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This article is part of a series on the
Politics of the
United States
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Executive
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Political parties
Political ideologies
Federalism
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This is a list of political parties in the United States, listed by the amount of members each party has. This list does not include independents.

Major parties

[edit]
Party Ideology Year
founded 		Membership
[1] 		Presidential vote[2] Senators
[3] 		Representatives[4] Governors
[5] 		State
legislators[5] 		Legislatures
[5] 		Trifectas
[5]
Electoral Popular Voting Nonvoting
Democratic Party Modern liberalism 1828 47,194,492
306 / 538
 81,284,778
(51.27%)
48 / 100
[A]
221 / 435
4 / 6
26 / 55
3,266 / 7,383
17 / 49
14 / 49
Republican Party Conservatism 1854 35,723,389
232 / 538
 74,224,501
(46.82%)
50 / 100
212 / 435
2 / 6
28 / 55
3,980 / 7,383
30 / 49
23 / 49

Third parties

[edit]

Represented in government

[edit]

The following party has at least one representative in the federal government or at least one state government.

Party Ballot access (2022) Ideology Year
founded 		Membership[1] Presidential
vote (2020)[2] 		State
legislators[5]
Libertarian Party See also the list of affiliates
AZ, CA, CO, DE, FL, HI, ID, IN, KS, LA, MD, MI, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NC, OH, OK, OR, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, WV, WY + D.C.[6][7] 		Libertarianism[8] 1971[9] 727,776[1] 1,865,917 (1.18%)
1 / 7,383[10]

Not represented in government

[edit]

Third Parties (single-state)

[edit]

! style="background-color:#c64c4b" | !scope="row" style="text-align:center"| !Vermont Progressive Party |Vermont | Progressivism[11]
Left[11] | 1993 | Unknown | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, #2C2C2C); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | —

|

9 / 7,383[12][13]

|- ! style="background-color:#F8F9FA" | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | !Independent Party of Oregon |Oregon | Centrism[14] | 2007 | 124,048 | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, #2C2C2C); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | —

|

1 / 7,383[15]

Represented in the legislature of the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico

[edit]

The following third parties are represented in the Puerto Rican Legislature.

Party Ideology Year
founded 		President Gubernatorial vote[16] Senators[17] Representatives[17] Mayors[18]
New Progressive Party
Partido Nuevo Progresista 		Puerto Rico statehood 1967[19] Thomas Rivera Schatz[20] 427,016 (33.24%)
10 / 27
21 / 51
37 / 78
Popular Democratic Party
Partido Popular Democrático 		Pro-Commonwealth
Liberalism
Social liberalism 		1938[21] Aníbal José Torres[22] 407,817 (31.75%)
12 / 27
26 / 51
41 / 78
Citizens' Victory Movement
Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana 		Anti-imperialism
Anti-neoliberalism
Progressivism 		2019 Ana Irma Rivera Lassén 179,265 (13.95%)
2 / 27
2 / 51
0 / 78
Puerto Rican Independence Party
Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño 		Puerto Rico independence
Social democracy 		1946[19] Rubén Berríos 175,402 (13.58%)
1 / 27
1 / 51
0 / 78
Project Dignity
Proyecto Dignidad 		Christian democracy
Anti-corruption 		2019 César Váquez Muñiz 87,379 (6.80%)
1 / 27
1 / 51
0 / 78

Parties with ballot access for Congress, state legislatures, or territorial legislatures

[edit]

The following third parties have ballot access in at least one state and are not represented in a national office, state legislature, or territorial legislature.[23]

