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Constantinian dynasty (306–363)

See also: Constantinian dynasty

Constantinian dynasty
Portrait		Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
1		Constantine I "the Great" Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας Flavius Valerius Constantinus (272–337)	19 September 324	22 May 337	Position vacant	Son of Constantius, he was proclaimed Augustus of the West after his father's death on 306. He became its sole ruler after 312, and reunified the empire in 324 after defeating Licinius, his Eastern counterpart. A reformist, he consolidated Byzantium as the "New Rome", and played a crucial role in the Christianisation of the Roman world.
			12 years and 246 days
2		Constantius II Κωνστάντιος Flavius Julius Constantius (317–361)	22 May 337	3 November 361	Position vacant	Second surviving son of Constantine I, he was one of three Augusti proclaimed following his father's death in 337, before becoming its sole emperor by 353. His reign witnessed constant external warfare, while his religious policies would would lead to domestic conflict following his death.
			24 years and 166 days
3		Julian "the Apostate" Ἰουλιανός Flavius Claudius Julianus (331–363)	3 November 361	26 June 363	Position vacant	Cousin of Constantius II and Caesar of Gaul, his army proclaimed him as Augustus in 360, nearly causing a civil war that was only prevented upon Constantius's sudden death. He was the last non-Christian Roman emperor, and tried reversing the Christianisation of the empire, but was mortally wounded in battle while embarking on an expedition against the Sasanian Empire.
			1 year and 236 days

Jovian interregnum (363–364)

Portrait		Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
4		Jovian Ἰοβιανός Claudius Iovianus (331–364)	28 June 363	17 February 364	Position vacant	Senior officer of the Scholae, he was elected by the army as Augustus following Julian's death in Samarra. He resumed the Roman army's retreat in Mesopotamia but failed to cross the Tigris, forcing him to negotiate a humiliating treaty with the Sasanids. He died while returning to Constantinople.
			235 days

Valentinianic dynasty (364–379)

Portrait		Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
5		Valentinian I "the Great" Οὐαλεντινιανός Flavus Valentinianus (321–375)	26 February 364	28 March 364	Position vacant	Tribunus militum of a scutarii regiment in Ancyra, he was elected as Augustus by the army following Jovian's death. On 28 March 364, he selected Valens, his younger brother, as Augustus of the East to prevent a succession crisis. He remained as Augustus of the West until 375, when he died of a fatal stroke.
			32 days
6		Valens Ουάλης Flavius Valens (328–378)	28 March 364	9 August 378	Position vacant	Appointed as tribunus stabulorum on 1 March 364, he was elevated to the rank of Augustus of the East on 28 March by Valens, his elder brother. Although he was an unremarkable military leader, he was seen as a capable administrator. Witnessing internal and external crises throughout his reign, he was killed in a shock defeat against the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople.
			14 years and 135 days
7		Gratian Γρατιανός Flavius Gratianus (359–383)	9 August 378	19 January 379	Position vacant
			164 days

Theodosian dynasty (379–457)

Portrait		Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
8		Theodosius I "the Great" Θεοδόσιος ὁ Μέγας Flavius Theodosius (347–395)	19 January 379	17 January 395	Position vacant
			15 years and 364 days
9		Arcadius Ἀρκάδιος Arcadius (377–408)	17 January 395	1 May 408	Position vacant
			13 years and 106 days
10		Theodosius II Θεοδόσιος Flavius Theodosius (401–450)	1 May 408	28 July 450	Position vacant
			42 years and 89 days
11		Marcian Μαρκιανός Marcianus (392–457)	25 August 450	27 January 457	Position vacant
			6 years and 156 days

Leonid dynasty (457–518)

