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User:Pret1790/Moraxella catarrhalis

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Vaccine development[edit]

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Currently, no vaccine is known in the US against M. catarrhalis infection. It is a significant cause of respiratory tract infections against which a vaccine is sought. Several outer membrane proteins are currently under investigation as potential vaccine antigens, including the porin M35. There is currently no licensed vaccine for M. catarrhalis. There are many clinical trials for potential vaccines due to several promising vaccine antigen candidates. There are many steps required to advance vaccines for M. catarrhalis from the promising candidate vaccine antigens that been identified [1]. This includes the standarization of assay systems to assess candidate antigens, regulatory hurdles, and identification of a reliable correlate of protection and expansion between industries [1].

A vaccine preventing M. catarrhalis would have a great impact on health related concerns with COPD [1]. Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) is a pathogen associated associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults [2]. Mcat is a known pathogen associated with COPD. Vaccine formulations containing Mcat and NTHi proteins were investigated in adults with smoking history [3]. Scientists are currently in the antigen identification stage for M. catarrhalis [4]. UspA2 is a Mcat surface antigen and was considered a vaccine candidate [2].

In children, M. catarrhalis causes otitis media and in adults, M. catarrhalis causes respiratory tract infections. Defense against a mucosal pathogen such as M. catarrhalis would be a mucosal vaccine [5]. There are currently no treatment options for Otitis media, an infection caused by M. catarrhalis other than antibiotics. Vaccine candidates for M. catarrhalis are currently being studied and this can be effective in treating the otitis media disease in children [6]. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) effects are being studied on the dynamics of M. catarrhalis in preschool children. The study found the introduction of PCV decreased the prevalence of M. catarrhalis with S. pneumoniae [7]. Mcat is the second most common cause of severity in adults with COPD along with Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae [1].

The reasoning behind why vaccine development for M. catarrhalis is difficult is because the bacteria and mucosal surface surface pathogens and protection can require a mucosal immune response [4]. Thus far, vaccine development has focussed on conserved surface exposed antigens, pill attachment factors, membrane-associated proteins, lipooligosaccharide-protein conjugates and integral out membrane proteins [4].

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Moraxella catarrhalis is a fastidious, nonmotile, Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that can cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans. It causes the infection of the host cell by sticking to the host cell using trimeric autotransporter adhesins. Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) is a pathogen associated associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults [8]. Currently, there is no vaccine is known in the US against M. catarrhalis infection.

Article body

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Vaccine development for M. catarrhalis infection [edit]

[edit]

Currently, no vaccine is known in the US against M. catarrhalis infection. It is a significant cause of respiratory tract infections against which a vaccine is sought. Several outer membrane proteins are currently under investigation as potential vaccine antigens, including the porin M35. There is currently no licensed vaccine for M. catarrhalis. There are many clinical trials for potential vaccines due to several promising vaccine antigen candidates. There are many steps required to advance vaccines for M. catarrhalis from the promising candidate vaccine antigens that been identified [9]. This includes the standarization of assay systems to assess candidate antigens, regulatory hurdles, and identification of a reliable correlate of protection and expansion between industries [9].

Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) is a pathogen associated associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults [8]. A vaccine preventing M. catarrhalis would have a great impact on health related concerns with COPD [9]. Vaccine formulations containing Mcat and NTHi proteins were investigated in adults with smoking history [10]. Scientists are currently in the antigen identification stage for M. catarrhalis [11]. UspA2 is a Mcat surface antigen and was considered a vaccine candidate [8].

In children, M. catarrhalis causes otitis media and in adults, M. catarrhalis causes respiratory tract infections. Defense against a mucosal pathogen such as M. catarrhalis would be a mucosal vaccine [12]. There are currently no treatment options for Otitis media, an infection caused by M. catarrhalis other than antibiotics. Vaccine candidates for M. catarrhalis are currently being studied and this can be effective in treating the otitis media disease in children [13]. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) effects are being studied on the dynamics of M. catarrhalis in preschool children. The study found the introduction of PCV decreased the prevalence of M. catarrhalis with S. pneumoniae [14]. Mcat is the second most common cause of severity in adults with COPD along with Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae [9].