Multi-state or territory
[edit]
Party Ballot access[23] [24] Ideology Year
founded 		Membership (2021)[25] Presidential vote (2020)[2]
Green Party CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, HI, LA, ME, MD, MI, MN, MO, NC, OR, PA, SC, TX, WV + DC Environmentalism
Eco-socialism[26][27] 		2001[28] 246,377 404,090 (0.255%)
Constitution Party CO, FL, HI, ID, MI, MO, NV, OR, SC, UT, WI, WY Paleoconservatism[29] 1992[30] 118,088 60,066 (0.038%)
Working Families Party CT, NM, NY, OR, SC Social democracy[31] 1998[32] 50,532 386,010 (0.243%)[B]
Alliance Party CT, MN, SC Centrism[33] 2019[34] Unknown 88,238 (0.056%)
Reform Party FL, MS Radical centrism[35] 1995 6,665 5,966 (0.004%)[B]
Working Class Party MD, MI 2016 Unknown
Party for Socialism and Liberation Florida Marxism–Leninism[36] 2004[30] 606 (FL) 85,488 (0.054%)
American Independent Party California Paleoconservatism[37] 1967 600,220 (CA) 60,160 (0.038%)[B]
Peace and Freedom Party California Socialism[38] 1967 94,016 51,037 (0.032%)[B]
Legal Marijuana Now Party MN, NE Marijuana legalization[39] 1998 Unknown 10,033 (0.006%)[B]
Unity Party CO, FL Centrism[40] 2004 1,657 (CO) 6,647 (0.004%)
Natural Law Party Michigan Transcendental Meditation[41] 1992 6,657 (NJ) 2,986 (0.002%)[B]
Approval Voting Party Colorado Electoral reform[42] 2016 1,149 (CO) 409 (0.0003%)
Justice Party Mississippi Progressivism[43] 2011 Unknown
People's Party (2017) Florida 2017 Unknown
Single state or territory
[edit]
Party Ballot access[23] Ideology Year
founded 		Membership (2021)[25] Presidential vote (2020)[2]
Conservative Party of New York State New York Conservatism[44] 1962 147,606 295,657 (0.186%)[B]
Libertarian Party of New Mexico[7] New Mexico[7] Libertarianism[8] 1972[45] 12,798 12,585 (0.008%)
Oregon Progressive Party Oregon Progressivism[46] 2007 2,292 5,404 (0.003%)
Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party Vermont Democratic socialism[47] 1970 Unknown 166 (0.0001%)[B]
Alaskan Independence Party Alaska Alaskan nationalism[48] 1978[49] 17,213
Independent Party of Delaware Delaware 2000 9,844[50]
United Utah Party Utah Centrism[51] 2017 1,690
Ecology Party of Florida Florida 2008[52] 125[52]
Independent Party of Florida Florida 1993 Unknown
Aloha ʻĀina Party Hawaii Hawaiian sovereignty[53] 2015 Unknown
Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party Minnesota Marijuana legalization[54] 2014 Unknown
Labor Party South Carolina Social democracy 1996 Unknown
United Citizens Party South Carolina 1969 Unknown
Independent Citizens Movement U.S. Virgin Islands 1968 Unknown
Sovereign Union Movement
Movimiento Unión Soberanista 		Puerto Rico 2010 Unknown

Active parties without ballot access

[edit]

The following parties have been active in the past 4 years, but as of December 2021 did not have official ballot access in any state.[23]

Multi-state or territory
[edit]
Party Ideology Year
founded 		Membership[25] Presidential vote (2020)[2] Year lost access Seeking access
American Solidarity Party Christian democracy[55] 2011[55] Unknown 38,614 (0.024%)
Forward Party Human-centered capitalism
Radical centrism
Populism 		2022 Unknown N/A In Minnesota
Socialist Workers Party Communism
Castroism 		1938 298 (DE/KY) 6,791 (0.004%)
Prohibition Party Temperance
Christian democracy
Social conservatism 		1869 36[56] 4,856 (0.003%)
Socialist Equality Party Trotskyism

Communism

Revolutionary socialism

1966 Unknown 351 (0.0002%)
Socialist Party USA Socialism
Anti-capitalism
Eco-socialism
Socialist feminism 		1973[30] 8,215 (ME/MA/NJ) [C]
Communist Party USA Communism
Marxism-Leninism
Bill of Rights socialism 		1919
Socialist Alternative Marxism

Revolutionary socialism
Trotskyism

1986 Unknown [C]
United States Pirate Party Pirate politics

Civil libertarianism

Direct democracy

2006 3,000
Workers World Party Communism

Marxism-Leninism

Anti-Imperialism

1959 Unknown
Freedom Socialist Party Trotskyism

Revolutionary socialism
Socialist feminism

1966 Unknown
American Freedom Party American nationalism

Paleoconservatism
Right-wing populism
White nationalism

Anti-immigration

2009[57] Unknown
Socialist Action Trotskyism[58] 1983 Unknown
Transhumanist Party Libertarian transhumanism
Extropianism
Technogaianism 		2014 Unknown
Single state or territory
[edit]
Party State Ideology Year
founded 		Membership[25] Presidential vote (2020)[2] Year lost access Seeking access
Libertarian Association of Massachusetts[7] Massachusetts Libertarianism[8] 1972 19,097 47,013 (0.030%) 2020[59] Regained in 2022, recognition pending[60]
Green Party of Alaska Alaska Green politics[61] 1990 Unknown 3,284 (0.002%) As of May 2022[62]
California National Party California Californian nationalism[63] 2015 413
Independence Party of New York New York Centrism[64] 1991 483,870 22,656 (0.0143%)[65][66]
Liberal Party of New York New York Liberalism[67] 1944 Unknown
Moderate Party of Rhode Island Rhode Island Centrism[68] 2007 Unknown
Green Party of Rhode Island Rhode Island Green politics[69] 1992 Unknown
Independent Greens of Virginia Virginia 2005 Unknown
Washington Progressive Party Washington Progressivism[70] 2002 Unknown
Progressive Dane Wisconsin Progressivism[71] 1992 Unknown
Keystone Party of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Syncretic politics[72] 2022 Unknown Never had Based on voter registration
A Connecticut Party Connecticut Center-Right[73] 2021 Unknown Never had

Historical parties

[edit]
The following parties are no longer functioning.

