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User:Raiyaka/Effects of pornography

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Article Draft

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XXX signifying Pornographic materials

Lead And Overview

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Pornography has been defined as any material in varying forms, including texts, video, photos or audio that is consumed for sexual satisfaction and arousal of an individual or partnership. Pornography would have varying effects in regards things such as exposure and consumption . The effects of pornography on individuals or their intimate relationships depend on the type of pornography used and differs from person to person. Consumption of pornographic material is associated with negative and positive outcomes.

The effects and impacts of consuming pornographic material could vary in terms of: Psychological effects, Cognitive effects, Sexual effects , and even lasting impacts on the Relationships itself. Pornography could also have impacts on performers health and safety in the industry.[1]

It has been studied particularly for associations with addiction.[2] The problem is often overlooked and it may be enhanced with the impacts mentioned above. The use of Pornographic material also lends itself well to further research and it's impact on individuals. Some theories have been proven in association with pornographic consumption behaviors that help figure out why the effects happen in the first place.[3][4]

(Some literature reviews suggest that pornographic images and films can be addictive,[5][6] particularly when combined with masturbation,[7] while others maintain that data remains inconclusive.[8][9][10][11][12]) KEPT

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A Few Key Theories (added)

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Sexuality Theory

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Sexual Strategies Theory

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Sexual Strategies Theory can be strongly linked to pornography consumption and its effects. This theory is originally proposed by psychologists David Michael Buss and David P. Schmitt in 1993[3]. The Theory details how men and women are biologically wired differently when it comes to seeking avenues of sexual and romantic endeavors. it argues that these biological evolutions and differences still exist today when choosing sexual material or even a romantic partner. Some other researchers also backed up Buss and Schmitt's theory, emphasizing how men are more attracted to the physicality of a person, while women are attracted to more of the status of a person. [4]

In the context of pornography consumption, the sexual strategies theory comes in to play especially for men. Males would consume more pornography to have a visual physicality of certain pornographic actors, which would play into even more frequent consumption of the material. [3]

Reward and Conditioning Theory

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Reward and Conditioning Theory is linked with addiction and consumption as well. This theory explains how sexual desire and behavior are flexible. They are designed to adapt to whatever their environment is. If the individual is within an environment that is inherently more sexual or, in this case, consumes more pornographic material, then they would partake in that activity more frequently. They would also change the patterns of their sexual behavior and get affected by pornographic effects in a more acute manner[4].

Social Exchange Theory

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Example of General Social Exchange Theory Model

Social Exchange Theory is another that is related to pornographic and sexual effects. The theory examines how relationships between individuals are created through the concept of costs and benefits. It explains the expectation to reciprocate actions and behaviors within relationships. In the case of pornography and intimacy in said relationships , social exchange theory is observed in partnerships to mutually reach sexual satisfaction by determining the rewards of sexuality in that relationship. Should sexual satisfaction not be achieved, one could turn to pornographic materials to satisfy their needs[4][13]

Sexual Scripting

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Further information: Sexual script theory
See also: Script theory

Pornography research is greatly influenced by Script Theory. Originally proposed by researcher Silvan Tomkins, Script Theory proposes that behavior is a series of "scripts", or programs in order to achieve a goal.[14][15] These scripts provide meaning for specific patterns, actions or behaviors that an individual does in certain contexts of achieving that goal . In 1986, Simon and Gagnon applied script theory to sexuality research, asserting that sexual scripts fall under a category of cultural scripts to regulate sexual behaviors.[16]Some studies argue that pornography functions as a sexual script, cluing people in to the certain patterns, behaviors and actions mentioned above which would influence their own sexual behaviors in later encounters.[14][17]

Pornography may alter individuals' expectations regarding sexual activity, which then impacts their ability to form and maintain romantic, or sexual, relationships.[18][19]Pornography functions as a cultural script, a media through which individuals may pick up on or learn sexual cues.

