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Shrink-swell capacity
[edit]The shrink-swell capacity of soil refers to its ability to swell or shrink depending on the amount of moisture present. When the soil is wet, it expands, and when it is dry, it shrinks. The amount of certain clay minerals present, such as montmorillonite and smectite, directly affects the shrink-swell capacity of soil.[1] Soils with shrink-swell capacity are also known as expansive soils. Soils with this capacity can fall under the soil order of Vertisol. This ability to drastically change volume can cause damage to existing structures, such as cracking foundations or the walls of swimming pools.
Description
[edit]Certain clay minerals expand when exposed to moisture. The presence of these clay minerals is what allows soils to have the capacity to shrink and swell. Some of these clay minerals are: smectite, nontronite, bentonite, chlorite, montmorillonite, beidellite, attapulgite, illite and vermiculite.[2] The amount of these minerals in a particular soil will also determine the severity of the shrink-swell capacity. For instance, soils with a small amount of expansive clay minerals will not expand as much when exposed to moisture as a soil with a large amount of the same clay minerals.[2] If a soil is composed of at least 5 percent of these clay minerals by weight, it could have the ability to shrink and swell.[3] Soils with this shrink-swell capacity fall under the soil order of Vertisols.[4] As these soils dry, deep cracks can form on the surface, which then allows water to penetrate to deeper levels of the soil.[5] This can cause the swelling of these soils to become a cyclical, with periods of both shrinking and swelling.
Problems
[edit]Soils with shrink-swell capacity can cause engineering problems, and damage to existing structures. Some common structures that sustain soil damage are foundations, walls, driveways, swimming pools, roads, pipelines, and basement floors.[5][6] Roughly half of the houses in the United States are built on soils that are considered unstable, and half of those will sustain damage from soil.[6] This damage includes large cracks in walls and foundations, buckling of driveways and roads, and jamming of doors and windows.[7] All this is simply caused by the force exerted by the expanding soil.
Solutions
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Krenz, Jennifer; Lee, Brad; Owens, Phillip. "Swelling Clays and Septic Systems" (PDF).
- ^ a b King, Hobart. "Expansive Soil and Expansive Clay". Geology.com. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ Rodgers, David; Olshansky, Robert; Rogers, Robert. "Damage to Foundations from Expansive Soils" (PDF).
- ^ "The Twelve Soil Orders". University of Idaho, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences.
- ^ a b Mokhtari, Masoumeh; Dehghani, Masoud. "Swell-Shrink Behavior of Expansive Soils, Damage and Control" (PDF). Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ a b "Problem Soils" (PDF). Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ "What are Expansive Soils?". Property Risk. Retrieved 3 November 2015.