Yagaria

Dialects

Yagaria consists of eight main dialects.


Dialect Name	Number of speakers
Dagenava	373
Move	4,519
Kamate	2,369
Ologuti	2,165
Gotomi	2,032
Kani-Kuluka	4,469
Hira	2,318
Huva	2,871

Phonology^[1]

Phonemes

Consonants^[2]

/p/ - Voiceless, bilabial, unaspirated stop
/b/ - Voiced, bilabial stop
/t/ - Voiceless alveolar unaspirated stop
/d/ - Voiced alveolar stop
/k/ - Voiceless velar unaspirated stop
/g/ - Velar consonant
/ʔ/ - Voiceless glottal stop
/f/ - Voiceless fricative consonant
/v/ - Voiced fricative consonant
/h/ - Voiceless glottal fricative
/s/ - Voiceless alveolar grooved fricative
/m/ - Voiced bilabial nasal
/n/ - Voiced alveolar nasal
/l̩/ -Voiced velar lateral
/y/ - Voiced alveolar-alveopalatal

Vowels

/i/ - Voiced high close unrounded front vocoid occurring word initially, medially, and finally
/ɛ/ - Voiced mid open unrounded front vocoid gliding to high close unrounded front, occurring word initially, medially, and finally
/ $\varepsilon ^{i}$ / - Voiced mid open unrounded front vocoid gliding to high close unrounded front, occurring word initially, medially, and finally
/u/ - Voiced high close rounded back vocoid occurring word initially, medially, and finally
/o/ - Voiced mid close rounded back vocoid occurring word initially, medially, and finally

Distribution of Phonemes

There are four syllable patterns used in the Yagaria language. The four are V, CV, CVC, and VC where CV is the most used.

Morphology

Pronouns^[3]

Personal, Possessive, Emphatic, and Interrogative pronouns are used. Personal and Possessive pronouns happens in free word and affixed forms. Emphatic pronoun occurs in suffixes.


Singular
POV	Subject (Yagaria)	Subject (English)
1	dagaea	I
2	gagaea	you
3	agaea	he/she

Dual
POV	Subject (Yagaria)	Subject (English)
1	la'agaea	we
2	latagaea	you
3	tagaea	they

Plural
POV	Subject (Yagaria)	Subject (English)
1	lagaea	we
2	lapagaea	you
3	pagaea	they


Short Forms Open/Closed
Personal Pronouns	POV	Open	Closed	English
Singular	1	dagae	dagae'	I
	2	gagae	gagae'	you
	3	agae	agae'	he/she
Dual	1	la'agae	la'agae'	we
	2	latagae	latagae'	you
	3	tagae	tagae'	they
Plural	1	lagae	lagae'	we
	2	lapagae	lapagae'	you
	3	pagae	pagae'	they

Nouns^[4]

The main noun classes used in the Yagaria language are Class 1 and Class 2.

Class 1

Nouns can indicate living and non living objects. They occur in two forms, long form where carrying suffix -na, and short form where the suffix is removed and ends with a glottal stop. Long form are used less and mostly for citation, some as a subject, and mostly used in intransitive clauses.


Long Form	Short Form	Translation
ana	a'	women
yona	yo'	house
yana	ya'	taro
gokolena	gokole'	chicken

Examples of using Long forms


Yagaria	ba yana ege gilena
Breakdown	sweet potato taro banana corn
Translation	sweet potato taro banana corn

Yagaria	ana hoya no' - eli-e
Breakdown	woman work PROG-do- IND
Translation	the woman is working

Long forms as an object:

Yagaria	ve agaea ana eli- d- i- e
Breakdown	man he woman take-PAST-3.SG-IND
Translation	the man took the woman

Short forms as subject in intransitive clause and as an object:

Yagaria	faya' ni- pi' bei- d- i- e
Breakdown	fish water-IN live-PAST-3.SG-IND
Translation	there are fish in the water

Yagaria	yale pagaea yo' gi- d- a- e
Breakdown	people they house build-PAST-3.PL-IND
Translation	the people built a house

Class 2

Class 2 nouns have some ending in -na, and is never omitted. Suffixation happens after that syllable.