Held national office or elected to Congress

[edit]
Party Years in national office Other names Ideology Mergers/Splits Created Disbanded
Federalist Party 1789–1825 Classical conservatism[74] 1789 1824
Anti-Administration party 1789–1792 Anti-Federalism[75] Merged into: Democratic-Republican Party in 1792 1789 1792
Democratic-Republican Party 1792–1825 Republican Party, Democratic Party Jeffersonianism[76] Split into: Democratic Party and National Republican Party 1792 1825
National Republican Party 1825–1837 Anti-Jacksonian Party Classical conservatism[77] Merged into: Whig Party 1825 1837
Anti-Masonic Party 1829–1839 Anti-Masonry[78] Merged into: Whig Party 1828 1838
Nullifier Party 1831–1839 Nullification[79] 1828 1839
Whig Party 1837–1857 Traditionalist conservatism[80] 1833 1854
Law and Order Party of Rhode Island 1843–1845 Charterites Anti-Dorr Rebellion[81] Merged into: Whig Party 1840 1848
Liberty Party 1845–1849 Abolitionism[82] Merged into: Free Soil Party and Republican Party 1840 1848
American Party (1844) 1845–1860 Know Nothings Nativism[83] Merged into: Constitutional Union Party (South) and Republican Party (North) 1844 1860
Free Soil Party 1849–1857 Abolitionism[84] Merged into: Republican Party 1848 1855
Unionist Party 1851–1853 American unionism[85] Merged into: National Union Party 1852 1861
Opposition Party (Northern) 1855–1857 Abolitionism[86] Merged into: Republican Party 1854 1858
Opposition Party (Southern) 1859–1860 Pro-slavery[87] Merged into: Constitutional Union Party 1858 1860
Constitutional Union Party 1860 Unionist Party Southern unionism[88] Merged into: Unconditional Union Party 1860 1860
Unconditional Union Party 1860–1866 Unionist Party American unionism[89] Merged into:National Union Party 1861 1866
Liberal Republican Party 1871–1875 Classical liberalism[90] Merged into: Republican Party and Democratic Party 1871 1875
Anti-Monopoly Party 1873–1881 Progressivism[91] Merged into: People's Party (1892) 1874 1886
Greenback Party 1879–1889 Currency reform[92] Merged into: People's Party (1892) 1874 1884
Readjuster Party 1881–1889 Left-wing populism[93] 1870 1885
Labor Party 1887–1891
People's Party (1892) 1892–1903 Populist Party Populism[94] Merged into: Democratic Party 1892 1908
Silver Party 1893–1902 Bimetalism[95] Merged into: Democratic Party 1892 1902
Silver Republican Party 1897–1900 Bimetalism[96] Merged into: Republican Party 1896 1900
Socialist Party of America 1911–1913
1915-1919
1921-1929 		Democratic socialism[97] Splinter parties: Nonpartisan League (1915)
National Party (1917)
Communist Party USA (1919)
Proletarian Party of America (1920)
American Labor Party (1936)
Social Democratic Federation (1936)
Final Split: (1972-1973) Socialist Party USA, Social Democrats, USA, and Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee 		1901 1972
Progressive Party (1912) 1913–1919 Bull Moose Party Progressivism[98] Merged into: Republican Party 1912 1920
Farmer–Labor Party 1919–1921
1923-1945 		Social democracy[99] 1920 1936
Wisconsin Progressive Party 1935–1946 1934 1946
American Labor Party (1936) 1939–1951 Social democracy[100] 1936 1956

