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Lead

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Conception and design

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Creation

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"Standing in a half circle in front of them are four hideous machine like creatures. They are legless, moving on a round base. They have no human features. A lens on a flexible shaft acts as an eye. Arms with mechanical grips for hands."

Terry Nation's script directions for the Daleks' design., [42]

The Daleks were created by Terry Nation. Nation's design inspiration for the Daleks came from watching a dance troupe on television, as their long skirts gave the impression that they glided across the stage.[43] Wishing to create an alien creature that did not look like a "man in a suit", Terry Nation stated in his script for the first Dalek serial that they should have no legs.[44] The Daleks were themselves designed by the BBC designer Raymond Cusick.[45] Ridley Scott, at the time working for the BBC, was originally slated to design the Daleks, but he left to work for another company before production began. As a result, Cusick took over in Scott's stead.[46] Cusick, while discussing with model-maker Bill Roberts, used a pepper pot to demonstrate the Daleks' movements to him, stating that there had to be no visible means of human-like movement.[42] This led to a rumor that Cusick had based the Dalek's design on a pepper pot, which Cusick later debunked.[47] Cusick designed the Daleks based on Terry Nation's script directions,[42] building around a sketch of a man in a chair, as he wished to have the design feasibly have someone controlling it.[47] Cusick also helped with designing the Daleks' home planet, Skaro, in its initial appearances.[42]

Nation additionally drew on the cultural memory of the Nazi Party and World War II for the Daleks' design. Aspects of the Daleks' personality, such as their extreme xenophobia, staccato voices, and goals of "genetic purity", were adapted from or based on Nazi ideologies and motivations.[48]



For many of the shows the Daleks were operated by retired ballet dancers wearing black socks while sitting inside the Dalek.[49]

Design

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The Daleks' design has remained relatively consistent throughout the series, with primarily only minor changes occurring throughout the series' history. The Daleks frequently use a plunger-like manipulator arm, though the arm has been replaced by other appendages, such as a claw-like design and a blowtorch, throughout the series.[50]

The Daleks are cyborgs, with the creature inside of the casing greatly resembling a one-eyed squid. The Reconaissance Dalek introduced in the 2019 special "Resolution" has unique abilities from the rest of the species, such as the ability to teleport and possess other life forms.[50]

Classic Series

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The original Dalek model resembled how they would look throughout the series, albeit with a metal band around their center area.[51] For their subsequent re-appearance in The Dalek Invasion of Earth, a dish was added to the Daleks' back to explain how they were able to leave their city. A larger base on their bottom of their prop was added by designer Spencer Chapman to help them traverse the location filming required for the serial.[51] For the film adaptations of both of these serials, Dr. Who and the Daleks and Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D., the Daleks were given a standard blue color, with a red color to indicate a second in command and a black and gold color scheme for the Daleks' leader.[51] The designs and props of the versions from the films would later be re-used for the television series. One example included the Dalek Supreme from the 1973 serial Planet of the Daleks, which utilized a prop from the second film, having a customized eye stalk and dome lights while sporting a unique gold and black color scheme.[51]

Cusick's return as a designer for the serial The Chase saw a change to the design introduced in The Dalek Invasion of Earth, with the Daleks' base being returned to their previous size, while the back dish was removed. He created the concept of "solar paneled slats" which would remain on the "shoulder" area of the Daleks.[51] Following this addition to the Dalek model, the core Dalek design would remain the same for the rest of the show's run until 2010, though several redesigns would occur in the interim.[51]

The Daleks are controlled from the inside by actors, with actors physically moving the props and controlling the Daleks' appendages from the inside.[52] The Daleks have been operated by multiple actors, including John Scott Martin,[53] Barnaby Edwards,[54] Nicholas Pegg,[55] Jon Davey,[56] Tony Starr, and Cy Town.[57]

1985's Revelation of the Daleks introduced a new white and gold-colored Dalek design, using new molds for the Dalek props.[51] These Daleks are associated with their in-universe creator, Davros, and created by him.[citation needed] A Glass Dalek was also created for Revelation.[51] The Dalek props used in Revelation were later re-used for the subsequent Dalek story, Remembrance of the Daleks, but painted grey, with new props being created for the white and gold Daleks.[51] The white and gold Daleks were accompanied by a "Special Weapons Dalek", which was envisioned as a weapons platform for the Daleks, but redesigned in order to fit within the serial's budget.[51]