Examples:

Yagaria	bina
Translation	price

Yagaria	bina- 'a
Breakdown	price-ita
Translation	its price

Class 2 nouns that behave somewhat like class 1 nouns.They carry suffix -'na, has short form without ending in a glottal stop. All suffixation occurs with long form carrying the suffix -'na.

Examples:

Yagaria	dote'na
Translation	food

Yagaria	dote' yava laga- 'a
Breakdown	eible tree fruit-its
Translation	edible tree-fruit

Yagaria	dote'na-ka no- k- am- u- e
Breakdown	food- your PROG-you-give-1.SG-IND
Translation	I am giving you your food

Yagaria	filite'na
Translation	death

Yagaria	filite' yale
Breakdown	dead people
Translation	dead people

Yagaria	filite'na- e' l - amota no'- ei-e
Breakdown	death- BEN us- fear IND
Translation	we are afraid of death

Yagaria	nalu-di
Breakdown	wife-my
Translation	my wife

Yagaria	da-nalu-di
Breakdown	my-wife-my
Translation	my wife

Adjectives^[5]

Primary and Secondary Adjectives are used in the Yagaria Language. Primary adjectives are used to determine the morphological behaviorist of "adjectives". Secondary adjectives are obtained from nouns or verbs, or local or temporal expressions occurring as noun adjuncts.

Primary adjectives

Morphological pattern of class 1 nouns, and class 2 nouns are the two groups being used in the primary adjectives. Most adjectives have short or not-suffixed form for attributive occurrence, and long or suffixed form for predicative occurrence.

Class 1 Examples:


Adjectives following Class 1	Translation
haga'. / hagana	tasty
fagi' / faina	far
fate' / fatena	far
havá' / havána	unimportant
lava' / lavana	unimportant
lakoli' / lakolina	flat
bonu' / bouna	round
legi' / legina	true
havu' / havuna	unoltivated

Class 2 Examples:

Adjectives following Class 1	Translation
soko / sokona	good
feipa / feipana	bad
buko / bukona	warm
gata / gatana	heavy
hogo / hogona	short
hepa / hepana	bad
fotogo / fotogona	good

Numerals^[6]

Numbers are made using a system of only one, two, and fives. The sum of numbers are usually expressed by hands and feet.


Number Count in Yagaria	Number Count in English
bogo	one
lole	two
lole-'e' bogo-'e'	three
lole-'e' lole-'e'	four
d- anita bogo-ko'	five
d- anita bogo-kayagati' bogo-ko'	six
d- anita bogo-kayagati' lole	seven
d- anita bogo-kaygati' lole-'e' bogo-'e'	eight
d- anita bogo-kayagati' lole-'e' lole-'e'	nine
d- anita lole	ten
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya -logati' bogo	eleven
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya -logati' lole	twelve
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya -logati' lole-'e' bogo-'e'	thirteen
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya -logati' lole-'e' lole-'e'	fourteen
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya bogo-kayaga'a	fifteen
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya bogo-kayagati' bogo-ko'	sixteen
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya bogo-kayagati' lole	seventeen
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya bogo-kayagati' lole-'e' bogo-'e'	eighteen
d- anita su ho- na d- eiya bogo-kayagati' lole-'e' lole-'e'	nineteen
d- eiya d- anita buki'a	twenty

Reference

^ Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguisctics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National Universit.
^ Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguisctics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National Universit. pp. (7-10).
^ Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. (15-18).
^ Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. (26-29).
^ Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. (54-59).
^ Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. (72-74).

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[1] Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguisctics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National Universit.

[2] Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguisctics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National Universit. pp. (7-10).

[3] Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. (15-18).

[4] Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. (26-29).

[5] Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. (54-59).

[6] Renck, G.L. (1975). A grammar of Yagaria (Pacific Linguistics. Series B; no. 40). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. (72-74).

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