User:Salvatore.petrova/Caloric Theory
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Early History
[edit]Prior to Lavoisier's caloric theory, published references concerning heat and its existence, outside of being an agent for chemical reactions, were sparse only having been offered by Joseph Black in Rozier's Journal (1772) citing the melting temperature of ice.[1] In response to Black, Lavoisier's private manuscripts revealed that he had encountered the same phenomena of a fixed melting point for ice and mentioned that he had already formulated an explanation which he had not published as of yet.[2]
Heat conduction was believed to have occurred as a result of the affinity between caloric and matter thus the less caloric a substance possessed, thereby being colder, attracted excess caloric from nearby atoms until a caloric, and temperature, equilibrium was reached.[3] Lavoisier presented the idea that caloric was a subtle fluid, obeying the common laws of matter, but attenuated to such a degree that it is capable of passing through dense matter without restraint; caloric's own material nature is evident when it is in abundance such as in the case of of an explosion.[1]
Caloric was believed to be capable of entering chemical reactions as a substituent inciting corresponding changes in the matter states of other substances.[1] Lavoisier explained that the caloric quantity of a substance, and by extent the fluid elasticity of caloric, directly determined the state of the substance.[4] Thus, changes in state were a central aspect of a chemical process and essential for a reaction where the substituents undergo changes in temperature.[4] Changes of state had gone virtually ignored by previous chemists making the caloric theory the inception point for this class of phenomena as a subject of interest under scientific inquiry.[1]
Chemists of the time believed in the self-repulsion of heat particles as a fundamental force thereby making the great fluid elasticity of caloric, which does not create a repulsive force, an anomalous property which Lavoisier could not explain to his detractors.[5]
Radiation of heat was explained by Lavoisier to be concerned with the condition of the surface of a physical body rather than the material of which it was composed.[3] Lavoisier described a poor radiator to be a substance with a polished or smooth surface as it possessed its molecules lying in a plane closely bound together thus creating a surface layer of caloric which insulated the release of the rest within.[3] He described a great radiator to be a substance with a rough surface as only a small amount of molecules held caloric in within a given plane allowing for greater escape from within.[3] Count Rumford would later cite this explanation of caloric movement as insufficient to explain the radiation of cold becoming a point of contention for the theory as a whole.[3]
Vaporization was explained
- ^ a b c d Morris, Robert J. (1972). "Lavoisier and the Caloric Theory". The British Journal for the History of Science. 6 (1): 1–38. ISSN 0007-0874.
- ^ author, Guerlac, Henry,. Lavoisier-the Crucial Year : the Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772. ISBN 978-1-5017-4664-2. OCLC 1138503811.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e BROWN, SANBORN C. (1967), "THE CALORIC THEORY", Men of Physics: Benjamin Thompson – Count Rumford, Elsevier, pp. 16–24, retrieved 2021-12-03
- ^ a b KHALAL, A; KHATIB, D; JANNOT, B (1999). "Etude theorique de la dynamique du réseau de batio en phase quadratique". Annales de Chimie Science des Matériaux. 24 (7): 471–480. doi:10.1016/s0151-9107(00)88439-1. ISSN 0151-9107.
- ^ 1740-1824., Sage, Balthazar Georges,. Mémoires de chimie. OCLC 1013352513.
{{cite book}}:|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)