Portrait		Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
12		Leo I "the Great" Λέων ὁ Μέγας Leo (401–474)	7 February 457	18 January 474	Leo II after 17 November 473
			16 years and 346 days
13		Leo II "the Little" Λέων ὁ μικρός Leo (467–474)	18 January 474	c. November 474	Zeno after 29 January 474
			288 days – 317 days
14		Zeno Ζήνων Trascalissaeus (425–491)	c. November 474	9 January 475	Position vacant
			41 days – 70 days
15		Basiliscus Βασιλίσκος Basiliscus (d. 476)	9 January 475	c. August 476	Position vacant
			1 year and 206 days
16		Zeno Ζήνων Trascalissaeus (425–491)	c. August 476	9 April 491	Position vacant
			≤ 14 years and 222 days
17		Anastasius I Dicorus Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Δίκορος Anastasius (431–518)	9 April 491	9 July 518	Position vacant
			27 years and 91 days

Justinian dynasty (518–602)

Portrait		Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
18		Justin I Ἰουστῖνος Iustinus (450–527)	9 July 518	1 August 527	Position vacant
			9 years and 24 days
19		Justinian I "the Great" Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Μέγας Iustinianus (482–565)	1 August 527	14 November 565	Position vacant
			38 years and 106 days
20		Justin II "the Younger" Ἰουστῖνος Iustinus (520–578)	14 November 565	5 October 578	Theodosius as regent after November 573 Tiberius II as co-regent after 7 December 574
			12 years and 326 days
21		Tiberius II Constantine Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος Tiberius Constantinus (535–582)	5 October 578	14 August 582	Position vacant
			3 years and 314 days
22		Maurice Μαυρίκιος Mauricius (539–602)	14 August 582	27 November 602	Theodosius after 26 March 590
			20 years and 106 days

Phocas' revolt (602–610)

Portrait		Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
23		Phocas Φωκάς Fokas (547–610)	27 November 602	5 October 610	Position vacant
			9 years and 24 days

Heraclian dynasty (610–695)

Portrait	Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
	Heraclius Ἡράκλειος (575–641)	5 October 610	11 February 641	Heraclius Constantine after 22 January 613 Heraclonas after 4 July 638
		30 years and 130 days
	Heraclius Constantine Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος Heraclius novus Constantinus (612–641)	11 February 641	25 May 641	Heraclonas
		104 days
	Heraclonas Ἡρακλεωνᾶς Heraclius (626–642)	25 May 641	5 November 641	Constans II and Tiberius
		165 days
	Constans II "the Bearded" Κώνστας ὁ Πωγωνᾶτος Constans Pogonatus (630–668)	5 November 641	15 July 668	Constantine IV Heraclius and Tiberius after 2 June 659
		26 years and 254 days
	Constantine IV "the Younger" Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ νέος Constantinus (650–685)	15 July 668	10 July 685	Heraclius and Tiberius until 681
		16 years and 361 days
	Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος Iustinianus (668/669–711)	10 July 685	c. 695	Position vacant
		≤ 10 years and 175 days

Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)

Portrait	Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
	Leonitus Λεόντιος Leonitus (660–706)	c. 695	c. 698	Position vacant
		≤ 4 years
	Tiberius III Apsimar Αψίμαρος Τιβέριος Apsimarus Tiberius (668/669–711)	c. 698	21 August 705	Position vacant
		≤ 7 years and 233 days
	Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος Iustinianus (668/669–711)	21 August 705	4 November 711	Position vacant
		6 years and 76 days
	Philippicus Bardanes Φιλιππικός Βαρδάνης Bardanes Filepicus (d. 713)	4 November 711	3 June 713	Position vacant
		1 year and 212 days
	Anastasius II Artemius Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος Artemius Anastasius (d. 719)	3 June 713	c. May 715	Position vacant
		≤ 1 year and 362 days
	Theodosius III Θεοδόσιος Theodosius (d. 719)	c. May 715	25 March 717	Position vacant
		≤ 1 year and 329 days

Isaurian dynasty (717–802)

