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Constantinian dynasty (306–363)

[edit]

Constantinian dynasty

[edit]
Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
1 Constantine I
"the Great"

Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας
Flavius Valerius Constantinus
(272–337)
19 September
324
22 May
337
Position vacant Son of Constantius, he was proclaimed Augustus of the West after his father's death on 306.[1] He became its sole ruler after 312, and reunified the empire in 324 after defeating Licinius, his Eastern counterpart.[2] A reformist, he consolidated Byzantium as the "New Rome", and played a crucial role in the Christianisation of the Roman world.[3]
12 years and 246 days
2 Constantius II
Κωνστάντιος
Flavius Julius Constantius
(317–361)
22 May
337
3 November
361
Position vacant Second surviving son of Constantine I, he was one of three Augusti proclaimed following his father's death in 337,[4] before becoming its sole emperor by 353.[5] His reign witnessed constant external warfare, while his religious policies would would lead to domestic conflict following his death.[6]
24 years and 166 days
3 Julian
"the Apostate"

Ἰουλιανός
Flavius Claudius Julianus
(331–363)
3 November
361
26 June
363
Position vacant Cousin of Constantius II and Caesar of Gaul,[7] his army proclaimed him as Augustus in 360, nearly causing a civil war that was only prevented upon Constantius's sudden death.[8] He was the last non-Christian Roman emperor, and tried reversing the Christianisation of the empire,[9] but was mortally wounded in battle while embarking on an expedition against the Sasanian Empire.[10]
1 year and 236 days

Jovian interregnum (363–364)

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Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
4 Jovian
Ἰοβιανός
Claudius Iovianus[a]
(331–364)
28 June
363
17 February
364
Position vacant Senior officer of the Scholae, he was elected by the army as Augustus following Julian's death in Samarra.[11] He resumed the Roman army's retreat in Mesopotamia but failed to cross the Tigris, forcing him to negotiate a humiliating treaty with the Sasanids.[12] He died while returning to Constantinople.[13]
235 days

Valentinianic dynasty (364–379)

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Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
5 Valentinian I
"the Great"

Οὐαλεντινιανός
Flavus Valentinianus
(321–375)
26 February
364
28 March
364
Position vacant Tribunus militum of a scutarii regiment in Ancyra, he was elected as Augustus by the army following Jovian's death. On 28 March 364, he selected Valens, his younger brother, as Augustus of the East to prevent a succession crisis. He remained as Augustus of the West until 375, when he died of a fatal stroke.
32 days
6 Valens
Ουάλης
Flavius Valens
(328–378)
28 March
364
9 August
378
Position vacant Appointed as tribunus stabulorum on 1 March 364,[14] he was elevated to the rank of Augustus of the East on 28 March by Valens, his elder brother.[15] Although he was an unremarkable military leader, he was seen as a capable administrator.[16][17] Witnessing internal and external crises throughout his reign,[18] he was killed in a shock defeat against the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople.[19]
14 years and 135 days
7 Gratian
Γρατιανός
Flavius Gratianus
(359–383)
9 August
378
19 January
379
Position vacant
164 days

Theodosian dynasty (379–457)

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Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
8 Theodosius I
"the Great"

Θεοδόσιος ὁ Μέγας
Flavius Theodosius
(347–395)
19 January
379
17 January
395
Position vacant
15 years and 364 days
9 Arcadius
Ἀρκάδιος
Arcadius
(377–408)
17 January
395
1 May
408
Position vacant
13 years and 106 days
10 Theodosius II
Θεοδόσιος
Flavius Theodosius
(401–450)
1 May
408
28 July
450
Position vacant
42 years and 89 days
11 Marcian
Μαρκιανός
Marcianus
(392–457)
25 August
450
27 January
457
Position vacant
6 years and 156 days

Leonid dynasty (457–518)

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Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
12 Leo I
"the Great"