Multi-State political parties

[edit]
Party Other names Ideology Mergers/Splits Created Disbanded
American Republican Party (1843) Nativism[101] Merged into: American Party (1844) 1843 1854
Democratic-Republican Party (1844) Texas annexation[102] Merged into: Democratic Party 1844 1844
Southern Rights Party 1850s? 1850s?
National Union Party Unionist Party American unionism[103] Merged into: Republican Party 1864 1868
Radical Democracy Party Abolitionism[104] Merged into: Republican Party 1864 1864
Socialist Labor Party of America Workingmen's Party of the United States De Leonism[105] 1876 2011
National Democratic Party Gold Democrats Gold standard[106] Merged into: Democratic Party 1896 1900
Social Democracy of America Utopian socialism[107] Merged into: Social Democratic Party 1897 1900
United Christian Party 1897 1928
Social Democratic Party Democratic socialism[108] Merged into: Socialist Party of America 1898 1901
Independence Party Independence League Progressivism[109] 1906 1914
Single Tax Party Land Value Tax Party, Commonwealth Land Party Georgism[110] 1910 1920s
National Woman's Party 1913 1930
Nonpartisan League Agrarianism[111] Splits from: Socialist Party of America
Merged into: North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party 		1915 1956
National Party Splits from: Socialist Party of America 1917 1910s
Labor Party of the United States Social democracy[112] Merged into: Farmer–Labor Party 1919 1920
Proletarian Party of America Communism[113] Splits from: Socialist Party of America 1920 1971
Workers Party of America Communist Party USA Marxism–Leninism 1921 1929
American Party (1924) Nativism[114] 1924 1924
Progressive Party (1924) Progressivism[115] Merged into: Wisconsin Progressive Party 1924 1924
Communist League of America Trotskyism[116] Split from: Communist Party USA 1928 1934
American Labor Party (1932) De Leonism[117] Split from: Industrial Union Party 1932 1935
Industrial Union Party Split from: Socialist Labor Party of America 1932 1950
American Workers Party Trotskyism[118] Merged into: Workers Party of the United States 1933 1934
Workers Party of the United States Trotskyism[119] Merged into: Socialist Party of America 1934 1938
Union Party Distributism[120] 1936 1936
America First Party (1943) Isolationism[121] 1944 1947
American Vegetarian Party 1947 1967
States' Rights Democratic Party Dixiecrats Segregationism[122] Split from: Democratic Party 1948 1948
Progressive Party (1948) Progressivism[123] Split from: Democratic Party 1948 1955
Constitution Party (1952) Christian Nationalist Party Paleoconservatism[124] 1952 1970s
National States' Rights Party Neo-fascism 1958 1987
American Party (1969) Paleoconservatism[125] 1969 2008
Raza Unida Party Chicanismo[126] 1970 2012
People's Party (1971) Democratic socialism[127] 1971 1976
U.S. Labor Party LaRouchism[128] 1975 1979
Citizens Party Progressivism[129] 1979 1984
New Alliance Party Left-wing populism[130] 1979 1992
Populist Party (1984) White nationalism[131] 1984 1994
Grassroots Party Marijuana legalization 1986 2012
Greens/Green Party USA Green Committees of Correspondence Ecopolitics[132] 1991 2019
Labor Party Social democracy[133] 1996 2007
Southern Party Southern nationalism[134] 1999 2003
Boston Tea Party Libertarianism[135] 2006 2012
Independence Party of America Centrism[136] 2007 2013
Modern Whig Party Conservative liberalism[137] Merged into: Alliance Party[138] 2008[138] 2019[138]
U.S. Marijuana Party 2002 2016?
Rent Is Too Damn High Party 2005 2015
Serve America Movement Big tent[139] Merged into: Forward Party[140] 2017 2022

Single state political parties

[edit]
The following parties were active in a single state only
Party State Other names Ideology Mergers/Splits Created Disbanded
Toleration Party Connecticut American Party Secularism[141] Merged into: Democratic Party 1816 1828
Working Men's Party New York Owenism[142] Merged into: Locofoco faction of the Democratic Party 1829 1831
Anti-Mormon Party Illinois 1841 1844
Independent Anti-Mormon Party of Oneida County Idaho 1870s 1880s
People's Party Utah Mormonism[143] 1870 1891
Liberal Party Utah Anti-clericalism[144] 1870 1893
Independent Reform Party Illinois 1874 1874
Independent Party Florida 1884 1884
Home Rule Party of Hawaii Hawaii Hawaiian nationalism[145] Merged into: Republican Party 1900 1912
American Party (1904) Utah 1904 1911
American Party (1914) New York Split from: Democratic Party 1914 1916
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party Minnesota Populism[146] Merged into: Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party 1918 1944
Progressive Democratic Party South Carolina Progressivism[147] Split from: Democratic Party 1944 1948
Women's Equality Party New York Feminism[148] 2014 2018
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Mississippi Desegregation[149] Merged into: Democratic Party 1964 1964
Labor–Farm Party of Wisconsin Wisconsin Left-wing populism[150] 1982 1987
Illinois Solidarity Party Illinois Anti-LaRouchism[151] Split from: Democratic Party 1986 2007
Republican Moderate Party of Alaska Alaska Centrism[152] 1986 2011
A Connecticut Party Connecticut Liberalism[153] Split from: Republican Party 1990 1998
New Jersey Conservative Party New Jersey Conservatism[154] 1992 2009
Independent Grassroots Party Minnesota Marijuana legalization Split from: Grassroots Party 1996 1998
Marijuana Reform Party New York Marijuana legalization[155] 1998 2002
Independence Party of Florida Florida 1999 2017
Personal Choice Party Utah Libertarianism[156] 2004 2006
American Party of Florida Florida 2006 2011
Florida Whig Party Florida Fiscal Conservatism[157] 2006 2012
Connecticut for Lieberman Connecticut Centrism[158] Split from: Democratic Party 2006 2013
Taxpayers Party of New York New York Conservatism[159] 2010 2011
Freedom Party of New York New York Progressivism[160] 2010 2011
United Independent Party Massachusetts Liberalism[161] 2014 2017
Bread and Roses Party Maryland 2018 2021
Libertarian Party of Virginia Virginia Libertarianism[8] 1974 2022[7]
Tea Party of Nevada Nevada Tea Party movement Split from: Republican Party 2010 2010

Political parties in the unincorporated territories

[edit]
The following parties were active in a single territory only
Party Territory Other names Ideology Mergers/Splits Created Disbanded
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Puerto Rico Puerto Rican nationalism[162] 1922 1965
Puerto Rican Socialist Party Puerto Rico Puerto Rican nationalism[163] 1959 1993
Covenant Party Northern Mariana Islands Populism Merged into: Republican Party 2001 2013[164]
Working People's Party Puerto Rico Partido del Pueblo Trabajador 2010 2016
Popular Party Guam Commercial Party Merged into: Democratic Party 1949 1964

Non-electoral organizations

[edit]

Active

[edit]

These organizations generally do not nominate candidates for election, but some of them have in the past; they otherwise function similarly to political parties.