Portrait	Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
	Leo III "the Isaurian" Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος Leo Isaurus (c. 685–741)	25 March 717	18 June 741	Constantine V after 31 March 720
		24 years and 86 days
	Constantine V "the Dung-Named" Κωνσταντῖνος Κοπρώνυμος Constantinus (718–775)	18 June 741	14 September 775	Leo IV after 6 June 751
		34 years and 89 days
	Leo IV "the Khazar" Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος Leo (750–780)	14 September 775	8 September 780	Constantine VI after 14 April 776
		4 years and 361 days
	Constantine VI Κωνσταντῖνος Constantinus (771–c. 805)	8 September 780	19 August 797	Irene as regent until 790 Irene as co-emperor after 15 January 792
		16 years and 346 days
	Irene Εἰρήνη (750/756–803)	19 August 797	31 October 802	Position vacant
		5 years and 74 days

Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)

Portrait	Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
	Nikephoros I "the Logothete" or "the Genikos" Νικηφόρος ὁ Γενικός / ὁ Λογοθέτης (c. 750–811)	31 October 802	26 July 811	Staurakios after 25 December 803
		8 years and 271 days
	Staurakios Σταυράκιος (791/793–812)	26 July 811	2 October 811	Position vacant
		69 days
	Michael I Rangabe Μιχαὴλ Ῥαγγαβέ (c. 770–844)	2 October 811	11 July 813	Theophylact and Staurakios after 25 December 811
		1 year and 283 days

Revolt of Leo V (813–820)

Portrait	Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
	Leo V "the Armenian" Λέων ὁ ἐξ Ἀρμενίας (c. 775–820)	11 July 813	25 December 820	Constantine
		7 years and 168 days

Amorian dynasty (820–867)

Portrait	Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
	Michael II "the Amorian" Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου (770–829)	25 December 820	2 October 829	Theophilos after 12 May 821
		8 years and 282 days
	Theophilos Θεόφιλος (c. 812–842)	2 October 829	20 January 842
		12 years and 111 days
	Michael III "the Drunkard" Μιχαὴλ ὁ Μέθυσος (840–867)	20 January 842	24 September 867
		25 years and 248 days

Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)

Portrait	Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
	Basil I "the Macedonian" Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών (811–886)	24 September 867	29 August 886
		18 years and 340 days
	Leo VI "the Wise" Λέων ὁ Σοφός (866–912)	29 August 886	11 May 912
		25 years and 257 days
	Alexander "the Purple-born" Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος (870–913)	11 May 912	6 June 913
		1 year and 27 days
	Constantine VII "the Purple-born" Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος (905–959)	6 June 913	6 June 959
		46 years and 157 days
	Romanos II "the Purple-born" Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος (938–963)	6 June 959	15 March 963
		3 years and 127 days
	Nikephoros II Phokas Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς (c. 912–969)	15 March 963	11 December 969
		6 years and 118 days
	John I Tzimiskes Ἰωάννης ὁ Τσιμισκὴς (c. 925–976)	11 December 969	10 January 976
		6 years and 31 days
	Basil II "the Bulgar-Slayer" Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος (958–1025)	10 January 976	15 December 1025
		49 years and 340 days
		10 January 976	10 January 976
		16 years and 346 days
		10 January 976	10 January 976
		5 years and 74 days