One concern is that, by relying on pornography for education on sexual cues or sexual scripts, individuals may have an altered sense of what sexuality and sexual intercourse truly entail. They might not perform appropriately in their real life sexual relationships, potentially causing misunderstandings or, in a more extreme cases, abusive behavior.[20][14][17]

Typical gender roles can also confuse and alter expectations for the traditional heterosexual sexual script.[21] The way sexuality is taught, learned and expressed is different due to societal gender expectations .[22] Pornography can often display women acting with traditional male sexual scripts or exaggerated female scripts. Pornography thus creates a double-standard for the male partners of expecting a [real life] female partner to act in an unrealistic, exaggerated way that is portrayed in most pornographic scenarios that are considered fantasy .[21]

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Scripting Framework

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The most applicable theoretical framework of sexual scripting comes from Paul J. Wright's Sexual Script 3 AM (Script acquisition, activation, application).[23] This framework enhances the understanding of Sexual Scripting from a relationship perspective. due to the availability of pornographic categories that are more violent and aggressive, people that are exposed to that sort of material would have a different understanding of their sexual scripts and would more likely enact violent and abusive tendencies against women in their relationships.[24]

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(added scripting framework section, a bunch more theories , Copied from "Methodology and Key Theories" effects of pornography article) * added back a few things that were removed according to the PR

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Psychological Effects and the Studies

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Men and Addiction

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Even though pornographic consumption isn't limited to gender, Men who consume pornography regularly have reported less stable mental health, specifically higher levels of depression.[25][26] Pornography can also be an addictive source of content. This has become even more increasingly prevalent in men.[27]

Studies and Evidence of Effects (ADDED)

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Psychological effects

Two 2016 neurology reviews found evidence of addiction related brain changes in internet pornography users. Psychological effects of these brain changes are described as desensitization to reward ( which can be related to cognition) , a dysfunctional anxiety response, and impulsiveness.[28][29]

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^ BOLD fMRI results have shown that individuals diagnosed with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) show enhanced cue reactivity in brain regions associated traditionally with drug-cue reactivity.

These regions include the amygdala and the ventral striatum. Men without CSB who had a long history of viewing pornography exhibited a less intense response to pornographic images in the left ventral putamen, possibly suggestive of desensitization.

According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine ( ASAM), some psychological and behavioral changes in response to developing addiction include addictive cravings, impulsiveness and dysphoria.[30] ASAMs position is inconsistent however, with the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists, who cite lack of strong evidence for such classification, describing ASAM as not informed by "accurate human sexuality knowledge".[31]

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Cognitive effects ( ADDED HEADING)

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Aside from psychological effects that affect behavior , pornography consumption can also have a few major cognitive repercussions. Memory and IQ effects are among them where Recent Verbal Memory gets affected. a 2019 study highlights the effects that pornography has on juvenile verbal memory. they showed that younger individuals have more adverse effects on their verbal memory due to their pornographic addictions[32]

Pornographic content also has substantial impact to a person's executive function and would cause a greater case of desensitization as mentioned above. A Neuroscience perspective paper mentioned a German study done back in 2007 resulted in the finding that the persistence of sexual urges can cause physical changes to a person's brain[33][34]. A more extreme case of Pornography use could even result in impaired decision making. In some other cases, extreme levels of consumption could result in sexual bias, in which an individual would respond more greatly if there is an active presence of sexual stimuli [35]

(Added cognitive effects section, not present in the article, Expanded more after peer reviews)

Contradicting views ( ADDITIONAL HEADING)

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Neuropsychopharmacological and psychological researches on pornography addiction conducted between 2015 and 2021 have concluded that most studies have been focused entirely or almost exclusively on men in anonymous settings, and the findings are contradicting.[36] Some researches support the idea that pornography addiction qualifies as a form of behavioral addiction into the umbrella construct of hypersexual behavior and/or a subset of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB),[citation needed] and should be treated as such, whereas others have detected the increased activation of ventral striatal reactivity in men for cues predicting erotic but not monetary rewards and cues signaling erotic pictures, therefore suggesting similarities between pornography addiction and conventional addiction disorders.[36]

The International Classification of Diseases,11th edition (ICD-11) added pornography to Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder ( CSBD) .[37] This means that CSBD is not an addiction and should not be conflated with sex addiction.[38][39][40][41]

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision ( DSM-5-TR), published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of pornographic addiction.[42][43]

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Pornographic Control Proposals (ADDITIONAL HEADING)