Political party Year founded Former names Ideology Mergers/Splits International affiliations
African People's Socialist Party 1972 Merger of: Junta of Militant Organizations
Black Rights Fighters
Black Study Group 		Uhuru Movement
American Party of Labor 2008 International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)
Black Riders Liberation Party 1996[165]
Charter Committee 1924
Christian Liberty Party 2000
Citizens Party of the United States 2004
Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism 1991
Communist Party USA (Provisional) unknown Communism
Democratic Socialists of America 1982 Democratic socialism Merger of: Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee + New American Movement Formerly Socialist International, not a member as of August 2017.
Freedom Road Socialist Organization 1985 International Communist Seminar
National Socialist Movement 1974 World Union of National Socialists
New Afrikan Black Panther Party 2005
New Black Panther Party 1989
National Justice Party 2020 White nationalism
News and Letters Committees[citation needed] 1955
New York State Right to Life 1970
Progressive Labor Party 1961 Progressive Labor Movement
Revolutionary Black Panther Party 1992
Revolutionary Communist Party, USA 1975 Revolutionary Union
Social Democrats, USA 1972
Solidarity 1986
Spartacist League[citation needed] 1966 International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)
World Socialist Party of the United States 1916 Socialist Party of the United States
Socialist Educational Society
Workers' Socialist Party 		Socialism Split from: Socialist Party of America World Socialist Movement

Historical

[edit]

These historical organizations did not officially nominate candidates for election, but may have endorsed or supported campaigns; they otherwise functioned similarly to political parties.

Party Other names Ideology Mergers/Splits Created Disbanded
National Renaissance Party Neo-Nazism 1949 1981
American Nazi Party World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists, National Socialist White People's Party, New Order (Successor Organization) Neo-Nazism Split into: National Socialist Party of America, National Alliance, National Socialist Movement, and New Order. 1959 1983
Patriot Party Socialism[166] Split from: Young Patriots Organization 1960 1980
Black Panther Party Black nationalism[167] 1966 1982
Youth International Party Yippies Anarcho-socialism[168] 1967 1967
Marxist–Leninist Party, USA Marxism–Leninism[169] 1967 1993
Red Guard Party Maoism 1969 1973
Communist Workers Party Maoism[170] 1969 1985
National Socialist Party of America Neo-Nazism Split from: American Nazi Party 1970 1981
National Alliance Neo-Nazism Split from: American Nazi Party 1974 2013
New Union Party De Leonism[171] 1974 2005
International Socialist Organization Trotskyism[172] 1977 2019
White Patriot Party Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan,
Confederate Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 		White supremacy 1980 1987
New Party Progressivism[173] 1992 1998
Traditionalist Worker Party Neo-Nazism[174] 2013 2018