The reasoning behind why vaccine development for M. catarrhalis is difficult is because the bacteria and mucosal surface surface pathogens and protection can require a mucosal immune response [11]. Thus far, vaccine development has focussed on conserved surface exposed antigens, pill attachment factors, membrane-associated proteins, lipooligosaccharide-protein conjugates and integral out membrane proteins [11].


Bibliography

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  • Anezaki, Hiroki; Terada, Norihiko; Kawamura, Takahisa; Kurai, Hanako (2020). "Moraxella catarrhalis bacteremic pneumonia". IDCases. 19: e00712. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00712. ISSN2214-2509.
    • Diagnosis of Moraxella catarrhalis that is based on blood culture and sputum smear results. Bacteria detected in the blood confirms M. catarrhalis infection.
  • Ysebaert, Carine; Castado, Cindy; Mortier, Marie-Cécile; Rioux, Stéphane; Feron, Christiane; Di Paolo, Emmanuel; Weynants, Vincent; Blais, Normand; Devos, Nathalie; Hermand, Philippe (2021-09-15). "UspA2 is a cross-protective Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine antigen". Vaccine. 39 (39): 5641–5649. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.002. ISSN 0264-410X.
    • Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) is a pathogen associated associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults. UspA2 is a Mcat surface antigen and was considered a vaccine candidate.
  • Van Damme, Pierre; Leroux-Roels, Geert; Vandermeulen, Corinne; De Ryck, Iris; Tasciotti, Annaelisa; Dozot, Marie; Moraschini, Luca; Testa, Marco; Arora, Ashwani Kumar (2019-05). "Safety and immunogenicity of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine". Vaccine. 37 (23): 3113–3122. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.041. ISSN 0264-410X.
    • Mcat is a known pathogen associated with COPD. Vaccine formulations containing Mcat and NTHi proteins were investigated in adults with smoking history.
  • Perez, Antonia C.; Murphy, Timothy F. (2019-09). "Potential impact of a Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine in COPD". Vaccine. 37 (37): 5551–5558. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.066. ISSN 0264-410X.
    • There is currently no licensed vaccine for M. catarrhalis. There are many clinical trials for potential vaccines due to several promising vaccine antigen candidates. A vaccine preventing M. catarrhalis would have a great impact on health related concerns with COPD.
  • Gu, X (2003-12). "Mucosal vaccines for Moraxella catarrhalis". International Congress Series. 1257: 63–67. doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(03)01399-2. ISSN 0531-5131.
    • In children, M. catarrhalis causes otitis media and in adults, M. catarrhalis causes respiratory tract infections. Defense against a mucosal pathogen such as M. catarrhalis would be a mucosal vaccine.
  • "Moraxella Catarrhalis and Nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae Vaccines to Prevent Otitis Media", New Generation Vaccines, CRC Press, pp. 1671–1708, 2004-01-28, ISBN 978-0-429-15186-6, retrieved 2022-02-23
    • There has not been much vaccine development for M. catarrhalis. Scientists are currently in the antigen identification stage for M. catarrhalis.
  • Verhaegh, Suzanne J. C.; Schaar, Viveka; Su, Yu Ching; Riesbeck, Kristian; Hays, John P. (2015-01-01), Tang, Yi-Wei; Sussman, Max; Liu, Dongyou; Poxton, Ian (eds.), "Chapter 88 - Moraxella catarrhalis", Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 1565–1586, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397169-2.00088-3, ISBN 978-0-12-397169-2, retrieved 2022-02-23
    • There are currently no treatment options for Otitis media, an infection caused by M. catarrhalis other than antibiotics. Vaccine candidates for M. catarrhalis are currently being studied and this can be effective in treating the otitis media disease in children.
  • Littorin, N.; Rünow, E.; Ahl, J.; Resman, F.; Riesbeck, K. (2021-04). "Decreased prevalence of Moraxella catarrhalis in addition to Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with upper respiratory tract infection after introduction of conjugated pneumococcal vaccine: a retrospective cohort study". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 27 (4): 630.e1–630.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.033. ISSN 1198-743X.
    • The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) effects are being studied on the dynamics of M. catarrhalis in preschool children. The study found the introduction of PCV decreased the prevalence of M. catarrhalis with S. pneumoniae.