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Some clinicians and support organizations recommend voluntary use of Internet content-control software, internet monitoringor both, to manage problematic online pornography use.[44][45][46] Sex researcher Alvin Cooper and colleagues suggested several reasons for using filters as a therapeutic measure, including curbing accessibility that facilitates problematic behavior and encouraging clients to develop coping and relapse prevention strategies.[44] Cognitive therapist Mary Anne Layden suggested that filters may be useful in maintaining environmental control.[46] Internet behavior researcher David Delmonico stated that, despite their limitations, filters may serve as a "frontline of protection."[45]

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Mental Blocks in Individual "Physicality" and its Studies (ADDITIONAL HEADING)

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Although there are no significant outward effects on the physicality of an individual, Pornographic consumption can still have an affect on how individuals view their bodies and how they would change certain aspects of their physicality to better mirror those in the pornographic material. This in turn will lead to issues of self-esteem, body dysmorphia and overall body image issues [47]

Men and Masculine Attractiveness (first Paragraph of section)

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Statue of David , the "ideal" masculine frame

A study of 359 college men found that high viewership of pornography relates to increased masculinity and body dissatisfaction.[48] Sexual performance changes a man's view of his masculinity, and often his self-esteem. Pornography is not the only factor affecting men's self-esteem and body image. Popular media often depicts strong but lean men as the ideal attractive body type and goal. Pornography is significant to men's self-image. It connects a lean body type to sexual validation.[49] Men would also make comparisons with the pornographic models due to a level of dissatisfaction. These can include face shape, hair and muscle mass. All of these elements could significantly contribute to men's self esteem levels [50]. As of 2021, few studies have evaluated how exposure to pornography relates to men's body image. Researchers recommend that others conduct more studies on pornography's effect on men's psychology.

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Women and self-consciousness (Second Paragraph of section)

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A 2021 study has shown a mediating role of pornography use among women and how it affects the consciousness of body image and attachment insecurities.[51] Girls who have not experienced a sensitive response to their needs and/or were emotionally deprived under the parent/caretaker childhood environment had a greater chance of developing insecurities about their body image.The use of pornography would more likely amplify attachment fears and anxiety. Such anxiety is strongly connected to females seeking validation and approval of their physicality in intimate settings from their partners and relationships .

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However, mediating role between pornography, anxiety attachment, and body image self-consciousness was found only in women in relationships at the time of the study, which would be more closely related to the ideas presented in attachment theory.

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Delay discounting and Dehumanization ( expanded )

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A 2019 survey of 1083 U.S. adults evaluated the relationship between pornography and unethical behavior in the workplace. Unethical behavior, according to the researchers, consists of delay discounting and dehumanization. Delay discounting involves the idea of waiting with steps that usually involve more process and work versus acting now, taking a faster route and getting instant reward. It is to expect lower rewards in the future versus acting in the moment. The expectation of a high, instant reward for acting now can lead to reduced self-control and increased impulsivity. [52]

Dehumanization is a form of moral disengagement in which people view others as less than human. According to the study, increased pornography use causes increased dehumanization and unethical behavior.[53] Regressing women to be looked at as sexual objects is a prime example of Dehumanization due to Pornography. Dehumanization also relates to Sexual Objectification. In relation to pornography, Men who are consuming porn that depict sexual objectification and regression towards women, would more likely engage in a few forms of dehumanization of women in real life. These can range from their change of attitude towards women, being more aggressive or the underestimation of women, where one thinks that women are of a lesser status.[54]

Public Health

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Pathologizing any form of sexual behavior, including pornography use, has the potential to restrict sexual freedom and to stigmatize. Researcher Emily F. Rothman, author of Pornography and Public Health stated that the professional communities are not advocating for the "push" in labelling pornography as a "public health crisis" [55]

She and another researcher have called these moves a "political stunt".[56] The ideas supporting the "crisis" have been described as pseudoscientific.[57]

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Sexual desire

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See also: Sexual desire and intimate relationships

