User:RebekahThorn/Dustbox
Haplogroup R-V88 | |
---|---|
Possible place of origin | West Asia or Africa |
Descendants | R-M18 |
Defining mutations | V88 |
In human population genetics, haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. haplogroup R-V88 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a West Asian lineage that has experienced at least one major back migration into and across Africa.
Origins
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Distribution
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Subclade Distribution
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Paragroup R-V88
[edit]R1b1c (R-V88)
[edit]R1b1c (formerly R1b1a) is defined by the presence of SNP marker V88, the discovery of which was announced in 2010 by Cruciani et al.[1] Apart from individuals in southern Europe and Western Asia, the majority of R-V88 was found in northern and central Africa:
Region | Population | Country | Language | N | Total% | R1b1c (R-V88) | R1b1a2 (R-M269) | R1b1c* (R-V88*) | R1b1c4 (R-V69) |
N Africa | Composite | Morocco | AA | 338 | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.0% |
N Africa | Mozabite Berbers | Algeria | AA/Berber | 67 | 3.0% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 3.0% | 0.0% |
N Africa | Northern Egyptians | Egypt | AA/Semitic | 49 | 6.1% | 4.1% | 2.0% | 4.1% | 0.0% |
N Africa | Berbers from Siwa | Egypt | AA/Berber | 93 | 28.0% | 26.9% | 1.1% | 23.7% | 3.2% |
N Africa | Baharia | Egypt | AA/Semitic | 41 | 7.3% | 4.9% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 4.9% |
N Africa | Gurna Oasis | Egypt | AA/Semitic | 34 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
N Africa | Southern Egyptians | Egypt | AA/Semitic | 69 | 5.8% | 5.8% | 0.0% | 2.9% | 2.9% |
C Africa | Songhai | Niger | NS/Songhai | 10 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Fulbe | Niger | NC/Atlantic | 7 | 14.3% | 14.3% | 0.0% | 14.3% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Tuareg | Niger | AA/Berber | 22 | 4.5% | 4.5% | 0.0% | 4.5% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Ngambai | Chad | NS/Sudanic | 11 | 9.1% | 9.1% | 0.0% | 9.1% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Hausa | Nigeria (North) | AA/Chadic | 10 | 20.0% | 20.0% | 0.0% | 20.0% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Fulbe | Nigeria (North) | NC/Atlantic | 32 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Yorubad | Nigeria (South) | NC/Defoid | 21 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 4.8% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Ouldeme | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Chadic | 22 | 95.5% | 95.5% | 0.0% | 95.5% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Mada | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Chadic | 17 | 82.4% | 82.4% | 0.0% | 76.5% | 5.9% |
C Africa | Mafa | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Chadic | 8 | 87.5% | 87.5% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 62.5% |
C Africa | Guiziga | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Chadic | 9 | 77.8% | 77.8% | 0.0% | 22.2% | 55.6% |
C Africa | Daba | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Chadic | 19 | 42.1% | 42.1% | 0.0% | 36.8% | 5.3% |
C Africa | Guidar | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Chadic | 9 | 66.7% | 66.7% | 0.0% | 22.2% | 44.4% |
C Africa | Massa | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Chadic | 7 | 28.6% | 28.6% | 0.0% | 14.3% | 14.3% |
C Africa | Other Chadic | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Chadic | 4 | 75.0% | 75.0% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 50.0% |
C Africa | Shuwa Arabs | Cameroon (Nth) | AA/Semitic | 5 | 40.0% | 40.0% | 0.0% | 40.0% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Kanuri | Cameroon (Nth) | NS/Saharan | 7 | 14.3% | 14.3% | 0.0% | 14.3% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Foulbe | Cameroon (Nth) | NC/Atlantic | 18 | 11.1% | 11.1% | 0.0% | 5.6% | 5.6% |
C Africa | Moundang | Cameroon (Nth) | NC/Adamawa | 21 | 66.7% | 66.7% | 0.0% | 14.3% | 52.4% |
C Africa | Fali | Cameroon (Nth) | NC/Adamawa | 48 | 20.8% | 20.8% | 0.0% | 10.4% | 10.4% |
C Africa | Tali | Cameroon (Nth) | NC/Adamawa | 22 | 9.1% | 9.1% | 0.0% | 4.5% | 4.5% |
C Africa | Mboum | Cameroon (Nth) | NC/Adamawa | 9 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Composite | Cameroon (Sth) | NC/Bantu | 90 | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.0% |
C Africa | Biaka Pygmies | CAR | NC/Bantu | 33 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
W Africa | Composite | — | 123 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
E Africa | Composite | — | 442 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
S Africa | Composite | — | 105 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
TOTAL | 1822 |
M343 |
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As can be seen in the above data table, R1b1c is found in northern Cameroon in west central Africa at a very high frequency, where it is considered to be caused by a pre-Islamic movement of people from Eurasia.[2][3]
Suggestive results from other studies which did not test for the full range of new markers discovered by Cruciani et al. have also been reported, which might be in R-V88.