References

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[15] Anezaki, Hiroki; Terada, Norihiko; Kawamura, Takahisa; Kurai, Hanako (2020). "Moraxella catarrhalis bacteremic pneumonia". IDCases. 19: e00712. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00712. ISSN 2214-2509.

[2] Ysebaert, Carine; Castado, Cindy; Mortier, Marie-Cécile; Rioux, Stéphane; Feron, Christiane; Di Paolo, Emmanuel; Weynants, Vincent; Blais, Normand; Devos, Nathalie; Hermand, Philippe (2021-09-15). "UspA2 is a cross-protective Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine antigen". Vaccine. 39 (39): 5641–5649. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.002. ISSN 0264-410X.

[3] Van Damme, Pierre; Leroux-Roels, Geert; Vandermeulen, Corinne; De Ryck, Iris; Tasciotti, Annaelisa; Dozot, Marie; Moraschini, Luca; Testa, Marco; Arora, Ashwani Kumar (2019-05). "Safety and immunogenicity of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine". Vaccine. 37 (23): 3113–3122. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.041. ISSN 0264-410X.

[1] Perez, Antonia C.; Murphy, Timothy F. (2019-09). "Potential impact of a Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine in COPD". Vaccine. 37 (37): 5551–5558. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.066. ISSN 0264-410X.

[5] Gu, X (2003-12). "Mucosal vaccines for Moraxella catarrhalis". International Congress Series. 1257: 63–67. doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(03)01399-2. ISSN 0531-5131.

[4] "Moraxella Catarrhalis and Nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae Vaccines to Prevent Otitis Media", New Generation Vaccines, CRC Press, pp. 1671–1708, 2004-01-28, ISBN 978-0-429-15186-6, retrieved 2022-02-23

[6] Verhaegh, Suzanne J. C.; Schaar, Viveka; Su, Yu Ching; Riesbeck, Kristian; Hays, John P. (2015-01-01), Tang, Yi-Wei; Sussman, Max; Liu, Dongyou; Poxton, Ian (eds.), "Chapter 88 - Moraxella catarrhalis", Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 1565–1586, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397169-2.00088-3, ISBN 978-0-12-397169-2, retrieved 2022-02-23

[7] Littorin, N.; Rünow, E.; Ahl, J.; Resman, F.; Riesbeck, K. (2021-04). "Decreased prevalence of Moraxella catarrhalis in addition to Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with upper respiratory tract infection after introduction of conjugated pneumococcal vaccine: a retrospective cohort study". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 27 (4): 630.e1–630.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.033. ISSN 1198-743X.