Sexual desire is one of the factors that get affected by gender differences the most. In general, men experience the most acute effects from pornography in terms of sexual desire. Straight men report less sexual desire for both for their partner and in a general sense , directly after consuming pornography.[58] Men also typically utilize pornography for masturbation and solo-sexual activities, rather than partnered or joint purposes.[59][60][61] Strong associations exist between increased pornography consumption, (as well as) frequency of pornography consumption, and problematic decreases in sexual desire for men. Men who use pornography more frequently report less desire for their partner, and [less desire for] sex in general.[60]

While most modern research on pornography focuses on men, the findings in women hold interesting information on pornography's gendered impact on sexual desire. Women have found a positive correlation between pornography consumption and sexual desire, indicating that women who view pornography feel more positively about expressing their sexual impulses.[62][63] In addition to increased sexual desire, women may express more sexual attraction for their partner on days when they watch pornography, indicating pornography may function as a form of foreplay. But this pornographic effect could increase or decrease based on the individual's overall mood .[64]

Even though men and women have significant differences in terms of their sexual mood, behavior and overall porn consumption, Their brain activity would prove to be similar to each other . Both gender's brain activity is nearly identical to each other when consuming pornography , suggesting that [both] men and women experience similar arousal effects in its exposure [65] Further, both genders report significant support for female-centric pornography, though men express similar levels of arousal to both "focuses" of pornography. [while] Women meanwhile report more general negativity towards male-centric pornography, and express stronger support for female-centric pornography. They also report higher levels of self-reported arousal when exposed to female-centric content. [66]

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(taken from sexual Desire section, SEXUAL EFFECTS HEADING)

Sexual Function

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Sexual function is a rising concern with pornography consumption. Primarily thought to affect men, there is a notable relationship between pornography consumption and sexual function problems. Commonly reported problems include erectile dysfunction, delayed ejaculation, anorgasmia, and a lack of sexual desire.[67] Recently, the rates of sexual dysfunction have been increasing in the younger age demographics.[67] Medical professionals suspect pornography may be one factor contributing to this increase, however there is little causal evidence of such an effect.[67][68] Another issue is delayed ejaculation, an issue where men may experience a huge disconnected sensation between their orgasm and ejaculation. Some may have difficulty achieving ejaculation altogether. Overarching research shows little evidence of pornography having any effect on delayed ejaculation.[67] Despite the lack of evidence for more physical issues with sexual function, pornography has been proven to be directly related to problematic decreases of sexual desire and sexual satisfaction. This correlation requires further research in the field in order for its effects to have greater impact, however.[69][67][70]

In women, there is little evidence for pornography-induced sexual dysfunction. The most commonly observed effect is increased anxiety or distress, which may then lead to issues of overall sexual function[71]The most commonly reported issue for women is arousal dysfunction, indicating a difficulty in achieving or maintaining arousal during sexual activity.[72] This could potentially lead to physical issues such as painful penetration or vaginismus, making sexual intercourse painful and unpleasant.[72] Women also tend to report more negative effects towards pornography, including strong feelings of shame or guilt.[72]

Pornography may influence both genders to make riskier decisions with their sexual health. A study analyzing the use of barrier contraceptives by German adults found that, when pornography is used as an educational tool on sexuality and sexual culture, there is an opposite effect that happens. Men who consume more pornographic content would use condoms less frequently .[73] Overall, the most frequently reported issues with sexual function that relate to pornography are decreases in sexual desire for men, and decreases in sexual satisfaction overall.[74][75]

( added citation [49] and simplified some of the language, Taken from Sexual Function Section)

Sexual satisfaction

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Research on pornography's effect on sexual satisfaction is highly varied. Numerous studies looking at both individuals and couples have found different, at times contradictory, results. One study found a negative relationship between pornography consumption and sexual satisfaction across two samples of men.[76] In addition, the frequency of pornography consumption, rather than the type of pornography consumed, is negatively correlated with sexual satisfaction. The type of pornography [an individual consumed] had no effect on sexual satisfaction.[76] When considering couples and their pornography consumption, couples with a greater lack of agreement over the content reported being more sexually dissatisfied than couples who watched pornography together, as well as couples who jointly abstained from pornography altogether.[77]

in women, there is a more positive correlation between pornography consumption and sexual satisfaction. Some suggest that males have a different relationship with pornography consumption, with men resorting to pornography due to further sexual satisfaction or even reaching [perhaps] a cyclical effect.[78] An indirect, yet positive, effect on sexual satisfaction has been found when looking at sexual preference.[79]

