User:Rachelleisidro/sandbox
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| Species: | M. hiemalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Mucor hiemalis Wehmer (1903)
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Mucor hiemalis, a commonly distributed fungi worldwide, is a member under the Mucor genus. This fungi, along with all its other members of this genus are soil-borne.[1][2] M. hiemalis thrives best underground below 25°C,[3][4][5] causing contamination in plants, especially food that we consume including potatoes, tomatoes, and bananas to name a few.[5][6]It causes rots by means of producing secondary metabolites like specific enzymes and lipids.[7][8] While it's pathogenicity has yet to be reported, a rare case of primary cutaneous infection caused by zygomycosis was discovered.[3][6]
History and taxonomy
[edit]While there is very little known about the complete historical origin of M. hiemalis, it is reported that it was first described in 1907 by Wehmer.[3][9] M. hiemalis is a member of the Mucor genus, under the Zygomycota phylum.[9] Out of the other 50 species under this genus, M. hiemalis is the most variable and the most common.[1][9]
Closely resembled species
[edit]Members within this genus are closely related. More specifically, M. hiemalis highly resembles Mucor circinelloides. They, however, differ at which temperature allows them to grow more rapidly.[1] The former can optimally grow in a wider range temperature from 5°C to 25°C[3][4][5] while the former only grows optimally in a narrow range temperature from 5°C to 10°C.[10] In addition, they also differ at which one species is able to be pathogenic. M. circinelloides is considered to be pathogenic in humans and animals while M. hiemalis does not.[3]
Growth and morphology
[edit]M. hiemalis, a heterothallic[11][12] species is an environmental organism.[13]
Physical properties
[edit]Its sporangia are small such that they do not exceed over 80 um in size.[14] They acquire a round, spherical shape and have a yellow to dark brown colour.[6][10][13] Their sporangia are held at the terminal end of the sporangiophore.[1][6][10] With regards to color appearance, the M. hiemalis sporangiophores are reddish-yellow and the sporangia are yellow.[10] Sporangiophores are initially unbranched then grow to have a few branches that can be up to 15 mm tall and 14 um wide.[6][10] Their sporangiospores are smooth-walled and are narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical with dimensions of 5.7-8.7 x 2.7-5.5 um.[1][4][6][10][13] All spores are uninucleate[15] and sometimes reniform (i.e. acquiring a kidney shape).[6] Oida is present in the substrate hyphae[4] and its columellae are globose.[6] Sometimes, the formation some chlamydospores are found in mycelium but not in abundance, compared to other common species of the Mucor genus, such as Mucor racemosus.[11]
Sporulation on agar medium
[edit]Depending on the type of agar M. hiemalis sporulates in, different colours of the colonies are exhibited. When it is grown on malt extract agar (MEA), colonies are greyish-yellow.[10] When it is grown on chapel yeast autolysate (CYA), colonies are grey.[5] When it is grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA), colonies are yellow.[10] Moreover, depending on the time of day, different colours are also exhibited, such that during the day it is a creamy-yellow and during the night, it is more grey.[4] (Smith Despite the different colours of sporulation on different agar environments, all M. hiemalis colonies will spread across the entire Petri dish.[5]
Physiology
[edit]Secondary metabolites
[edit]M. hiemalis is known for producing a diverse set of enzymes and lipids.[7][8] Inducible extracellular lipase is an example of an enzyme this fungi produces.[16] This lipase manifests to food contamination, specifically in cameroonian palm fruit.[16] Under certain conditions, they are even known to produce rhizoids.[14] More research on the production of various secondary metabolites by M. hiemalis and their mechanistic pathways need to be done.
Temperature
[edit]As previously mentioned, M. hiemalis is best grown from 5°C - 25°C.[3][4][5] Best sporulation also occurs between these said temperatures.[4] Stunted growth is exhibited at 30°C while 37°C is the temperature at which no growth can occur.[4][6] However, specific isolates that can thrive in higher temperatures may cause human infections.[17] It has been reported that some isolates can actually grow at temperatures well below 0°C.[5]
Habitat and ecology
[edit]One of M. hiemalis’ distinguishing features is that it is a soil-borne fungi.[1][2] Recall that the optimal temperature for M. hiemalis can be up to 25°C, the ideal soil temperature for plant growth. This is probably why it is commonly found in soil-contaminated products.[18][19] Indoors, it is found on the floor, carpet and mattress dust.[17] M. hiemalis can also be a saprotroph or a parasite from plants and animals, such that they can inhabit dung, decaying vegetation and stored grains.[18][19]
Food contamination
[edit]Specifically, M. hiemalis is known to cause Mucor rots in root vegetables such as carrots and cassava.[5][20] It also causes rots in tomatoes and guavas.[5] Other food products include fruit, beans, bananas, sugar cane, corn, yogurt.[5][6] Food product contamination manifests from the enzymes and lipids produced by M. hiemalis. Food product contamination manifests from the enzymes and lipids produced by M. hiemalis.
