User:Pparik10/sandbox

Crime in Magic

Recently, thievery magic has become a commonplace occurrence. Penn and Teller, two magicians who have had a presence in the Las Vegas magic industry, have tried to do something about it.

This Wikipedia page will continue to describe the thievery of magic in an unbiased manner, relaying the history and the milestones accomplished by individuals involved with such matters.

Teller, the silent half of the duo, even initiated a lawsuit against the individual who tried to copy and plagiarize magic. However, he faced many hurdles.

Articles on Organogenesis

| Regulation of organogenesis. Common molecular mechanisms regulating the development of teeth and other organs

Summary of This Article

Parth Patel

This article gives more information on the development of different organs from the epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The article goes into research which shows the use of growth factors and how they influence the interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Discussed within the paper are various experimental approaches, which have been conducted and analyzed in order to conclude that regulation of organ development can be attributed to different molecules found throughout the body. These molecules include "transcription factors, growth factors, components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix (ECM), and matrix degrading enzymes". Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are both sequential and reciprocal. This shows that each organ has a specific stage in which the epithelium or the mesenchyme is the instructive factor while the other is just blatantly doing what is told.

| The role of angiogenic growth factors in organogenesis

Summary of This Article

Parth Patel

"There is now emerging evidence that angiogenic factors and endothelial cells themselves represent a crucial source of instructive signals to non-vascular tissue cells during organ development". This article mostly talks about how the vascular system is crucial for organ development not only because it provides tissue with oxygen and nutrients, but also because arteries and veins are able to transport certain signals to cells during embryogenesis. The article first explains certain angiogenic factors and then begins to discuss how these factors help with the development of certain organs. This article would be great to use in a section that discusses the effect angiogenic factors have on organogenesis.

Poojan Parikh : I have directly included my articles into the article draft below. I have discussed the relevance of my articles with Parth Patel. Please let me know if Biolprof has any objections, as I'm ready to bullet point summarize my articles.

Wikipedia Practice (Possible Future Use for Organogenesis Article)

Organogenesis is the development of organs during the process of embryogenesis. Organ development arises from different types of tissue interacting to achieve a certain fate or structure. The two main types of cells are epithelial and mesenchyme cells .

The epithelial layer usually forms over the condense mesenchyme cells. There is interaction between these two types of cells, which is influenced by different kinds of molecules, including transcription factors, growth factors, components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix, and matrix degrading enzymes. A further look into the growth factors show how they are used as inductive signals for the process of organogenesis. Other molecules such as transcription factors are used for the initiation of organ development; there are numerous transcription factors that take part in the differentiation of cells and ultimately the organ itself. Although most transcription factors studied so far are expressed in several developing organs, evidence from experiments with transgenic mice suggests that in some cases their developmental regulatory functions are restricted to only one or a few organs.

In addition to transcription factors, it is important to stress of role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the process of organogenesis. A pertinent example of organogenesis in the human body is that of the kidney. An important element of the kidney that is involved in the modification of ion and water levels in urine, before it passes out through the ureter into the urinary bladder, is the collecting duct. The morphogenesis and differentiation of the ureteric bud epithelium results in the arborization of the collecting duct. miRNAs influence this process by negative regulation of target gene expression. Additionally, miRNAs allow the formation of early nephron progenitors which are precursors to mature nephrons. The absence of miRNA has resulted in renal malformation, additionally implicating its role in organogenesis of kidney. Organogenesis of kidney is also impacted by the crucial role inductive Wnt signaling plays in development. The ligand Wnt9b, for example, is not only involved in inducing mesenchyme to undergo morphogenesis into nephrons, but is also imperative in the tubular extension of tubular epithelial cells. As in absence of miRNAs, erroneous Wnt signaling results in renal dysgenesis or even agenesis.