Λέων ὁ Μέγας
Leo
(401–474)
7 February
457
18 January
474
Leo II
after 17 November 473
16 years and 346 days
13 Leo II
"the Little"

Λέων ὁ μικρός
Leo
(467–474)
18 January
474
c. November
474
Zeno
after 29 January 474
288 days – 317 days
14 Zeno
Ζήνων
Trascalissaeus
(425–491)
c. November
474
9 January
475
Position vacant
41 days – 70 days
15 Basiliscus
Βασιλίσκος
Basiliscus
(d. 476)
9 January
475
c. August
476
Position vacant
1 year and 206 days
16 Zeno
Ζήνων
Trascalissaeus
(425–491)
c. August
476
9 April
491
Position vacant
≤ 14 years and 222 days
17 Anastasius I
Dicorus

Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Δίκορος
Anastasius
(431–518)
9 April
491
9 July
518
Position vacant
27 years and 91 days

Justinian dynasty (518–602)

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Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
18 Justin I
Ἰουστῖνος
Iustinus
(450–527)
9 July
518
1 August
527
Position vacant
9 years and 24 days
19 Justinian I
"the Great"

Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Μέγας
Iustinianus
(482–565)
1 August
527
14 November
565
Position vacant
38 years and 106 days
20 Justin II
"the Younger"

Ἰουστῖνος
Iustinus
(520–578)
14 November
565
5 October
578
Theodosius
as regent after
November 573

Tiberius II
as co-regent after
7 December 574
12 years and 326 days
21 Tiberius II
Constantine

Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος
Tiberius Constantinus
(535–582)
5 October
578
14 August
582
Position vacant
3 years and 314 days
22 Maurice
Μαυρίκιος
Mauricius
(539–602)
14 August
582
27 November
602
Theodosius
after 26 March 590
20 years and 106 days

Phocas' revolt (602–610)

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Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
23 Phocas
Φωκάς
Fokas
(547–610)
27 November
602
5 October
610
Position vacant
9 years and 24 days

Heraclian dynasty (610–695)

[edit]
Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
Heraclius
Ἡράκλειος
(575–641)
5 October
610
11 February
641
Heraclius Constantine
after 22 January 613
Heraclonas
after 4 July 638
30 years and 130 days
Heraclius Constantine
Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος
Heraclius novus Constantinus
(612–641)
11 February
641
25 May
641
Heraclonas
104 days
Heraclonas
Ἡρακλεωνᾶς
Heraclius
(626–642)
25 May
641
5 November
641
Constans II
and
Tiberius
165 days
Constans II
"the Bearded"

Κώνστας ὁ Πωγωνᾶτος
Constans Pogonatus
(630–668)
5 November
641
15 July
668
Constantine IV
Heraclius and Tiberius
after 2 June 659
26 years and 254 days
Constantine IV
"the Younger"

Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ νέος
Constantinus
(650–685)
15 July
668
10 July
685
Heraclius and Tiberius
until 681
16 years and 361 days
Justinian II
"the Slit-nosed"

Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος
Iustinianus
(668/669–711)
10 July
685
c. 695 Position vacant
≤ 10 years and 175 days

Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)

[edit]
Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
Leonitus
Λεόντιος
Leonitus
(660–706)
c. 695 c. 698 Position vacant
≤ 4 years
Tiberius III
Apsimar

Αψίμαρος Τιβέριος
Apsimarus Tiberius
(668/669–711)
c. 698 21 August
705
Position vacant
≤ 7 years and 233 days
Justinian II
"the Slit-nosed"

Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος
Iustinianus
(668/669–711)
21 August
705
4 November
711
Position vacant
6 years and 76 days
Philippicus
Bardanes

Φιλιππικός Βαρδάνης
Bardanes Filepicus
(d. 713)
4 November
711
3 June
713
Position vacant
1 year and 212 days
Anastasius II
Artemius

Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος
Artemius Anastasius
(d. 719)
3 June
713
c. May
715
Position vacant
≤ 1 year and 362 days
Theodosius III
Θεοδόσιος
Theodosius
(d. 719)
c. May
715
25 March
717
Position vacant
≤ 1 year and 329 days

Isaurian dynasty (717–802)

[edit]
Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
Leo III
"the Isaurian"

Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος
Leo Isaurus
(c. 685–741)
25 March
717
18 June
741
Constantine V
after 31 March 720
24 years and 86 days
Constantine V
"the Dung-Named"

Κωνσταντῖνος Κοπρώνυμος
Constantinus
(718–775)
18 June
741
14 September
775
Leo IV
after 6 June 751
34 years and 89 days
Leo IV
"the Khazar"

Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος
Leo
(750–780)
14 September
775
8 September
780
Constantine VI
after 14 April 776
4 years and 361 days
Constantine VI
Κωνσταντῖνος
Constantinus
(771–c. 805)
8 September
780
19 August
797
Irene
as regent until
790

Irene
as co-emperor after
15 January 792
16 years and 346 days
Irene
Εἰρήνη
(750/756–803)
19 August
797
31 October
802
Position vacant
5 years and 74 days

Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)

[edit]
Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
Nikephoros I
"the Logothete" or "the Genikos"

Νικηφόρος ὁ Γενικός / ὁ Λογοθέτης
(c. 750–811)
31 October
802
26 July
811
Staurakios
after 25 December 803
8 years and 271 days
Staurakios
Σταυράκιος
(791/793–812)
26 July
811
2 October
811
Position vacant
69 days
Michael I
Rangabe

Μιχαὴλ Ῥαγγαβέ
(c. 770–844)
2 October
811
11 July
813
Theophylact
and
Staurakios
after 25 December 811
1 year and 283 days

Revolt of Leo V (813–820)

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Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
Leo V
"the Armenian"

Λέων ὁ ἐξ Ἀρμενίας
(c. 775–820)
11 July
813
25 December
820
Constantine
7 years and 168 days

Amorian dynasty (820–867)

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Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
Michael II
"the Amorian"

Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου
(770–829)
25 December
820
2 October
829
Theophilos
after 12 May 821
8 years and 282 days
Theophilos
Θεόφιλος
(c. 812–842)
2 October
829
20 January
842
12 years and 111 days
Michael III
"the Drunkard"

Μιχαὴλ ὁ Μέθυσος
(840–867)
20 January
842
24 September
867
25 years and 248 days

Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)

[edit]
Portrait Monarch Reign Co-emperor Description
Basil I
"the Macedonian"

Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών
(811–886)
24 September
867
29 August
886
18 years and 340 days
Leo VI
"the Wise"

Λέων ὁ Σοφός
(866–912)
29 August
886
11 May
912
25 years and 257 days
Alexander
"the Purple-born"

Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος
(870–913)
11 May
912
6 June
913
1 year and 27 days
Constantine VII
"the Purple-born"

Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος
(905–959)
6 June
913
6 June
959
46 years and 157 days
Romanos II
"the Purple-born"

Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος
(938–963)
6 June
959
15 March
963
3 years and 127 days
Nikephoros II
Phokas

Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς
(c. 912–969)
15 March
963
11 December
969
6 years and 118 days
John I
Tzimiskes

Ἰωάννης ὁ Τσιμισκὴς
(c. 925–976)
11 December
969
10 January
976
6 years and 31 days
Basil II
"the Bulgar-Slayer"

Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος
(958–1025)
10 January
976
15 December
1025
49 years and 340 days
10 January
976
10 January
976
16 years and 346 days
10 January
976
10 January
976
5 years and 74 days

Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059)

[edit]