Individuals who use pornography alongside masturbation as the primary tool of sexual arousal and [fulfillment of one's ]sexual satisfaction (or needs) may become conditioned to prefer pornography more than other methods of arousal. Furthermore, A 2017 study has shown that the "frequency of pornography consumption was also directly related to a relative preference for pornographic content rather than partnered sexual excitement."[80] The individuals in the given study primarily used pornography for masturbation purposes. The preference of consuming pornography over achieving a level of sexual satisfaction with a partner, especially in the case of extracting sexual information from pornography, would lead to lower overall sexual satisfaction. Individuals who seek pornography as the main source of information about sexuality were associated with lower sexual excitement, and as a result would have a significantly lower level of sexual satisfaction with their partners . Gender did not affect the results of such findings.[80]

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(simplified language in this section, taken from the sexual satisfaction section)

Sexual Preferences

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Sexual Preferences

The use of pornography is extremely varied, especially in the United States. Measured rates such as: general consumption, frequency of consumption, length of time, and type of pornography would vary according to the individual. This would further be classified by gender, age and even relationship status , as well as frequency of consumption which all factor into overall [pornography] consumption rates. In general, men consume more pornographic content, and in a more frequent manner, than women.[81][82][83] A vast majority of men report having consumed pornography, with rates ranging from 50% to 90%, usually plateauing in the upper 80% range. Women, however, report significantly less frequency and [significantly] more varied consumption of pornography, with [between] 30% and 80% of women saying they have viewed pornography in their lifetime.[83] This variation reflects differences in nationality and culture in terms of sex positivity and pornography acceptance, as well as the unreliability of self-reporting. Despite the variation and lower reports of pornography consumption for women, female viewership of pornography is steadily increasing. Women tend to prefer less hardcore porn compared to men, and men report consuming pornography in conjunction with masturbation more frequently than women.[81]

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More recent findings dictate that pornography has an impact on sexual preference. The increase of consumption for pornographic content may affect a person's sexual preference. This can lead to actions, wants and needs during sexual encounters that would mirror those in pornography. These include, but not limited to: {both} the acts depicted, [as well as the] behaviors displayed by actors, doing things that have never been done in the relationship, the triggering of other fantasies and many more[84]. Among men, there is a positive relationship between the type of porn they consume and a desire for more porn-like sexual experience.[85]

Frequency of consumption and type of pornography consumed are related to increased desire for more porn-like sex, which is measured by items indicating an expressed preference for "kinkier sex," "hotter sex," and a more porn-like "sexual appearance."[86] The latter includes grooming habits, as well as hair color and body type. [While correlational,] the findings do present evidence that pornography consumption has a role in sexual preferences, though causal relationships cannot be confirmed. The findings tests and has effects on both genders.[85][86]This effect is mitigated by both the type of pornography consumed, as well as the frequency of pornography consumption.

A study done in 2013 found results which suggested deviant pornography use, followed a specific progression,c oncluding that individuals with a younger "age of onset", meaning younger age of exposure for [adult pornography] [use] were more likely to engage in deviant pornography, such as bestiality or child pornography compared to those with a later "age of onset".[87]Prolonged exposure to pornographic content can lead to increased sexual stimuli tolerance development. Study showed earlier exposure may lead to potential desensitization to the stimuli, meaning individuals seek longer stimulation [12.0%]and more intensive sexual stimuli [17.6%] to reach climax.[88] the increase in tolerance was connected to a change in the consumption patterns or material, with some of them being "switching to a novel genre of explicit material (46.0%), use of materials that do not match sexual orientation [60.9%] and need to use more extreme (violent) material (32.0%)."[88]

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Aggression and Extreme Content

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A cross-sectional study on prevalence and patterns in pornography use has detected individuals who mentioned an increased need for more extreme content.[88]This has been theorized to be caused by the desensitization factor mentioned above. [89]However, the actual cause comes from aggression as "more extreme pornography material was more frequently reported by males describing themselves as aggressive."[88][90] On the other hand, females who increased their search for extreme pornographic content came from the curiosity aspect itself rather than a need due to desensitization.[88][91]