  1. ^ a b c d e Perez, Antonia C.; Murphy, Timothy F. (2019-09). "Potential impact of a Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine in COPD". Vaccine. 37 (37): 5551–5558. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.066. ISSN 0264-410X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Ysebaert, Carine; Castado, Cindy; Mortier, Marie-Cécile; Rioux, Stéphane; Feron, Christiane; Di Paolo, Emmanuel; Weynants, Vincent; Blais, Normand; Devos, Nathalie; Hermand, Philippe (2021-09-15). "UspA2 is a cross-protective Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine antigen". Vaccine. 39 (39): 5641–5649. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.002. ISSN 0264-410X.
  3. ^ a b Van Damme, Pierre; Leroux-Roels, Geert; Vandermeulen, Corinne; De Ryck, Iris; Tasciotti, Annaelisa; Dozot, Marie; Moraschini, Luca; Testa, Marco; Arora, Ashwani Kumar (2019-05). "Safety and immunogenicity of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine". Vaccine. 37 (23): 3113–3122. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.041. ISSN 0264-410X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b c d "Moraxella Catarrhalis and Nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae Vaccines to Prevent Otitis Media", New Generation Vaccines, CRC Press, pp. 1671–1708, 2004-01-28, ISBN 978-0-429-15186-6, retrieved 2022-02-23
  5. ^ a b Gu, X (2003-12). "Mucosal vaccines for Moraxella catarrhalis". International Congress Series. 1257: 63–67. doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(03)01399-2. ISSN 0531-5131. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b Verhaegh, Suzanne J. C.; Schaar, Viveka; Su, Yu Ching; Riesbeck, Kristian; Hays, John P. (2015-01-01), Tang, Yi-Wei; Sussman, Max; Liu, Dongyou; Poxton, Ian (eds.), "Chapter 88 - Moraxella catarrhalis", Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 1565–1586, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397169-2.00088-3, ISBN 978-0-12-397169-2, retrieved 2022-02-23
  7. ^ a b Littorin, N.; Rünow, E.; Ahl, J.; Resman, F.; Riesbeck, K. (2021-04). "Decreased prevalence of Moraxella catarrhalis in addition to Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with upper respiratory tract infection after introduction of conjugated pneumococcal vaccine: a retrospective cohort study". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 27 (4): 630.e1–630.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.033. ISSN 1198-743X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Ysebaert, Carine; Castado, Cindy; Mortier, Marie-Cécile; Rioux, Stéphane; Feron, Christiane; Di Paolo, Emmanuel; Weynants, Vincent; Blais, Normand; Devos, Nathalie; Hermand, Philippe (2021-09-15). "UspA2 is a cross-protective Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine antigen". Vaccine. 39 (39): 5641–5649. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.002. ISSN 0264-410X.
  9. ^ a b c d Perez, Antonia C.; Murphy, Timothy F. (2019-09). "Potential impact of a Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine in COPD". Vaccine. 37 (37): 5551–5558. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.066. ISSN 0264-410X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Van Damme, Pierre; Leroux-Roels, Geert; Vandermeulen, Corinne; De Ryck, Iris; Tasciotti, Annaelisa; Dozot, Marie; Moraschini, Luca; Testa, Marco; Arora, Ashwani Kumar (2019-05). "Safety and immunogenicity of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine". Vaccine. 37 (23): 3113–3122. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.041. ISSN 0264-410X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b c "Moraxella Catarrhalis and Nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae Vaccines to Prevent Otitis Media", New Generation Vaccines, CRC Press, pp. 1671–1708, 2004-01-28, ISBN 978-0-429-15186-6, retrieved 2022-02-23
  12. ^ Gu, X (2003-12). "Mucosal vaccines for Moraxella catarrhalis". International Congress Series. 1257: 63–67. doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(03)01399-2. ISSN 0531-5131. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Verhaegh, Suzanne J. C.; Schaar, Viveka; Su, Yu Ching; Riesbeck, Kristian; Hays, John P. (2015-01-01), Tang, Yi-Wei; Sussman, Max; Liu, Dongyou; Poxton, Ian (eds.), "Chapter 88 - Moraxella catarrhalis", Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 1565–1586, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397169-2.00088-3, ISBN 978-0-12-397169-2, retrieved 2022-02-23
  14. ^ Littorin, N.; Rünow, E.; Ahl, J.; Resman, F.; Riesbeck, K. (2021-04). "Decreased prevalence of Moraxella catarrhalis in addition to Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with upper respiratory tract infection after introduction of conjugated pneumococcal vaccine: a retrospective cohort study". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 27 (4): 630.e1–630.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.033. ISSN 1198-743X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Anezaki, Hiroki; Terada, Norihiko; Kawamura, Takahisa; Kurai, Hanako (2020). "Moraxella catarrhalis bacteremic pneumonia". IDCases. 19: e00712. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00712. ISSN 2214-2509.
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