Rank by length of total reign

[edit]
Rank Monarch Dynasty Days
1 Basil II "the Bulgar-Slayer" Macedonian 49 years and 340 days
2 Constantine VII "the Purple-born" Macedonian 46 years and 157 days
3 Theodosius II Theodosian 42 years and 89 days
4 Justinian I "the Great" Justinian 38 years and 106 days
5 Constantine V "the Dung-named" Isaurian 34 years and 89 days
6 Heraclius Heraclian 30 years and 130 days
7 Anastasius I Dicorus Leonid 27 years and 91 days
8 Constans II "the Bearded" Heraclian 26 years and 254 days
9 Leo VI "the Wise" Macedonian 25 years and 257 days
10 Michael III "the Drunkard" Amorian 25 years and 248 days
11 Constantius II Constantinian 24 years and 166 days
12 Leo III "the Isaurian" Isaurian 24 years and 86 days
13 Maurice Justinian 20 years and 106 days
14 Basil I "the Macedonian" Macedonian 18 years and 340 days
15 Constantine IV "the Younger" Heraclian 16 years and 361 days
16 Leo I "the Great" Leonid 16 years and 346 days
17 Constantine VI Isaurian 16 years and 346 days
18 Theodosius I "the Great" Theodosian 15 years and 364 days
19 Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" Heraclian 15 years and 252 days – 16 years and 251 days
20 Zeno Leonid 14 years and 247 days – 14 years and 276 days
21 Valens Valentinianic 14 years and 135 days
22 Arcadius Theodosian 13 years and 106 days
23 Justin II "the Younger" Justinian 12 years and 326 days
24 Constantine I "the Great" Constantinian 12 years and 246 days
25 Theophilos Amorian 12 years and 111 days
26 Justin I Justinian 9 years and 24 days
27 Phocas 9 years and 24 days
28 Michael II "the Amorian" Amorian 8 years and 282 days
29 Nikephoros I "the Logothete" Nikephorian 8 years and 271 days
30 Leo V "the Armenian" 7 years and 168 days
31 Tiberius III Apsimar 6 years and 234 days – 7 years and 233 days
32 Marcian Theodosian 6 years and 156 days
33 Nikephoros II Phokas Macedonian 6 years and 118 days
34 John I Tzimiskes Macedonian 6 years and 31 days
35 Irene Isaurian 5 years and 74 days
36 Leo IV "the Khazar" Isaurian 4 years and 361 days
37 Tiberius II Constantine Justinian 3 years and 314 days
38 Romanos II "the Purple-born" Macedonian 3 years and 127 days
39 Leonitus 3 years – 4 years
40 Anastasius II Artemius 1 year and 333 days – 1 year and 362 days
41 Theodosius III 1 year and 300 days – 1 year and 329 days
42 Michael I Rangabe Nikephorian 1 year and 283 days
43 Julian "the Apostate" Constantinian 1 year and 236 days
44 Philippicus Bardanes 1 year and 212 days
45 Basiliscus Leonid 1 year and 206 days
46 Alexander "the Purple-born" Macedonian 1 year and 27 days
47 Leo II "the Little" Leonid 0 years and 288 days – 0 years and 317 days
48 Jovian 0 years and 235 days
49 Heraclonas Heraclian 0 years and 165 days
50 Gratian Valentinianic 0 years and 164 days
51 Heraclius Constantine Heraclian 0 years and 104 days
52 Staurakios Nikephorian 0 years and 69 days
53 Valentinian I "the Great" Valentinianic 0 years and 32 days
Macedonian
Macedonian
Macedonian
Macedonian
Macedonian