The research focused on associations of dark personality traits with online activities. They found that some dark traits are closely related to online sexual use. Specific online activities of the study covered a wide range interrelations to these traits. The results showed that the specific traits of Machiavellianism, spitefulness, sadism, and narcissism were related to different types of internet activities such as online sex, social media use, online gambling, online gaming, and online shopping.[91]

[Individuals' correlation to sexual use to such study variables is Machiavellianism (.32), spitefulness (.31), sadism (.34), narcissism (.24), and psychopathy (.26).] (might remove)

Sexual violence

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Controlled studies

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See also: Correlation does not imply causation

A controlled study describes the relationship between given behaviors or environmental conditions and health effects in a laboratory setting in which conditions other than those under study are effectively held constant across groups of participants receiving various levels of the experimental condition(s).[92] The findings of the experiments were unable to be generalized outside of the field of the experiments. However, explanations of said studies are still required to prove their importance for understanding the subject matter. This is especially true when it comes to health consequences.

V ( REWORDED FROM THIS instead of removing it altogether, based on PR)

V

[ Since it is considered that the only functional difference between groups is the level of experimental condition(s) received, researchers can strongly infer cause-and-effect relationships from statistically significant associations between experimental condition(s) and health consequences. Thus, if executed properly, controlled studies have high levels of internal validity. However, such studies often suffer from questionable external validity due to the considerable differences between real-world environments and the experimental context, and the consequent belief that results cannot be generalized beyond that context.] ( MIGHT REMOVE)

The link between pornography and sexual aggression has been the subject of multiple meta-analyses.[93] Meta-analyses conducted in the 1990s suggested to researchers that there might not be an association of any kind between pornography and rape-supportive attitudes in non-experimental studies.[94] However, a meta-analysis conducted in 2000 [by Hald, Malamuth and Yuen] suggests that there is a link between consumption of violent pornography and rape-supportive attitudes in certain populations of men, particularly when moderating variables are taken into consideration.[93]

A meta-analysis conducted in 2015 found that pornography was associated with sexual aggression in a global scale towards both genders. Verbal aggression were done more frequently than physical aggression, albeit with the same impact. The patterns suggest that violent pornography could be the driving force behind these aggressive actions [95]

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A literature review by Ferguson and Hartley in 2009 argued that it would be wise to let go of the idea that porn consumption leads to an increase in Sexual Assault behavior . [96]The authors stated that the experts of some studies tended to highlight positive findings while de-emphasizing null findings. The same experts would then find that controlled studies, on balance, were not able to support links between pornography and sexual violence.

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Researcher Emily F. Rothman stated in 2021 that five separate studies have found that the people who commit sexual violence had consumed less porn than other criminals and that these people could potentially ruin the enjoyment of those who consume violence-based porn scenarios. There is not enough backing evidence to link violent pornography as the cause of rape [97][98]


( combined the 6th paragraph together and reworded it)

(taken from Sexual Violence controlled studies section)

Epidemiological studies

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An epidemiological study describes the association between given behaviors or environmental conditions, and physical or psychological health by means of observation of real-world phenomena through statistical data.[99]

Epidemiological studies would generally be useful in describing real life events outside of the experimental field but would have a weak correlation with cause and effect relationships between specific behaviors and the health consequences

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The White Ribbon, symbolizing a movement against violence done to women


A 2019 study from the Archives of Sexual behavior on Teen Dating Violence (TDV) found that both males and females are perpetrators in different regards. Males would more often engage in Sexual TDV, while females would more often engage in Physical and Emotional TDV. The Study mentions the analysis of two separate frameworks. One is the Confluence model of Sexual aggression , in which it details porn being the one that influences boys to be sexually aggressive. It works significantly towards the males that have fragile masculinity and the ones that are more sexually promiscuous [100]. The other framework is the script acquisition, activation, application model (3AM) of sexual media socialization. This framework suggests that behavior towards sexual encounters is acquired through "scripts" that people get from viewing pornographic content. These actions, often negative, will then be mirrored. This will result in more sexual and Teen Dating Violence[101][102]

(Changed the picture into something more general)

" pornography is not the cause of rape" statement removed

Effects on relationships

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The consumption of pornography has various impacts in different areas of relationships . Pornography can influence an individual's relationship [and intimacy] through a number of channels, including overall level of relationship satisfaction , communication within a relationship, and setting boundaries in that relationship.