Human infection
[edit]In contrast, it is a rare cause of human infection since it is rarely found in humans and warm-blooded animals.[13][17] The high bodily temperatures of humans and warm-blooded animals are unfavourable for M. hiemalis to survive in.[17] As a result, there is very scare information regarding its medical significance.[13] However, M. hiemalis may cause zygomycosis (synonymous to mucormycosis), an opportunistic infection.[17] Infections in mucous membranes, nasal sinuses and passages, skin, brain and lungs may occur as a result.[17] People who appear to be most susceptible to zygomycosis are those that suffer from diabetes, immunosuppression symptoms associated with AIDS and those who take drugs intravenously suffering.[3][17]
Case Study
[edit]In a rare finding, M. hiemalis was once isolated from a primary subcutaneous infection.[3][6] In a case report done from1991, researchers looked at a healthy 10-year old girl who had primary subcutaneous zygomycosis. She first visited the clinic when she noticed an insect bite located on her cheek. A skin biopsy soon after revealed that she had zygomycosis. They then hypothesized that sporangiospores were inoculated into her skin via the insect.[3] Physical characteristics of this patient manifested in erythematous, scaly, infiltrated, sharply demarcated plaque on her right cheek.[3] Her biopsy demonstrated epidermal spongiosis and both a superficial and deep granulomatous dermatitis.[3] The granulomas consisted of lymphocytes, histiocytes and some plasma cells.[3] Treatment with topical and oral griseofulvin was unsuccessful, but the infection resolved following intravenous amphotericin B therapy. [3] This special case of primary subcutaneous infection is the least common form, accounting for less than a tenth of reported cases. [3]
Overall, further exploration regarding this area of pathogenicity research needs to be conducted.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f O'Donnell, Kerry; Lutzoni, Francois; ward, Todd J; Benny, Gerald L (2001). Evolutionary Relationships among Mucoralean Fungi (Zygomycota): Evidence for Family Polyphyly on a Large Scale. Vol. 9. pp. 386–297. doi:10.2307/3761650.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ a b Costa, AR; Porto, E; Tayah, M; Valente, N; Lacaz, C. da S. "Subcutaneous mucormycosis caused by Mucor hiémales Wehmer f. luttes (Linnemann) Schipper 1973". Mycoses. 33 (5): 241-246.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Prevoo, Ruud L.M.A.; Starink, Theo M.; Haan, Peter de. "Primary cutaneous mucormycosis in a healthy young girl". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 24 (5): 882–885. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(91)70139-s.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Boer, Enne de.; Samson, Robert A. (2000). Introduction to food- and airborne fungi (2nd ed.). Utrecht: Cerntraalbureau poor Schimmelcultures. ISBN 9070351420.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pitt, J.I.; Hocking, A.D. (1999). Fungi and food spoilage (2nd ed. ed.). Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen Publications. ISBN 0-8342-1306-0.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Howard, D.H (2003). Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals (Third ed.). United States of America: Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0824706388.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ^ a b Wang, Hwa L (1967). "Release of Proteinase from Mycelium of Mucor hiemalis". Journal of Bacteriology. 93 (6): 1794–1799. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 276694.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Aziz, Nafe; Pandey, Rishikesh; Barman, Ishan; Prasad, Ram (2016). "Leveraging the Attributes of Mucor hiemalis-Derived Silver Nanoparticles for a Synergistic Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Platform". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01984. ISSN 1664-302X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Schipper, MAA (1973). A study on the variability in Mucor hiemalis and related species. Studies in Mycology. pp. 1–40.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Watanabe, Tsuneo (2009). Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi : morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species (3rd ed. ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. ISBN 978-1-4398-0419-3.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Onions, A.H.S.; Allsopp, D.; Eggins, H.O.W. (1981). Smith's introduction to industrial mycology (7th ed.). London, UK: Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-2811-9.
- ^ "Mucor hiemalis Wehmer". www.mycobank.org. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
- ^ a b c d e K., Campbell, Colin (2013). Identification of pathogenic fungi. Johnson, Elizabeth M. (Elizabeth Margaret), 1958-, Warnock, D. W. (2nd ed ed.). Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118520048.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Walther, G.; Pawłowska, J.; Alastruey-Izquierdo, A.; Wrzosek, M.; Rodriguez-Tudela, J.L.; Dolatabadi, S.; Chakrabarti, A.; de Hoog, G.S. (2013-06-30). "DNA barcoding in Mucorales: an inventory of biodiversity". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 30 (1): 11–47. doi:10.3767/003158513x665070.
- ^ Sharma, O.P (1989). Textbook of Fungi. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 125. ISBN 0-07-460329-9.
- ^ a b Hiol, Abel; Jonzo, Marie D; Druet, Danielle; Comeau, Louis. "Production, purification and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 25 (1–2): 80–87. doi:10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00009-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Mucor - Mold & Bacteria Consulting Laboratories". www.moldbacteria.com. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
- ^ a b 1895-1967., Smith, George, (1981). Smith's introduction to industrial mycology. Onions, A. H. S. (Agnes H. S.), Eggins, H. O. W., Allsopp, D. (7th ed ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0713129492.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help);|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Budziszewska, J; Piatkowska, J; Wrzosek, M (2010). "Taxonomic position of Mucor hiemalis f. luteus". 111 (1). Mycotaxon: 75–85.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Kunimoto, R.K.; et al. (1977). "Mucor Rot of Guava Fruits Caused by Mucor Hiemalis". Tropical Agriculture. 54 (2): 185–187.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first1=(help)
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