Test

[edit]
Rank Monarch Dynasty Days
1 Constantine I "the Great" Constantinian 12 years and 246 days
2 Constantius II Constantinian 24 years and 166 days
3 Julian "the Apostate" Constantinian 1 year and 236 days
4 Jovian 0 years and 235 days
5 Valentinian I "the Great" Valentinianic 0 years and 32 days
6 Valens Valentinianic 14 years and 135 days
7 Gratian Valentinianic 0 years and 164 days
8 Theodosius I "the Great" Theodosian 15 years and 364 days
9 Arcadius Theodosian 13 years and 106 days
10 Theodosius II Theodosian 42 years and 89 days
11 Marcian Theodosian 6 years and 156 days
12 Leo I "the Great" Leonid 16 years and 346 days
13 Leo II "the Little" Leonid 0 years and 288 days – 0 years and 317 days
14 Basiliscus Leonid 1 year and 206 days
15 Zeno Leonid 14 years and 247 days – 14 years and 276 days
16 Anastasius I Dicorus Leonid 27 years and 91 days
17 Justin I Justinian 9 years and 24 days
18 Justinian I "the Great" Justinian 38 years and 106 days
19 Justin II "the Younger" Justinian 12 years and 326 days
20 Tiberius II Constantine Justinian 3 years and 314 days
21 Maurice Justinian 20 years and 106 days
22 Phocas 9 years and 24 days
23 Heraclius Heraclian 30 years and 130 days
24 Heraclius Constantine Heraclian 0 years and 104 days
25 Heraclonas Heraclian 0 years and 165 days
26 Constans II "the Bearded" Heraclian 26 years and 254 days
27 Constantine IV "the Younger" Heraclian 16 years and 361 days
28 Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" Heraclian 10 years and 175 days
29
Rank Monarch Dynasty Length of reign
Min. Max.
1 Theodosius II Theodosian 15429 15429
2 Justinian I "the Great" Justinian 13986 13986
3 Heraclius Heraclian 11088 11088
4 Anastasius I Dicorus Leonid 9952 9952
5 Constans II "the Bearded" Heraclian 9750 9750
6 Constantius II Constantinian 8932 8932
7 Maurice Justinian 7410 7410
8 Constantine IV "the Younger" Heraclian 6205 6205
9 Leo I "the Great" Leonid 6190 6190
10 Theodosius I "the Great" Theodosian 5843 5843
11 Zeno Leonid 5346 5405
12 Valens Valentinianic 5248 5248
13 Arcadius Theodosian 4854 4854
14 Justin II "the Younger" Justinian 4709 4709
15 Constantine I "the Great" Constantinian 4629 4629
16 Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" Heraclian 3462 3827
17 Justin I Justinian 3311 3311
18 Phocas 3311 3311
19 Marcian Theodosian 2348 2348
20 Tiberius II Constantine Justinian 1410 1410
21 Julian "the Apostate" Constantinian 601 601
22 Basiliscus Leonid 571 571
23 Leo II "the Little" Leonid 288 317
24 Jovian 235 235
25 Heraclonas Heraclian 165 165
26 Gratian Valentinianic 164 164
27 Heraclius Constantine Heraclian 104 104
28 Valentinian I "the Great" Valentinianic 32 32

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Barnes 1991, pp. 27–28.
  2. ^ Macmullen 1969.
  3. ^ Gregory & Cutler 1991, pp. 498–500.
  4. ^ Zosimus 1814, p. 2.39.2.
  5. ^ Eutropius 1886, pp. XII–XIII.
  6. ^ Gregory & Cutler 1991, pp. 524.
  7. ^ Potter 2004, pp. 499–500.
  8. ^ Cohen 1915, pp. 21–22.
  9. ^ Brown 1989, pp. 93–94.
  10. ^ Lascaratos & Voros 2000, p. 615.
  11. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 62.
  12. ^ Curran 1998, pp. 78–79.
  13. ^ Lenski 2002, p. 19–20.
  14. ^ Marcellinus 1940, p. 589 (26.3.1).
  15. ^ Tomlin 1979, p. 470.
  16. ^ Lenski 1997b.
  17. ^ Jones 1964, p. 139.
  18. ^ Nicholson 2018, p. 1546.
  19. ^ Lenski 1997a, pp. 137–139.

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]

Websites

[edit]
  • Lenski, Noel (3 December 1997b). "Valens (364-378 A.D)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 16 January 2023.

Translations of ancient sources

[edit]

Other sources

[edit]


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