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ Additionally, the two independent Senators both caucus with the Democratic Party.[3]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Votes counted in a fusion ticket.
  3. ^ a b Nominated a candidate associated with a different party.
Footnotes
  1. ^ a b c Winger, Richard. "August 2022 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "2020 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
  3. ^ a b "U.S. Senate: Party Division". United States Senate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  4. ^ "Party Breakdown". House Press Gallery. House Press Gallery. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e "State Partisan Composition". National Conference of State Legislatures. April 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  6. ^ Johnston, Bob (November 9, 2020). "Ballot Access Update". Libertarian Party. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e Doherty, Brian (September 15, 2022). "Libertarian Party Faces State Rebellions". Reason. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d Segal, Cheryl (May 27, 2016). "5 things the Libertarian Party stands for". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  9. ^ Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). "David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  10. ^ Aspegren, Elinor (November 5, 2020). "Not a Republican, not a Democrat: Wyoming's Marshall Burt wins Libertarian Party's first statehouse seat since 2002". USA Today. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  11. ^ a b Elliott-Negri, Luke (August 2, 2016). "Lessons From Vermont". Jacobin. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  12. ^ "Vermont House of Representatives elections, 2020". Ballotpedia. December 26, 2021.
  13. ^ "Vermont State Senate elections, 2020". Ballotpedia. December 26, 2021.
  14. ^ "INDEPENDENT PARTY'S 2009 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA | Independent Party of Oregon". August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  15. ^ "Senator Brian Boquist has left GOP, is now a member of the Independent Party of Oregon". Oregon Catalyst. January 15, 2021.
  16. ^ "Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2020". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  17. ^ a b "Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  18. ^ "List of current mayors of Puerto Rico". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  19. ^ a b Ramos, Tatiana Mena (October 13, 2020). "Which Political Parties are Competing for the Governorship of Puerto Rico?". BELatina. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  20. ^ Fieser, Ezra (July 30, 2019). "Puerto Rico Ruling Party Head Gets Key Backing to Be Governor". Bloomberg. Retrieved December 28, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ "Political Parties of Puerto Rico, Founded 1898 through 1945* | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  22. ^ "José Luis Dalmau asks Raúl Grijalva for more time to submit amendments to Nydia Velázquez's Status Bill". El Nuevo Día. November 13, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d "List of political parties in the United States". ballotpedia.org. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  24. ^ "State Board Recognizes Green Party as NC Political Party".
  25. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Winger-March2021-BAN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ "Howie Hawkins will probably be the Green Party's 2020 nominee". The Economist. March 26, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  27. ^ Blake, Evan (May 29, 2020). "Howie Hawkins and the Green Party: Capitalist politics in the guise of "ecosocialism"". World Socialist Website. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  28. ^ "Green Party Founding". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  29. ^ Kleefeld, Eric (July 26, 2010). "Tancredo's New Home In The Constitution Party: A Religious, Paleoconservative Group Without Much Electoral Success". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  30. ^ a b c Feinauer, J.J. (January 16, 2014). "Want to support a third party? Here are your options". Deseret News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  31. ^ Meyerson, Harold (November 11, 2014). "Meet the Working Families Party, Whose Ballot Line is in Play in New York". Prospect. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  32. ^ "Ballot Access News -- June 1, 2006". www.ballot-access.org. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  33. ^ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2019). "Minnesota Independence Party Becomes State Affiliate of the Alliance Party | Ballot Access News". Ballot Access News. Retrieved December 17, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ "How We Formed". Alliance Party. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  35. ^ Lind, Michael (December 3, 1995). "The Radical Center or the Moderate Middle?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  36. ^ "No separate destiny for US workers apart from the workers of the world". International Communist Press. October 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  37. ^ "Would-be independents joining the American Independent Party could blame California's voter registration card". Los Angeles Times. April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  38. ^ Wojcik, Nik (October 26, 2016). "Peace and Freedom Party candidate talks socialism". Golden Gate XPress. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  39. ^ "Unity Party Reaches Minor-Party Status in Colorado". Westword. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  40. ^ Thomas, Jeff (February 6, 1996). "Natural Law Party advocates meditation as way to peace". Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph. p. B.2.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Nash, Howard P. Jr.; Schnapper, M. B. (1959). Third Parties in American Politics.
  • Ness, Immanuel; Ciment, James (2000). The Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference. ISBN 0-7656-8020-3.
[edit]


The Backrooms is an urban legend and creepypasta describing an endless maze of randomly generated office rooms and other environments. It is characterized by the smell of moist carpet, walls with a monochromatic tone of yellow, and buzzing fluorescent lights. Internet users have expanded upon this concept by creating different "levels" of the Backrooms and "entities" which inhabit them.

The original version came from a two-paragraph 4chan comment on a post asking for "unsettling images", where an anonymous user invented a story based on one of the photos. The Backrooms drew comparisons to various other horror trends and media, including the photography of liminal spaces, the SCP Foundation collaborative fiction project, and the six-hour-long album series Everywhere at the End of Time.

Since its original creation, The Backrooms has been expanded into various other forms of media and Internet culture, including video games, collaborative fiction wikis, and YouTube videos.

Origin and description

[edit]

The Backrooms originated from a thread posted on the /x/ board of 4chan on 12 May 2019, where an anonymous user asked for others to "post disquieting images that just feel 'off'." There, the first photo depicting the Backrooms was uploaded, presenting a slightly tilted image of a yellow-colored hallway. Another anonymous user commented on the photo with the first story about the Backrooms, claiming that one enters the Backrooms when they "noclip out of reality in the wrong areas", which is a video game-related term originating from Doom for when a player passes through a physical boundary that would otherwise block their way.[1][2]

After the 4chan post gained fame, several Internet users wrote horror stories relating to The Backrooms. Many memes were created and shared across social media, further popularizing the creepypasta.[2] Some have stated they had seen that image somewhere before; in the opinion of Manning Patston from Happy Mag, these comments were "existential, hollow, and terrified".[2] Patston commented on the use of the term "noclip", interpreting it as "glitches in which the walls of reality are torn down", such as the existence of doppelgängers.[2] Comparing the location to the level design of the Resident Evil franchise, Kaitlyn Kubrick of Somag News called the Backrooms "the terrifying creepypasta of cursed dreams".[3]

The location of the original Backrooms photo is unknown. Although a number of locations have been proposed, it is possible that the image is a procedurally generated digital composition.[4] The creepypasta has also been associated with the concept of kenopsia, first coined in The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows: "the eerie, forlorn atmosphere of a place that's usually bustling with people but is now abandoned and quiet".[4][5]

Levels

[edit]

The Backrooms' original concept has been expanded by Internet users, who have created different "levels" of the location. There are thousands of levels found within fan made Wikis of the Backrooms, featuring different photos and "safety classes" in a format influenced by the SCP wiki. One canon is that there are three distinct levels.[2] The levels specified in this canon include:

  • Level 0: This is the level depicted in the original Backrooms photo, featuring all of the creepypasta's most well-known characteristics – moldy carpet, yellow walls, and buzzing fluorescent lights. One of the entities created by users for this level are "hounds", described as disfigured and manic humanoid beings. Another feature of this level is a "noclip zone", which can bring wanderers back to Earth's dimension, return them to the starting point of Level 0, or to another level with different hostile organisms.[2]
  • Level 1: A level reached when one chooses not to enter a noclip zone and instead wanders around Level 0 for days.[2] It is darker than Level 0 and features a more industrial architecture, with mechanical-like sounds being heard through the place. The level appears to be a dark, dingy warehouse with low-lying fog and puddles of water which randomly appear. In contrast to Level 0, the fluorescent lights begin to flicker more frequently, occasionally shutting down completely – "This is when the beings come out".[2]
  • Level 2: The third level of the Backrooms, according to the three-level interpretation.[2] It is one of the darkest levels, containing more industrial-like architecture. This level appears as long service tunnels with pipes lining the walls. It is described as being reached when one simply wanders around Level 1 for a long enough period of time, and featuring a much higher temperature than other levels. "Survivors" of the Backrooms claim that the only way to escape the level is to remain calm, stating that "Only when the backrooms have become your home can you depart."[2]

Reception

[edit]
The Backrooms' popularity was inspired by the Internet trend of liminal spaces: "images of eerie and uninhabited spaces",[6] such as this empty high school hallway.

The Backrooms soon became popular from writers and Internet users, most of which commented on its uncannyness. The creepypasta has also been cited as the origin and most-well known example of the liminal spaces Internet trend, which are photos that evoke "a sense of nostalgia, lostness, and uncertainty";[7] the '#liminalspaces' tag has amassed nearly 100 million views on the social media platform TikTok.[6] When a woman named Claire Scheulin found an abandoned mall below her Airbnb, Internet commentators compared her photos of the place to the original Backrooms image.[8][9]

The horror aspects of The Backrooms drew comparisons to the conspiracy theories of UFOs in Area 51, filmmaker Stanley Kubrick's work The Shining, the Minecraft urban legend of Herobrine, and the 2019 film Us.[2] Its ambiguous rooms have also been noted as featuring similarities to horror stories of the SCP Foundation, especially SCP-3008 (a branch of IKEA that contains an infinite interior space within a pocket dimension), and to the vague buildings of Control (2019).[10] Dazed called the Backrooms an example of "internet folklore".[6]

Impact and popularity

[edit]

Film

[edit]

In January 2022, a short horror film titled The Backrooms (Found Footage) was uploaded to the YouTube channel of then 16-year-old director Kane Parsons (Kane Pixels on YouTube). It is presented as a 1996 recording of a young cameraman who accidentally enters the location, running from entities and entering other levels.[11] The film employs both live-action footage and 3D Blender renderings, as well as other techniques to create effects such as camera shake and a VHS filter.[12] Categorized by some as "analog horror",[13] the short received acclaim: WPST contributor Erica Russell called it "the scariest video on the Internet",[14] while Dread Central's Mary Beth McAndrews compared it to the 2019 video game Control and "watched it 10 times".[15][16]

Some were surprised by what Parsons did with what he had: Jai Alexis of website PopHorror was surprised by the director's age,[17] while The Awesomer noted that Backrooms "shows how to create tension without a budget".[18] Boing Boing's Rob Beschizza hypothesized that the creepypasta will eventually "end up in a slick but dismal 2-hour Hollywood movie", likening this prediction to the Slender Man creepypasta and its 2018 film adaptation.[19] When describing a meme of the Backrooms, GameRant's Tanner Fox called the short "a paralyzing watch which packs quite a bit of terror into its short runtime."[20]

Parsons has since uploaded twelve other videos relating to the Backrooms in non-chronological order as of 8 November 2024: The Third Test, First Contact, Missing Persons, Informational Video, Autopsy Report, Motion Detected, Prototype, Pitfalls, Report, Presentation, Found Footage #2, and I Remember.[10][21] They revolve around the fictional Async Foundation finding and exploring the Backrooms in order to solve "all current and future storage and residential needs",[22] with Informational Video referring to the location as Project KV31.[23] There are also five unlisted Backrooms videos uploaded by Kane, one of which references the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.[24][25] The plot of this series is not influenced by other works such as the Wikis.