Pornography's impact on relationship satisfaction comes under scrutiny, as findings range from negative correlations, to positive effects. Pornography consumption is correlated with less relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction and less sexual desire for their partner in men.[103][104][105] Researchers have concluded this could be because the ever changing value and regularity of porn makes it difficult for a female partner to compete. Some research reports positive findings for women who consume pornography more regularly, including increased relationship satisfaction and decreased distress.[106][104]

Relationship satisfaction

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The research on the correlation between pornography use and relationship satisfaction is varied. While some believe pornography consumption leads people to become less satisfied in their relationships, others believe it can have the [direct] opposite effect. Pornography consumption tends to result in decreased satisfaction in long-term, heterosexual relationships. Most of the current research is correlational, indicating a connected but not causal relationship; however, one major trend that affects this is the rate of divorce. Couples who increase their consumption of pornography are nearly twice as likely to divorce than couples who do not consume the content , with the rate rising from 5% to 11%.[107] Also, married adults who watch porn are twice as likely to be divorced after just a few years than married adults who don't watch porn.[108] One thing that lessens the probability is the frequency of pornography consumption. More frequent pornography consumption is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. Individuals who report more frequent use of pornography within a relationship also report low levels of satisfaction in their relationships.[109]

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(taken from Relationship Satisfaction section)

Some research suggests that there is no connection between relationship satisfaction and pornography use, whether individually or jointly. A study of two independent male samples found no relationship between pornography and relationship satisfaction in their first sample. when the second sample was introduced, they found a negative correlation between Pornography and Satisfaction.[110] Conversely, other studies found no relationship whatsoever between joint pornography use and satisfaction. When analyzing couples and their pornography consumption over the course of one month, researchers found no correlation between relationship satisfaction and pornography use.[111][112]

Wright and Herbenick (2022) suggest that White men (as research subjects) are almost entirely responsible for the statistical depreciation of relationship satisfaction due to pornography use.[112] Women [in general] and men of other races do not have this problem]

Communication

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Communication is a vital component of any healthy relationship, and many researchers question how pornography may impact the ability of a couple to communicate openly. Honesty has been shown to be a mitigator in relationship effects regarding pornography consumption. Couples who are honest about their pornography consumption report greater satisfaction than couples dealing with their concealed pornography use.[113] Pornography consumption among couples leads to improved communication about sexual desires, and increased openness in communication.[114] Conversely, active concealment of pornography use [habits] can lead to less openness in the relationship.[114][113]

Another important aspect is the communication of affection within relationships. Affection Exchange Theory establishes the inherent role of affection within romantic relationships, [and] even in the role of survival, reproduction, and sexual selection.[115] Trait attachment is positively associated with relationship satisfaction. Individuals who score higher in trait attachment report feeling and expressing greater sexual desire for their partners, compared to those who score lower [in trait attachment].[116][115] Some evidence indicates that the connection between Affection Exchange Theory and sexual desire is, in fact, stronger than the connection to relationship satisfaction, suggesting that sexual desire may have a crucial moderating role between the two.[115] While this study found no correlation between pornography consumption and trait affection, researchers noted that increased feelings of guilt were related to lower levels of sexual desire for one's partner. This is somewhat indicative of partner-imposed or communicated guilt, or possibly reflecting an effect of the sexual scripts of pornography creating unrealistic expectations that lead to overall relationship and sexual dissatisfaction.[116]

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The Symbol of Consent

One important aspect when talking about communication is the presence of Consent. Engaging in affirmative consent has ultimately become the standard when getting people involved in any sexual activity.[117] Individuals who watch pornograpy would be more likely to mirror the scenes that are present in pornographic scenes, yet seem to forget that most pornographic content that are posted on sites are done and shot with prior consent by the actors. This mirroring act could inspire harm and violence in intimate settings [118]