Revived Series

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For the show's revival in 2005, the Daleks' were redesigned, sporting a bronze color with an angular skirted design,[58] an industrial look,[59] and an "armored sturdiness".[60] The redesign was headed by production designer Edward Thomas and the BBC Wales art department, with concept art made by artist Matt Savage. The team wished to preserve the Dalek's classic silhouette, but also wished to bulk up the design, referencing the Mini Cooper, which had been bulked up in a recent 2000 relaunch.[51] Showrunner Russell T Davies requested the Daleks have a bronze color scheme, with the lights on the Daleks' head being requested to resemble those used on the Daleks in the 1960s Dalek films.[51]

The new design utilized a mix of practical models and computer-generated graphics, with the physical models being primarily handled via a mix of remote control and physical actors. The design team wished to make the Daleks frightening for a new generation, with miniature effects supervisor Mike Tucker stating that "We have taken all the perceived weaknesses of the Dalek and made them deadly".[61] In-universe, the Daleks gained the ability to rotate segments of their body independently of each other, the ability to fly, and the ability to stop bullets using a forcefield surrounding their casing.[60]

The Daleks would be redesigned again in the episode "Victory of the Daleks". This introduced the "New Dalek Paradigm", a brightly colored group of six Daleks with different roles, dubbed the "Drone", "Strategist", "Scientist", "Supreme", and "Eternal". A green, sixth Dalek was planned, but scrapped.[62] Steven Moffat wished for the Daleks to be redesigned, in accordance with the brand-wide revamp that would accompany his introduction as series showrunner. Taking into account criticism by Cusick about the 2005 design having visible screws, nuts, and bolts in the design, Moffat aimed for the new Dalek design to have smoother lines than the previous design.[51]

These New Paradigm Daleks were intended to call back to the Daleks from the 1960s films, primarily in their colors,[59] which Moffat requested have a candy-like color palette, in contrast to concept artist Peter McKinstry's desire for a more metallic appearance.[51] The New Paradigm Daleks were significantly larger, with different proportions and silhouette,[59] an organic eyeball on their eyestalk[51] and an increased bulk at the shoulder section creating a "hump" in the Daleks' back;[59] this hump was where a hatch on their back was placed, which would be used to store weapons.[51] Episode writer Mark Gatiss wanted them to be larger in order to make the designs more intimidating.[63] Though the designs were intended to replace the previous Dalek design, showrunner Steven Moffat stated that the old design would co-exist with the New Paradigm.[64]

Unlike prior Dalek redesigns in the series, which received largely very little fanfare, the New Paradigm was widely unpopular with fans, with Doctor Who Magazine even running with a cover that asked "Is this the most controversial Dalek redesign ever?"[51] Moffat later admitted the designs were a mistake.[65] The Paradigm were given increasingly less important roles in the series, before they eventually stopped appearing entirely.[60] Despite no longer appearing on the show, the Paradigm props were used heavily in exhibitions and live events for the series.[51]

For the 2019 New Year's Day special "Resolution", the Daleks received a redesign, though it was specified that the design would not be species-wide and only apply to the Dalek in the episode.[66] The design has a more industrial and rusty look from prior designs,[50] done to emphasize that the casing was rebuilt from scratch out of scrap parts by the episode's Recon Dalek.[66] The design uses red light in its dome,[66] and replaces the plunger-like appendage for a claw-like one.[50] The Dalek introduced in the serial was not portrayed by any actor, with the prop instead being entirely remote-controlled.[67] To avoid the Daleks' return being leaked prior to its official reveal, the Dalek was given the codename "Kevin" to refer to it.[68]