Rank by length of total reign

Rank	Monarch	Dynasty	Days
1	Basil II "the Bulgar-Slayer"	Macedonian	49 years and 340 days
2	Constantine VII "the Purple-born"	Macedonian	46 years and 157 days
3	Theodosius II	Theodosian	42 years and 89 days
4	Justinian I "the Great"	Justinian	38 years and 106 days
5	Constantine V "the Dung-named"	Isaurian	34 years and 89 days
6	Heraclius	Heraclian	30 years and 130 days
7	Anastasius I Dicorus	Leonid	27 years and 91 days
8	Constans II "the Bearded"	Heraclian	26 years and 254 days
9	Leo VI "the Wise"	Macedonian	25 years and 257 days
10	Michael III "the Drunkard"	Amorian	25 years and 248 days
11	Constantius II	Constantinian	24 years and 166 days
12	Leo III "the Isaurian"	Isaurian	24 years and 86 days
13	Maurice	Justinian	20 years and 106 days
14	Basil I "the Macedonian"	Macedonian	18 years and 340 days
15	Constantine IV "the Younger"	Heraclian	16 years and 361 days
16	Leo I "the Great"	Leonid	16 years and 346 days
17	Constantine VI	Isaurian	16 years and 346 days
18	Theodosius I "the Great"	Theodosian	15 years and 364 days
19	Justinian II "the Slit-nosed"	Heraclian	15 years and 252 days – 16 years and 251 days
20	Zeno	Leonid	14 years and 247 days – 14 years and 276 days
21	Valens	Valentinianic	14 years and 135 days
22	Arcadius	Theodosian	13 years and 106 days
23	Justin II "the Younger"	Justinian	12 years and 326 days
24	Constantine I "the Great"	Constantinian	12 years and 246 days
25	Theophilos	Amorian	12 years and 111 days
26	Justin I	Justinian	9 years and 24 days
27	Phocas	–	9 years and 24 days
28	Michael II "the Amorian"	Amorian	8 years and 282 days
29	Nikephoros I "the Logothete"	Nikephorian	8 years and 271 days
30	Leo V "the Armenian"	–	7 years and 168 days
31	Tiberius III Apsimar	–	6 years and 234 days – 7 years and 233 days
32	Marcian	Theodosian	6 years and 156 days
33	Nikephoros II Phokas	Macedonian	6 years and 118 days
34	John I Tzimiskes	Macedonian	6 years and 31 days
35	Irene	Isaurian	5 years and 74 days
36	Leo IV "the Khazar"	Isaurian	4 years and 361 days
37	Tiberius II Constantine	Justinian	3 years and 314 days
38	Romanos II "the Purple-born"	Macedonian	3 years and 127 days
39	Leonitus	–	3 years – 4 years
40	Anastasius II Artemius	–	1 year and 333 days – 1 year and 362 days
41	Theodosius III	–	1 year and 300 days – 1 year and 329 days
42	Michael I Rangabe	Nikephorian	1 year and 283 days
43	Julian "the Apostate"	Constantinian	1 year and 236 days
44	Philippicus Bardanes	–	1 year and 212 days
45	Basiliscus	Leonid	1 year and 206 days
46	Alexander "the Purple-born"	Macedonian	1 year and 27 days
47	Leo II "the Little"	Leonid	0 years and 288 days – 0 years and 317 days
48	Jovian	–	0 years and 235 days
49	Heraclonas	Heraclian	0 years and 165 days
50	Gratian	Valentinianic	0 years and 164 days
51	Heraclius Constantine	Heraclian	0 years and 104 days
52	Staurakios	Nikephorian	0 years and 69 days
53	Valentinian I "the Great"	Valentinianic	0 years and 32 days
		Macedonian
		Macedonian
		Macedonian
		Macedonian
		Macedonian

Test

Rank	Monarch	Dynasty	Days
1	Constantine I "the Great"	Constantinian	12 years and 246 days
2	Constantius II	Constantinian	24 years and 166 days
3	Julian "the Apostate"	Constantinian	1 year and 236 days
4	Jovian	–	0 years and 235 days
5	Valentinian I "the Great"	Valentinianic	0 years and 32 days
6	Valens	Valentinianic	14 years and 135 days
7	Gratian	Valentinianic	0 years and 164 days
8	Theodosius I "the Great"	Theodosian	15 years and 364 days
9	Arcadius	Theodosian	13 years and 106 days
10	Theodosius II	Theodosian	42 years and 89 days
11	Marcian	Theodosian	6 years and 156 days
12	Leo I "the Great"	Leonid	16 years and 346 days
13	Leo II "the Little"	Leonid	0 years and 288 days – 0 years and 317 days
14	Basiliscus	Leonid	1 year and 206 days
15	Zeno	Leonid	14 years and 247 days – 14 years and 276 days
16	Anastasius I Dicorus	Leonid	27 years and 91 days
17	Justin I	Justinian	9 years and 24 days
18	Justinian I "the Great"	Justinian	38 years and 106 days
19	Justin II "the Younger"	Justinian	12 years and 326 days
20	Tiberius II Constantine	Justinian	3 years and 314 days
21	Maurice	Justinian	20 years and 106 days
22	Phocas	–	9 years and 24 days
23	Heraclius	Heraclian	30 years and 130 days
24	Heraclius Constantine	Heraclian	0 years and 104 days
25	Heraclonas	Heraclian	0 years and 165 days
26	Constans II "the Bearded"	Heraclian	26 years and 254 days
27	Constantine IV "the Younger"	Heraclian	16 years and 361 days
28	Justinian II "the Slit-nosed"	Heraclian	10 years and 175 days
29