The Backrooms was an influence for AppleTV+'s Severance.[26]

Video games

[edit]

On 12 February 2022, a Reddit user showcased a Minecraft map based on the Backrooms' concept. As of 8 November 2024, the mod is still under development, with Screen Rant's Thomas McNulty claiming that "entities" will also be present on the map.[27]

The Backrooms has also been the basis for a horror game of the same name, released in 2019 by indie game studio Pie on a Plate Productions.[28][29] It was praised for its form of horror, with Bloody Disgusting writer Michael L Sandal comparing it to the works of writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman.[30] Author Sigma Klim of Guru Gamer felt the game is something unique amidst what he called the "cliché and overused motifs" of most horror content, comparing it to 2004's Yume Nikki,[31] while PCMag listed it as a "honorable mention" among a ranking of the "best free Steam games" due to its "unnerving" and "maddening" atmosphere "despite being an incredibly short title."[32]

Other released games based on the Backrooms include The Backrooms Simulator and Enter the Backrooms, released in 2019 and 2021 respectively.[33][34]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "unsettling images". 4chan (4plebs). May 12, 2019. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Patston, Manning (August 3, 2021). "The Backrooms: an eerie phenomenon lies behind these familiar hallways". Happy Mag. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  3. ^ Kubrick, Kaitlyn (April 17, 2020). "What is The Backrooms? The terrifying creepypasta of cursed dreams". Somag News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "The Magnet 0018: The quiet horror of procedural generation". The Magnet. December 13, 2020. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  5. ^ "kenopsia". The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Yalcinkaya, Günseli (April 14, 2021). "Inside the uncanny world of #liminalspaces TikTok". Dazed. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  7. ^ Koch, Karl Emil (November 2, 2020). "Architecture: The Cult Following Of Liminal Space". Musée Magazine. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  8. ^ Hollan, Michael (May 17, 2021). "Woman finds out Airbnb is located above abandoned mall". News.com.au. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  9. ^ Santora, Sara (May 18, 2021). "Woman Shares 'Abandoned Mall' She Found Under Her Airbnb". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Phil (February 2, 2022). "Cool Short Film Series: The Backrooms". Live for Films. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  11. ^ Parsons, Kane (Kane Pixels) (January 7, 2022). "The Backrooms (Found Footage)". YouTube. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  12. ^ Hellerman, Jason (February 1, 2022). "'The Backrooms' Is the Viral Horror Short Shaking the Internet Up". No Film School. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  13. ^ Dennison, Kara (February 7, 2022). "See Attack on Titan Through the Eyes of Backrooms Director Kane Pixels". Otaku USA Magazine. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  14. ^ Russell, Erica (January 17, 2022). "'The Backrooms' Viral Horror Short Explained". WPST. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  15. ^ McAndrews, Mary Beth (January 14, 2022). "'The Backrooms' Is A Found Footage Nightmare Freaking Out The Internet". Dread Central. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  16. ^ McAndrews, Mary Beth (February 7, 2022). "Liminal Horror: 10 Movies Lost In Space and Time". Dread Central. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  17. ^ Alexis, Jai (January 23, 2022). "'The Backrooms' (2022): A scary Found Footage Short That's Going Viral – Movie Review". PopHorror. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  18. ^ "The Backrooms". The Awesomer. January 17, 2022. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  19. ^ Beschizza, Rob (February 1, 2022). "Explore The Backrooms in this short found-footage horror flick". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  20. ^ Fox, Tanner (February 7, 2022). "Terrifying Pokémon Animation Shows What Haunter Would Look Like in Real Life". GameRant. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  21. ^ McAndrews, Mary Beth (March 7, 2022). "Disturbing Found Footage Sequel To 'The Backrooms' Dissects A Victim [Watch]". Dread Central. Archived from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
  22. ^ Parsons, Kane (Kane Pixels) (January 14, 2022). "Backrooms - The Third Test". YouTube. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  23. ^ Phil (February 13, 2022). "Cool Short: Backrooms – Informational Video". Live for Films. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  24. ^ Parsons, Kane (Kane Pixels) (January 8, 2022). "Mar11_90_ARCHIVE.tar". YouTube. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  25. ^ Parsons, Kane (Kane Pixels). "collateral.mov". YouTube. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  26. ^ Francisco, Eric (February 24, 2022). "Severance reveals the 'scary' and 'surreal' underbelly of office work in 2022". Inverse. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  27. ^ McNulty, Thomas (February 11, 2022). "Backrooms Minecraft Map Brings Terrifying Internet Meme To Life". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  28. ^ "The Backrooms Game for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  29. ^ Johnson, Astrid (August 16, 2019). "Reviews Roulette: The one with Tony Hawk on a unicycle (video)". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. 24m57s. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  30. ^ Sandal, Michael L (April 30, 2020). "'The Backrooms Game' Brings a Modern Creepypasta to Life [What We Play in the Shadows]". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  31. ^ Klim, Sigma (August 12, 2019). "Test Your Nerve With This Eerie Title – The Backrooms Game". Guru Gamer. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  32. ^ Zamora, Gabriel (August 13, 2019). "The 15 Best Free Steam Games". PCMag. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  33. ^ "The Backrooms Simulator for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  34. ^ "Enter The Backrooms for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on February 4, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.


Category:Creepypasta Category:Internet memes introduced in 2019 Category:Internet properties established in 2019 Category:Science fiction horror Category:Weird fiction Category:4chan phenomena Category:Nostalgia

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