A similar design was later introduced in "Revolution of the Daleks", which is heavily based on the design featured in "Resolution." Showrunner Chris Chibnall and executive producer Mark Strevens wished to "contemporize" the Daleks, and make a different and sleeker Dalek design. The new models have slightly altered proportions, emanate a substantial amount of blue light from their domes, and have had their sink plunger-like appendage replaced with a spiky, all-purpose tool. The Daleks were "bulked up" in response to criticism that the "Resolution" design was too thin. The skirt of the Dalek was also redesigned.[66] The new Dalek models for the episode, unlike prior ones, are entirely remote controlled.[66] In subsequent special "Eve of the Daleks", the Daleks returned to their bronze 2005 design, though used different appendages for the episode, with their usual gun being replaced by a gatling gun-styled weapon.[69]

Other Designs

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Throughout the show's history, the Daleks have often been led by an "Emperor", which has taken on many different designs. A large, golden, dome-headed Emperor was depicted in early spin-off material for the series.[59] The 1967 serial The Evil of the Daleks depicted an Emperor that was immobile, using a variant of the standard Dalek casing.[59] Another Emperor was depicted in 1988's Remembrance of the Daleks, depicting a large dome-headed design like the golden Emperor from previous spin-off material.[59] In the revived series, a significantly larger Emperor was introduced. This Emperor was unable to move like the 1967 Emperor, with a permanently open casing angled into "three angled screens" which resembled "hexagonal shields".[59]

Daleks often have various motifs in their designs, such as the globes along their skirts, their dome-like appearance, and ring-like designs, which are frequently incorporated in Dalek-related aspects of the show, such as the set design of locations featuring them, most prominently Skaro.[59]

Voice

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An example of the Daleks' voice.

The Daleks' voice originated with sound designer Brian Hodgson at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. Hodgson had previously helped with making a robot voice for the radio show Sword From The Stars.[70] Due to little discussion on how the Daleks' voice would sound, Hodgson re-used the technique from the radio show for the Daleks,[71] with Hodgson experimenting with a ring modulator device, which distorted the voices of actors speaking into it. Actor Peter Hawkins was brought on board to voice the Daleks. The Daleks' signature staccato voice was made by Hawkins as a result of technical issues with the modulator; the modulator would only affect vowels, and Hawkins would elongate the vowels at Hodgson's request in order to ensure the voice's audibility.[70] According to crew member Sue Webb, she also aided with further research for how the voice should sound, going to the Post Office to get their advice on distorting the audio.[72] The 1985 episode Revelation of the Daleks, at the request of director Graeme Harper, would remove more modulation from the Daleks' voice.[73]

Early Dalek actors would speak their lines in a booth off-screen, with Dalek actors having to make sure they moved in sync with the dialogue.[72] Other actors would portray the Daleks throughout the classic series alongside Hawkins, including David Graham, who portrayed the role from 1963 onwards,[74][75] Royce Mills, who portrayed the Daleks betwene 1984 and 1988,[76] and Roy Skelton, who portrayed the Daleks from 1967 until 1988, with a later reprisal in Comic Relief special The Curse of Fatal Death.[77]

Actor Nicholas Briggs would portray the Daleks in the Big Finish Productions audio dramas for the series following the series' cancellation in 1988. Briggs adopted the same usage of the ring modulator, but added a more hateful staccato inspired by the Nazis to make the Daleks sound more intimidating.[78] When Doctor Who was revived in 2005, showrunner Russell T Davies asked for Briggs to come back to voice the Daleks, being impressed with Briggs's performance, as well as his technical expertise with the equipment needed to voice the Daleks.[79] Briggs attempts to give each Dalek he voices a unique personality, adding small details to differentiate each performance.[79] Briggs attends script read-throughs with his voice modulator, and also attends filming. At filming, Briggs rehearses alongside Dalek prop actors Barnaby Edwards and Nicholas Pegg. Briggs's Dalek voice is transmitted to the Dalek's headlights, allowing cast to see which Dalek is speaking at a given moment, while Briggs's voice is transmitted through a speaker on set.[79]

For the episode "Resolution", Briggs used a different performance in order to hide the fact that the episode's monster was a Dalek from the audience. As the episode progressed, his voice slowly reverted back to his standard Dalek voice. Briggs made the episode's Recon Dalek sound more arrogant and hateful than the standard Dalek, wanting to reflect the Recon Dalek's hatred for its many years in isolation.[80]

Dalekmania

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History and appearances

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The Daleks first appeared in the 1963 serial The Daleks, where they are depicted as the inhabitants of a city on the irradiated planet Skaro. The Daleks are unable to leave their city due to a dependency on static electricity. The Doctor's companion and granddaughter Susan Foreman attempts to negotiate peace between them and the Thals, the other native inhabitants of Skaro, but the Daleks seek to kill the Thals. The Doctor stages an uprising, with the Thals seemingly killing the Daleks as their power supply is knocked out.