- Wood et al. reported high frequencies of men who were P25 positive and M269 negative, amongst the same north Cameroon area where Cruciani et al. reported high R-V88 levels. However they also found such cases amongst 3% (1/32) of Fante from Ghana, 9% (1/11) of Bassa from southern Cameroon, 4% (1/24) of Herero from Namibia, 5% (1/22) of Ambo from Namibia, 4% (4/92) of Egyptians, and 4% (1/28) of Tunisians.[2]
- Luis et al. found the following cases of men M173 positive (R1), but negative for M73 (R1b1b1), M269 (R1b1b2), M18 (R1b1a1, a clade with V88, M18 having been discovered before V88) and M17 (R1a1a): 1 of 121 Omanis, 3 of 147 Egyptians, 2 of 14 Bantu from southern Cameroon, and 1 of 69 Hutu from Rwanda.[4]
- Pereira et al. (2010) in a study of several Saharan Tuareg populations, found one third of 31 men tested from near Tanut in Niger to be in R1b.[5]
R-M18
[edit]R1b1c1 is a sub-clade of R-V88 which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M18.[6] It has been found only at low frequencies in samples from Sardinia[7](Contu 2008) and Lebanon.[8]
Phylogenetic Trees
[edit]There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup R-V88. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.
The Genomic Research Center Draft Tree
[edit]This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup R-V88. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages.(Krahn 2012)
- R-P25.1 P25.1
- R-V88 V88
- R-M18 M18
- R-V88 V88
Popular science
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See also
[edit]- List of R1a frequency by population
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
- Genetic history of Europe
- Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia
- Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations
- Nordic R1a Y-DNA Project
- Somerled
- Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)
Y-DNA R-M207 Subclades
[edit]Y-DNA Backbone Tree
[edit]References
[edit]Works Cited
[edit]Contu, D; Morelli, L; Santoni, F; Foster, JW; Francalacci, P; Cucca, F; Hawks, John (2008). Hawks, John (ed.). "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans". PLOS ONE. 3 (1): e1430. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430. PMC 2174525. PMID 18183308.{{cite journal}}
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Additional Reading
[edit]Projects
[edit]See also
[edit]- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Genealogical DNA test
- Prehistoric Europe
- Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations
- Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
Y-DNA R-M207 Subclades
[edit]Y-DNA Backbone Tree
[edit]External links
[edit]Discussion and projects
References
[edit]- Myres (2010). "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 19 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146. PMC 3039512. PMID 20736979.
- Lell (2002). "The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American".
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- Malhi (2008). "Distribution of Y Chromosomes Among Native North Americans: A Study of Athapaskan Population History" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}
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- Kivisild, T.; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Mastana, S; Kaldma, K; Parik, J; Metspalu, E; Adojaan, M; Tolk, HV (2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–332. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
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- Wells (2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–10249. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
{{cite journal}}
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- Underhill, Peter A; Myres, Natalie M; Rootsi, Siiri; Metspalu, Mait; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy J; Lin, Alice A; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; Semino, Ornella (2009). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
- Kivisild (2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-691-08750-4.
- Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (help). Published online April 2, 2008. See also Supplementary Material.
- Semino; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; Kouvatsi, A (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans" (PDF). Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
- Wells; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Underhill, PA; Evseeva, I; Blue-Smith, J; Jin, L; Su, B; Pitchappan, R (2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity" (PDF). PNAS. 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
- Passarino; Cavalleri, GL; Lin, AA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Børresen-Dale, AL; Underhill, PA (2002). "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10 (9): 521–9. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834. PMID 12173029. S2CID 20611133.
- Behar; Thomas, MG; Skorecki, K; Hammer, MF; Bulygina, E; Rosengarten, D; Jones, AL; Held, K; Moses, V (2003). "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" (– Scholar search). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (4): 768–779. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527.
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- Anjana, Saha; Swarkar, Sharma; Audesh, Bhat; Awadesh, Pandit; Ramesh, Bamezai (2005). "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow". J Hum Genet. 50 (1): 49–51. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0219-3. PMID 15611834. S2CID 52810401.
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- Sengupta; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, R; Mehdi, SQ; Edmonds, CA; Chow, CE; Lin, AA; Mitra, M; Sil, SK (2005). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
- Cinnioglu (2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia" (PDF). Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–148. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639. S2CID 10763736.
- Underhill, Peter A; Myres, NM; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, RJ; Lin, AA; Chow, CE; Semino, O (2009). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
- Kayser, M; Brauer, S; Weiss, G; Schiefenhövel, W; Underhill, P; Shen, P; Oefner, P; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M; Stoneking, M (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
- Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–126. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
- Krahn, Thomas. "FTDNA Draft Y-DNA Tree (AKA YTree)". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 2012.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Cruciani2010
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Wood, ET; Stover, DA; Ehret, C; Destro-Bisol, G; Spedini, G; Mcleod, H; Louie, L; Bamshad, M; Strassmann, BI (2005). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 867–76. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408. PMID 15856073. S2CID 20279122.
- ^ Cruciani, F; Santolamazza, P; Shen, P; Macaulay, V; Moral, P; Olckers, A; Modiano, D; Holmes, S; Destro-Bisol, G (2002). "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–214. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC 447595. PMID 11910562., pp. 13–14
- ^ Luis, JR; Rowold, DJ; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioğlu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
- ^ Pereira; Cerný, V; Cerezo, M; Silva, NM; Hájek, M; Vasíková, A; Kujanová, M; Brdicka, R; Salas, A; et al. (2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–23. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
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(help) - ^ Karafet, TM; Mendez, FL; Meilerman, MB; Underhill, PA; Zegura, SL; Hammer, MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ^ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations", Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000
- ^ Zalloua, PA; Xue, Y; Khalife, J; Makhoul, N; Debiane, L; Platt, DE; Royyuru, AK; Herrera, RJ; Hernanz, DF (2008). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–82. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286. PMID 18374297.