleutian-Island-Arc-formation. Retrieved 2023-11-02. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ DeMets, Charles; Dixon, Timothy (July 1, 1999). "New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present, 1: Evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL-1A model" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (13): 1921–1924. doi:10.1029/1999gl900405. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tibaldi, A.; Bonali, F. L. (2017-04-01). "Intra-arc and back-arc volcano-tectonics: Magma pathways at Holocene Alaska-Aleutian volcanoes". Earth-Science Reviews. 167: 1–26. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.02.004. ISSN 0012-8252.

External links

Geoprisms.org: Aleutian Arc

52°17′N 174°09′W / 52.28°N 174.15°W / 52.28; -174.15

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Article Evaluation

Content

The article does a good job staying on topic relating to the Aleutian Arc. It introduces certain sub-topics that relate to the Aleutian Arc well, such as how its formed from the subduction of the pacific plate under the North American Plate. A list of volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc is also provided, which I found to be helpful due to each volcano's own Wikipedia page being linked. I noticed, however, that the article does not go into detail about some of the processes mentioned in the formation of the arc. In addition, the second paragraph contains some jargon that is not defined and could be hard to understand for someone that is not familiar with the topic. I think that this article is a good introduction to the topic, but that more information needs to be added about sub-topics such as the formation of the arc, a more precise definition of it's location, and some effects the arc has on the surrounding environment. Information is presented in an accurate, scientific manner with some definitions and links to Wikipedia articles that relate to the topic, but more definitions and links definitely need to be added to help the reader better understand the topic. There are no dead-end links within the article. Two sources are cited in the reference page that are scientific, but more sources are needed. More pictures could also be very useful in further explaining the processes of how the arc is formed.

Tone

The article does a very good job of using a neutral tone to introduce and explain the Aleutian Arc. An opinionated tone is not used at all when explaining processes or presenting scientific information about the arc, but a viewpoint that is not talked about at all is the environment that the arc's volcanoes and other geologic features create around them.

Sources

Two sources are cited in the reference page of the article that are scientific, but are also around 20 years old each. The facts that were cited matched the information in the sources, and the sources themselves presented scientific information that was not biased. There are some facts presented in the article that are not referenced to a source, however.

Talk Page

So far, there is no content on the talk page other than the article being shown as a part of two Wikiprojects. The article is a part of Wikiproject Volcanoes and Wikiproject Alaska, and is listed as both a stub and a list. It obtained the list rating due to the list of volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc that is included in the article.

[WoodsHole-1] "A Policy for Rapid Mobilization of USGS OBS (RMOBS) - Alaska Volcanoes". Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 18 November 2018.

[:0-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Ruppert, Natalia A.; Kozyreva, Natalia P.; Hansen, Roger A. (2012-02-05). "Review of crustal seismicity in the Aleutian Arc and implications for arc deformation". Tectonophysics. 522–523: 150–157. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.11.024. ISSN 0040-1951.

[:1-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f pubs.geoscienceworld.org https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/34/8/661/129614/Revised-age-of-Aleutian-Island-Arc-formation. Retrieved 2023-11-02. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[DeMets1999-4] DeMets, Charles; Dixon, Timothy (July 1, 1999). "New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present, 1: Evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL-1A model" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (13): 1921–1924. doi:10.1029/1999gl900405. Retrieved 18 November 2018.

[:2-5] Tibaldi, A.; Bonali, F. L. (2017-04-01). "Intra-arc and back-arc volcano-tectonics: Magma pathways at Holocene Alaska-Aleutian volcanoes". Earth-Science Reviews. 167: 1–26. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.02.004. ISSN 0012-8252.

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