The 1975 serial Genesis of the Daleks delves deeper into the in-universe explanations for the Daleks' origins. Created by a mad scientist named Davros, they were inspired by his own wheelchair-like life support unit. The inhabitants of Skaro, the Kaleds and the Thals, waged war with each other, and Davros wished to create "travel machines" in order to ensure the survival of the Kaled species. The Doctor, sent back in time by the Time Lords to stop the Daleks from ever existing, is able to delay the Daleks' evolution by ensuring they are trapped in a bunker, with Davros being presumed killed.


While Raymond Cusick's original Dalek design is owned by the BBC, the concept of the Daleks is owned separately by Terry Nation's estate. Prior to the show's revival in 2005, the BBC and Nation's estate came into disagreement over who owned the rights to the Daleks; the BBC stated that the Nation estate demanded "unacceptable levels of editorial control" over the Daleks' appearances, while the Nation estate accused the BBC of trying to ruin the Daleks' public image. Though it initially seemed as though the Daleks would not be appearing in the first series of the revival, the BBC and Nation estate were able to come to an agreement in August 2004.[81] If the deal had fallen through, Davies planned to have a race of humans from the future, locked in metallic casings, fill the Daleks' eventual role in the series. These humans would later serve as the basis for the Toclafane, who would appear later in the series.[81]

The Daleks appeared in the revival in the episode "Dalek". In the episode, the Daleks are revealed to have waged war against the Doctor's people, the Time Lords, with the resulting conflict destroying both races. A sole survivor wound up on Earth in 2012, and attempted to escape, though eventually committed suicide. The Daleks would appear again in the series' finale, "Bad Wolf" and "The Parting of the Ways", where the Daleks' emperor was revealed to have survived. The Emperor managed to rebuild the Dalek empire, but both he and his empire were destroyed after the Doctor's companion Rose Tyler absorbed the power of the time vortex, removing them from existence.


An urban legend surrounding the series, regarding the Daleks' frequent appearances, opined that the show was contractually obligated to bring the Daleks back every year, or the show would risk losing the rights to use the Daleks. Showrunner Steven Moffat debunked this theory.[82] Moffat, in 2011, announced that the Daleks were being put on hiatus for a period, believing the Daleks to have been defeated too much in recent appearances.[83]

The Daleks appeared in the 2012 episode "Asylum of the Daleks". The Daleks kidnap the Doctor, having rebuilt their empire, and make him enter a planet designed to imprison insane Daleks for the purpose of destroying it. The Doctor meets a girl named Oswin, who is revealed to have been turned into a Dalek after her ship crashed on the surface. She helps the Doctor with disabling the planet's forcefields, allowing the Daleks to destroy the planet. Though she erases the memory of the Doctor from the Daleks, they recovered their memory a year later in the 2013 Christmas special "The Time of the Doctor".[65] In the episode, the Time Lords' message that is broadcast throughout the universe results in the Daleks attempting to stop them from returning. They wage war on the planet Trenzalore and confront the Doctor, who is dying of old age after defending the planet from invasions for centuries. The Doctor destroys the Daleks with his regeneration.

When Chris Chibnall took over as Doctor Who's showrunner in 2017, he announced that Doctor Who series 11 would not feature any returning alien species, including the Daleks.[84] The Daleks would later return in the 2019 New Year's Day special episode "Resolution".


Following Russell T Davies's return as showrunner, he stated that the Daleks would be put on "pause", believing that their frequent appearances during Chibnall's tenure made them on the cusp of being overused in the series.[85]

Reception and analysis

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References

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