User:Philtweir/New Zealand – United Kingdom relations

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New Zealand – United Kingdom relations refers to international relations between New Zealand and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. New Zealand has maintained a strong and steadfast relationship with the United Kingdom^[1], the former colonial ruler of the region.

Around 80% of New Zealanders can claim some British ancestry and an estimated 17% are entitled to British passports^[2]. Both New Zealand and the United Kingdom are constitutional monarchies sharing the same queen, Elizabeth II.

History

Pre-independence relations

During his first voyage, James Cook reached New Zealand on 6 October 1769, becoming the first British explorer to do so^{[citation needed]}. Secret directives had been supplied to Cook for this portion of his expedition, instructing him to search firstly for the fabled Terra Australis and, if unsuccessful, to make instead as extensive an exploration of the New Zealand coast as resources allowed. The document that Cook was given declared that these missions were intended to further demonstrate Great Britain's maritime prowess, to bring honour to the Crown and to explore new opportunities for trade and navigation^[3].

Almost sixty years later, formal British representation in New Zealand began with the posting of James Busby to the islands as the British Resident, who was sent in response to the concerns of a number of northern Māori leaders over the lawlessness of local European settlers. Since 1816, a number of Māori chiefs had travelled to England and the colonies to explore options for the establishing of a Māori government and, in 1834, Busby drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand, ratified by a number of northern chiefs in 1835. As part of this process, King William IV recognised and agreed to act as protector for the newly formed state.

In 1839, the territory of New South Wales was extended to cover the whole of New Zealand, providing the first demonstration of Britain's intent to annex New Zealand^{[citation needed]}. During the same year, the (second) New Zealand Company was formed in London, with the aim of formally colonizing New Zealand^{[citation needed]}. Together with evidence of preparations for a French claim to sovereignty, the lawlessness of settlers and local tribal wars^{[citation needed]}, this formed the impetus for the Treaty of Waitangi, which was signed by a number of Māori chiefs and representatives of the British Crown in 1840. British sovereignty was declared later that year.

New Zealand became a separate British Colony in 1841 and, eleven years later, the British Parliament passed the first fully-implemented Act to grant self-governance to the new colony. Formal British influence gradually diminished, as the power of successive Governors waned with respect to that of the nascent New Zealand Parliament. Dominion status followed in 1907, providing almost complete independence from the government of the United Kingdom and New Zealand separately joined the League of Nations in 1926. The Balfour declaration of 1926 emphasised the equal status of members of the Empire and their free association in the British Commonwealth, (latterly the Commonwealth of Nations).

With the 1931 Statute of Westminster, the complete independence of the Dominions was confirmed by the British Parliament, though this was not adopted in New Zealand until some time later, through the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947.

Settlers

Much of the migration to New Zealand took place from the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. This was facilitated from 1839 by the New Zealand Company founded for the purpose of colonization. The work of the Otago Association and Canterbury Association in establishing the primarily Scottish settlement in Dunedin and the primarily English settlement in Christchurch, respectively, encouraged further New Zealand-bound emigration from the United Kingdom.

Toponymy

From the anglicisation of the Dutch appellation Nieuw Zeeland onward, historical ties with the United Kingdom have contributed substantially to New Zealand's toponymy^{[citation needed]}. James Cook's early map combined local Māori place-names with a number of his own coinages. Subsequent settlers added references to places in United Kingdom, aristocratic sponsors, early British explorers, the Royal Family, battles in which the United Kingdom was involved and notable institutions such as Christ Church, Oxford^{[citation needed]}.

Many of these contributions have been retained in common usage, often alongside pre-existing Māori placenames.

Law

Through the first Act of the First New Zealand Parliament (in 1854), those applicable English laws that were enacted prior to the appointment of William Hobson, were adopted in New Zealand^[4]. As such, New Zealand inherited an uncodified constitution but, unlike the other former dominions, it has not been codified through an overarching document or documents^[5].

The British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 established the legal concept of New Zealand citizenship; prior to this, all people born or naturalised in New Zealand had the status of British subject, just as those born or naturalised in the United Kingdom, or any of the other dominions^[6]. At a similar time, those in the dominions were omitted from the new status, defined in the British Nationality Act 1948, of Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, which superceded that of British subject.

Enactments by the UK Parliament specifically and substantially relating to New Zealand include

Canterbury Settlement Lands Act 1850
Canterbury Association Act 1851
New Zealand Constitution Act 1852
New Zealand Boundaries Act 1863^[7]
Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
Statute of Westminster 1931
New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947
Taxation
- The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (New Zealand) Order 2004^[8]
- The Double Taxation Relief and International Tax Enforcement (Taxes on Income and Capital) (New Zealand) Order 2008^[9]

A number of these acts were repealed through the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989^[10].

Trade & Investment

The UK has however tied itself somewhat to European trade in recent years, forcing New Zealand and Australia to seek new markets and trade with the Asia-Pacific region. New Zealand has a large influence over former British colonies in the Pacific and the British territory of Pitcairn. During the Falklands War New Zealand sided with Britain by cutting off all diplomatic relations with Argentina.

Up to about the 1960s, New Zealand also had extremely close economic relations with the United Kingdom, especially considering the distance at which trade took place. As an example, in 1955, Britain took 65.3 percent of New Zealand's exports, and only during the following decades did this dominant position begin to decline as the United Kingdom oriented itself more towards the European Union, with the share of exports going to Britain having fallen to only 6.2 percent in 2000.^[11] Historically, some industries, such as dairying, a major economic factor in the former colony, had even more dominant trade links, with 80–100% of all cheese and butter exports going to Britain from around 1890 to 1940.^[12] This strong bond also supported the mutual feelings for each other in other areas.

According to the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, recent annual New Zealand exports to the United Kingdom have accounted for at least NZ$1.76 billion worth of trade, and over NZ$1 billion in the opposite direction. Meat products make up almost half of exports and the largest imports are machinery and vehicles^[13].

A bilateral business association, British New Zealand Business Association Inc., exists to promote reciprocal trade and the interests of association members undertaking trade between the two nations^[14].

Travel

According to the New Zealand High Commission in London, the United Kingdom is the third largest source of tourists to New Zealand^[15].

London has the highest density of people born in New Zealand, of United Kingdom regions.^[16]

Sport

Several popular sports in New Zealand find their origins in English sporting history; rugby union, rugby league and cricket provide examples. The first interclub rugby union match in New Zealand, in Nelson, took place in 1870 and was inspired by a teacher returning from England with a knowledge of the new game^[17].

Co-involvement in international organizations and multilateral treaties

Bodies in which New Zealand and the United Kingdom share membership include

Bilateral representation

New Zealand has maintained a resident Head of Mission in the United Kingdom since 1871. As both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the senior diplomat's title is High Commissioner. The current High Commissioner from New Zealand to the United Kingdom is Derek Leask. The current High Commissioner from the United Kingdom to New Zealand is Victoria Treadell. The Governor-General of New Zealand fulfilled the role of the High Commissioner from the United Kingdom to New Zealand from its inception until 1939, from when separate appointments were made, thereby separating the British Government's representation in New Zealand from that of the shared monarch, following the principles set out under the Balfour declaration thirteen years earlier.

Several New Zealand public bodies have official representatives in the United Kingdom and Honorary Consuls are based in the UK constituent countries of Scotland and Northern Ireland^[18].

Official visits

Regular ministerial and VIP visits from New Zealand to the UK, and vice versa, take place each year. During 2009, at least 10 such official visits took place from New Zealand to the United Kingdom and at least 8 from the United Kingdom to New Zealand^[19]