The presence of sexual consent is used in issues regarding force reduction, coercion , sexual assault and even sexual miscommunication.[119] The most identifiable form of consent is the presence of expressed agreement. In the case of pornography consumption and wanting to try out the scenes present, an individual must provide verbal affirmative consent before continuing with the activity.[117]

However, research suggests that consent is not so easily applied in real life situations. A consent study done in 2021 examined how an individual's sexual behavior relates to the level of consent[120]. The study found that women are more often the target of non-consensual activity and that almost one-third of the sample collected for the study had experienced at least one of the sexual behaviors listed in the study, without consent. Individuals who consume more pornography with non-consensual imagery, such as substance driven sexual intercourse are more likely to engage in sexual activities with the same non-consensual methods. affirmative consent is not asked or done due to a couple more reasons such as embarrassment, fear and rejection from their partners[121]


(ADDED CONSENT CONTENT HEADING AND a few sources, expanded on communication section)

(Sources added ( 116-120), Reworded some lines)

Pornographic effects on the "Adult Film Performers"

[edit]
Main article: STDs in the porn industry

(Section Untouched but added a famous case v) ( taken from occupational safety section)

Famous Case (s)

[edit]

In 2013, former pornographic actress Sunny Leone quit the industry and became a mainstream icon in the Hindi film industry, after her exit, films were made that exploited sexuality, sensuality and her image. [122]

pornhub logo

One of the more famous recent cases is the exit of Mia Khalifa. Similar to Leone, Khalifa is a former pornographic actress who was signed with the popular porn site, Pornhub. Khalifa made her exit from the porn industry in January of 2015. After her retirement from the industry, She was open about the mistreatment and sexual exploitation of the performers [123]. Khalifa struggled with finances being frozen by the company, earning just a small sum from her whole adult star career.[124] Khalifa also mentioned that she would often be forced to do certain scenes and that her partner convinced her to be involved in the industry.

(Sources added (121- 123), changed section title, added picture and some citations regarding Mia Khalifa)

Effect on adolescents

[edit]

FIRST PARAGRAPH AND BLOCK QUOTE UNCHANGED

The Journal of Adolescence concluded in 2019 that the adolescent brain, due to its immature development, may be more sensitive to sexually explicit material, but due to a lack of empirical research, no firm conclusions can be drawn.[125] There are considerable ethical problems with performing some kinds of research on the effects of pornography use on minors.[126] For example, Rory Reid (UCLA) declared, "Universities don't want their name on the front page of a newspaper for an unethical study exposing minors to porn."[127][128]The PhD thesis of Marleen J.D. Katayama-Klaassen (2020), at the University of Amsterdam, found a low correlation between pornography and significant effects on youth , [and] could not show causality.[129]Peter and Valkenburg (2016) concluded that its positive conclusions are tentative, and causality cannot be shown.[130] Brown and Wisco's (2019) systematic review concluded the same findings as above.[125]

A 2021 review which compiled evidence from other empirical sources such as surveys found that representations of women in pornography may lead adolescent boys to view women [mainly] as sexual objects, with disregard and disrespect for gender equality.[131] The review, however, does not claim anywhere regarding a causal relationship of consuming pornography and changing views of gender inequality [131] [Besides, it nowhere states if the correlation found is large or small, numbers for it are not given either.] [131]

B.

● Editing the article lead a little bit by adding the actual effects mentioned in the

article, Psychological effects, Physical effects (added), Cognitive effects (added),

Sexual effects and Relationship effects, even health-wise

● Expanding the communication section of the article since there is a lot of

research pertaining to sexual communication and pornography, perhaps some

talks about consent and what’s fiction vs reality

● A highlighted study section as there are a lot of studies that have been found,

focusing on effects of pornography

● Making a sub heading focusing on aggressiveness in relation to sexual violence

● Industry Health section really needs more work as there are a lot of health

implications related to the industry

i) This can be broken down into (physical mental health of adult stars

ii) Famous case, Mia Khalifa/ summary of what happened, linking to her wiki

page

● Preventative measures section next to pornographic addiction.

● Even further addition to delay discounting section

● Physical and Cognitive effects added as major headlines


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