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Shackleton Exercise

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Contributing to section: The Imperial Trans-Atlantic Expedition. Preparations. (End of second paragraph)

Original Paragraph from Shackleton Article:

His interviewing and selection methods sometimes seemed eccentric; believing that character and temperament were as important as technical ability,[1] he asked unconventional questions. Thus physicist Reginald James was asked if he could sing;[2] others were accepted on sight because Shackleton liked the look of them, or after the briefest of interrogations.[3] Shackleton also loosened some traditional hierarchies, expecting all men, including the scientists, to take their share of ship's chores.

I want to change it to:

His interviewing and selection methods sometimes seemed eccentric; believing that character and temperament were as important as technical ability,[1] he asked unconventional questions. Thus physicist Reginald James was asked if he could sing;[2] others were accepted on sight because Shackleton liked the look of them, or after the briefest of interrogations.[3] Shackleton also loosened some traditional hierarchies to promote camaraderie, such as distributing the ship's chores equally among officers, scientists, and seamen. He also socialized with his crew members every evening after dinner, leading sing-alongs, jokes, and games.[4]

Lincoln Exercise

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Contributing to section: Marriage and Children

According to some sources, Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he first moved to New Salem; these sources indicate that by 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged.[5] She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever.[6]: 55–58  Lincoln was devastated by her death to the point of depression. His friends, Bowling and Nancy Green looked after him for a few months until he recovered emotional stability.[7] In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.[6]: 67–69 [8]

Douglass Exercise

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Contributing to section: Abolitionist and preacher

At another meeting, Douglass was unexpectedly invited to speak. After telling his story, Douglass was encouraged to become an anti-slavery lecturer. A few days later Douglass spoke at the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society's annual convention in Nantucket. Then 23 years old, Douglass conquered his nervousness and gave an eloquent speech about his rough life as a slave. The expansion of Douglass' career distanced him from wife Anna. She devoted her time to her home and children while Douglass immersed himself in the world of politics. [9]

Contributing to section: Return to the United States

After returning to the U.S. in 1847, Douglass started publishing his first abolitionist newspaper, the North Star, from the basement of the Memorial AME Zion Church in Rochester, New York.[10] The North Star's motto was "Right is of no Sex – Truth is of no Color – God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." The AME Church and North Star vigorously opposed the mostly white American Colonization Society and its proposal to send blacks back to Africa. This and Douglass's later abolitionist newspapers were mainly funded by English supporters, who gave Douglass five hundred pounds to use as he chose.[11] The North Star provided Douglass financial and domestic stability. By the 1850's he and his wife Anna settled in a comfortable house with their five children.[12] Douglass also soon split with Garrison, perhaps because the North Star competed with Garrison's National Anti-Slavery Standard and Marius Robinson's Anti-Slavery Bugle.

Contributing to section: Return to the United States (add at the end of section)

Besides operating the North Star and delivering speeches, Douglass also helped the Underground Railroad. He and his wife provided lodging and resources in their home to more than four hundred fugitive slaves.[13]


Bonhoeffer Exercise

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Contributing to section: Childhood and family

His father was psychiatrist and neurologist Karl Bonhoeffer, noted for his criticism of Sigmund Freud, and his mother Paula Bonhoeffer, née von Hase, was a teacher and the granddaughter of Protestant theologian Karl von Hase and painter Stanislaus Kalckreuth. The Bonhoeffer family educated their children at home instilling in them the Christian faith and the religious values of selflessness, thoughtfulness, and self-control, which were vital for their future resistance to the Nazi regime. [14]

Carson Exercise

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Contributing to the section: Early life and education

At the Pennsylvania College for Women (today known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was somewhat of a loner. She originally studied English, but switched her major to biology in January 1928, though she continued contributing to the school's student newspaper and literary supplement.[15] Though admitted to graduate standing at Johns Hopkins University in 1928, she was forced to remain at the Pennsylvania College for Women for her senior year due to financial difficulties; she graduated magna cum laude in 1929. Carson earned a summer fellowship at Marine Biological Laboratory where she saw the ocean for the first time. This experience introduced her to marine life and inspired her later work.[16] After her summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory, she continued her studies in zoology and genetics at Johns Hopkins in the fall of 1929.[17]

  1. ^ a b Huntford, p. 386.
  2. ^ a b Fisher, p. 312.
  3. ^ a b Fisher, pp. 311–315.
  4. ^ Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 38. ISBN 978-1501174445.
  5. ^ Gannett, Lewis (Winter 2005). ""Overwhelming Evidence" of a Lincoln-Ann Rutledge Romance?: Reexamining Rutledge Family Reminiscences". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Springfield, IL: The Abraham Lincoln Association. pp. 28–41. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Donald199633 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 102. ISBN 978-1501174445.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Thomas20082 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 236. ISBN 978-1501174445.
  10. ^ "5 religious facts you might not know about Frederick Douglass". Religion News Service. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  11. ^ Marianne Ruuth (1996). Frederick Douglass, pp. 117–18. Holloway House Publishing, 1996.
  12. ^ Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 248. ISBN 978-1501174445.
  13. ^ Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times. New York, NY: Scribner. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-1501174445.
  14. ^ Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times. New York, NY: Scribner. pp. 287–288. ISBN 978-1501174445.
  15. ^ "Rachel Carson". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  16. ^ Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 383.
  17. ^ Lear 1997, pp. 27–62
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