Rank	Monarch	Dynasty	Length of reign
			Min.	Max.
1	Theodosius II	Theodosian	15429	15429
2	Justinian I "the Great"	Justinian	13986	13986
3	Heraclius	Heraclian	11088	11088
4	Anastasius I Dicorus	Leonid	9952	9952
5	Constans II "the Bearded"	Heraclian	9750	9750
6	Constantius II	Constantinian	8932	8932
7	Maurice	Justinian	7410	7410
8	Constantine IV "the Younger"	Heraclian	6205	6205
9	Leo I "the Great"	Leonid	6190	6190
10	Theodosius I "the Great"	Theodosian	5843	5843
11	Zeno	Leonid	5346	5405
12	Valens	Valentinianic	5248	5248
13	Arcadius	Theodosian	4854	4854
14	Justin II "the Younger"	Justinian	4709	4709
15	Constantine I "the Great"	Constantinian	4629	4629
16	Justinian II "the Slit-nosed"	Heraclian	3462	3827
17	Justin I	Justinian	3311	3311
18	Phocas	–	3311	3311
19	Marcian	Theodosian	2348	2348
20	Tiberius II Constantine	Justinian	1410	1410
21	Julian "the Apostate"	Constantinian	601	601
22	Basiliscus	Leonid	571	571
23	Leo II "the Little"	Leonid	288	317
24	Jovian	–	235	235
25	Heraclonas	Heraclian	165	165
26	Gratian	Valentinianic	164	164
27	Heraclius Constantine	Heraclian	104	104
28	Valentinian I "the Great"	Valentinianic	32	32

References

Bibliography

Websites

• Lenski, Noel (3 December 1997b). "Valens (364-378 A.D)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 16 January 2023.

Translations of ancient sources

• Eutropius (1886) [364–378]. "XIII". Historiae Romanae Breviarium [Abridgment of Roman History] (in Latin). Vol. 10. Translated by Watson, John Selby. London: George Bell and Sons. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
• Marcellinus, Ammianus (1940) [c. 391]. "Book 26.3: Valentinian appoints his brother Valens tribune of the stable at Nicomedia; then in the Hebdomum at Constantinople, with the consent of the army, he takes him as colleague in the imperial power.". Ammianus Marcellinus Roman Antiquities [The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus]. Loeb Classical Library 315. Vol. 2. Translated by Rolfe, John Carew. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Zosimus (1814) [518]. "Death of Constantine". In Davis, J. (ed.). Ἱστορία Νέα [New History] (in Ancient Greek). Vol. 2. London: W. Green and T. Chaplin. Retrieved 15 January 2023.

Other sources

• Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
• Brown, Peter (1989) [1971]. "The conversion of Christianity, 300–363". The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150-750. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393958034. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
• Cohen, Sidney J. (1915). "Julian the Apostate". The Sewanee Review. 23 (1): 14–35. ISSN 0037-3052. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via JSTOR.
• Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425. Vol. XIII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–110. ISBN 978-0521302005.
• Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195046526.
• Jones, Arnold Hughs Martin (1964). "Chapter V: From Jovian to Theodosius I". The Later Roman Empire 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell and Mott Ltd. ISBN 9780801832857.
• Lascaratos, John; Voros, Dionysios (June 2000). "Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 a.d.): Approach to the Contribution of Ancient Surgery". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (5): 615–619. doi:10.1007/s002689910100. ISSN 0364-2313. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via ResearchGate.
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• Lenski, Noel (2002). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520-23332-4.
• MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6.
• Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198816256.
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