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Consequences

Single-mother households and "disconnected" families

The "Final Rule" provision enforced by the passing of PRWORA is a provision that attempts to establish paternity for children living in poverty. This provision created a more comprehensive system for establishing paternity of children by increasing access to voluntary paternity tests for men and their possible children. For single mothers attempting to receive child support, these mothers must first establish paternity for their children. This provision creates men's identities as "fathers". In addition, this provision disproportionately affects unwed mothers and attempts to police pre-marital relations by centering single mothers in the discussion of child support and welfare assistance. However, this act in its description claims that it is trying to increase the case-load of child support clients. In its description of the "Final Rule" provision, the Department of Health and Human Services writes that, "In 1992, only 54 percent of single-parent families with children had a child support order established and, of that number, only about one-half received the full amount due." When PRWORA was passed, one of the main concerns of politicians and lawmakers was that there was a high number of single mothers or unwed mothers receiving federal assistance stating that from 1970 to the 1990s, the rate of unwed mothers giving birth had increased three times its original rate, as well as unmarried teen mothers.

This section should fall under the "Gendered and Racial Poverty Section" instead of separating it into two disconnected sections.

Gendered and Racial Poverty

Move the "propagating stereotypes" section to this heading as it is a consequence of the racialized and gendered aspects of welfare and poverty.

Map of countries participating in revised Kyoto Protocol and their commitments

International Political Frameworks

The Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement, which was brought to discussion on November 12th, 2016, was made with a goal in mind to unite all countries against the threat of climate change. This argument stipulates that all countries involved contribute financially and regularly report on emissions and the status of national progress. At this point, over half the countries in Convention who were responsible for over half of greenhouse emissions, had ratified.

The European Union

The commitment of the European Union to cut back on its excessive green house gas emissions came from the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. Since its application, the Doha amendments, which were made to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, have come to regulate this protocol and update the Union's commitment to depleting the greenhouse gas emissions. This second round of the Kyoto Protocol creates a legally binding agreement for participating EU countries until 2020. Under this new plan, by 2030, there are hopes of the EU cutting their emissions by 40%.

Pictured above are Secretary Kerry and the UN Secretary-General at the COP21 meeting of the UNFCCC in Paris

Convergence and Contraction

In 2015, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changes met in Paris to negotiate a new agreement. This meeting was the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21). In this agreement, the goal was to keep temperatures under 1.5 degrees Celsius. While this goal was seen as progress in the fight against climate change, some more liable countries saw this as unattainable. They also thought some important steps were not taken during this meeting; however, everyone seemed optimistic for the future.