User:Pdebee/Sandbox for before & after

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Introduction

The purpose of this user page is to enable me to experiment with improving prose extracted from existing articles in main space, without running the risk of interfering in any way with the original article, or causing edit conflicts there. It is a useful sandbox when working on particularly difficult or protracted pieces of text.

The idea is to copy the original prose into the "Before" section below and then work on it in the "After" section until it's done. This way, it's easy to refer back to the original extract in the "Before" section, while experimenting with successive changes in the "After" section. The "Sample:" section contains an extract from another article, with markup clauses to emulate when working on the "After" section.

When done, the improved text can be copied back to replace the original in the article itself in one clean edit, and the "Before" and "After" sections can then be emptied until the next project. The optional "Comments" section can be used as a notepad for reminders, or for suggestions to another editor when working on a joint project.

New table with plainlist (to copy back into Hanseatic League#Hansa Proper)

Changes from the original table:

Applied new, fixed column width, all expressed as a subset of 100%. Done (12:01, 14 February 2020 (UTC))
Applied {{plainlist| ... }} template to all ref tags in the Refs section; this aligns the ref digits vertically, thus narrowing the column and enabling the Notes section to be wider and easier to read. The plainlist also enables ref tags to retain their original name="..." parameters. Done (16:59, 14 February 2020 (UTC))
Inserted comment block with guidance for future editors. Done (17:33, 14 February 2020 (UTC))

Hansa Proper

Quarter	City	Territory	Now	From	Until	Notes	Refs
Wendish	Lübeck	Free City of Lübeck	Germany			Capital of the Hanseatic League, capital of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle	^[1] ^[2] ^[3]^{: 47, 120} ^[4] ^[5]^: 74, 82 ^[6]
Wendish	Hamburg	Free City of Hamburg	Germany				^[1] ^[3]^: 47 ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[7]
Wendish	Lüneburg	Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg	Germany				^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Wendish	Wismar	Duchy of Mecklenburg	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[9]
Wendish	Rostock	Duchy of Mecklenburg	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[9] ^[10]
Wendish	Stralsund	Principality of Rügen	Germany	1293		Rügen was a fief of the Danish crown to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Stralsund was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[9] ^[11]
Wendish	Demmin	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Demmin was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam.	^[1] ^[6] ^[9] ^[12]
Wendish	Greifswald	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Greifswald was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam.	^[1] ^[6] ^[7] ^[9] ^[12]
Wendish	Anklam	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Anklam was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin.	^[1] ^[6] ^[9] ^[12]
Wendish	Stettin (Szczecin)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland	1278		Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns to its east	^[1] ^[3]^: 120 ^[4] ^[6] ^[8] ^[9]
Wendish	Pasewalk	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany
Wendish	Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[1] ^[6] ^[8] ^[12]
Wendish	Rügenwalde (Darłowo)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[1] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[12]
Wendish	Stolp (Słupsk)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[6] ^[8] ^[12]
Baltic	Visby	Kingdom of Sweden	Sweden		1470	In 1285 at Kalmar, the League agreed with Magnus III, King of Sweden, that Gotland be joined with Sweden.^{[citation needed]} In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, with Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[13]
Baltic	Stockholm	Kingdom of Sweden	Sweden				^[4] ^[6]
Saxon	Braunschweig	Duchy of Saxony	Germany	13th century	17th century	Capital of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle	^[1] ^[2] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Saxon	Bremen	Free City of Bremen	Germany	1260			^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[10]
Saxon	Magdeburg	Archbishopric of Magdeburg	Germany	13th century		Capital of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Saxon	Goslar	Imperial City of Goslar	Germany	1267	1566	Goslar was a fief of Saxony until 1280.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Saxon	Erfurt	Archbishopric of Mainz	Germany	1430			^[1] ^[4] ^[14]
Saxon	Stade	Archbishopric of Bremen	Germany				^[1] ^[7]
Saxon	Berlin	Margraviate of Brandenburg	Germany		1442	Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.	^[3]^: 120 ^[4] ^[5]^: 32 ^[6] ^[8]
Saxon	Frankfurt an der Oder	Margraviate of Brandenburg	Germany	1430	1442	Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.	^[4] ^[5]^: 32 ^[6] ^[8]
Baltic	Gdańsk - Danzig (Gdańsk)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1358		Capital of the Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) Circle. Danzig had been first a part of the Duchy of Pomerelia, a fief of the Polish Crown, with Polish-Kashubian population, then part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1308 until 1457. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia including Gdańsk was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1] ^[2] ^[3]^: 120 ^[4] ^[5]^: 81 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[15]^: 403
Baltic	Elbing (Elbląg)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1358		Elbing had originally been part of the territory of the Old Prussians, until the 1230s when it became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Elbląg was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[15]^: 452
Baltic	Thorn (Toruń)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1280		Toruń was part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1233 until 1466. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Toruń, was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[8] ^[15]^: 436
Baltic	Kraków	Kingdom of Poland	Poland	c. 1370	c. 1500	Kraków was the capital of the Kingdom of Poland, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted Magdeburg town law and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated with Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings.	^[16] ^[4] ^[6] ^[8] ^[17] ^[18] ^[19]
Baltic	Breslau, (Wrocław)	Kingdom of Bohemia	Poland	1387	1474	Breslau, a part of the Duchy of Breslau and the Kingdom of Bohemia, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings	^[4] ^[6] ^[8] ^[20] ^[21]
Baltic	Königsberg (Kaliningrad)	Teutonic Order	Russia	1340		Königsberg was the capital of the Teutonic Order, becoming the capital of Ducal Prussia on the Order's secularisation in 1466. Ducal Prussia was a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown until gaining its independence in the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after East Prussia was divided between the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[8]
Baltic	Rīga	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Latvia	1282		During the Livonian War (1558–83), Riga became a Free imperial city until the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn ceded Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[22]^: 20
Baltic	Reval (Tallinn)	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Estonia	1285		On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold, with the rest of northern Estonia, to the Teutonic Order in 1346. After the Livonian War (1558–83), northern Estonia became a part of the Swedish Empire.	^[23] ^[1] ^[3]^: 47 ^[4] ^[5]^: 81 ^[6] ^[8]
Baltic	Dorpat (Tartu)	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Estonia	1280s		The Bishopric of Dorpat gained increasing autonomy within the Terra Mariana. During the Livonian War (1558–83), Dorpat fell under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn definitively ceding Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).	^[23] ^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[8]
Westphalian	Cologne	Imperial City of Cologne	Germany		1669	Capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle until after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (German: Verhanst) for some years for having supported England; Dortmund was made capital of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne.	^[1] ^[2] ^[3]^: 120 ^[4] ^[6] ^[7]
Westphalian	Dortmund	Imperial City of Dortmund	Germany			After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle.	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Westphalian	Deventer	Bishopric of Utrecht	Netherlands	1000	1500		^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[10] ^[24] ^[25] ^[26]^: 438
Westphalian	Kampen	Bishopric of Utrecht	Netherlands	1441			^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[25] ^[26]^: 433
Westphalian	Groningen	Friesland	Netherlands				^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[10]
Westphalian	Münster	Prince-Bishopric of Münster	Germany				^[1] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Westphalian	Osnabrück	Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück	Germany	12th century			^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Westphalian	Soest	Imperial City of Soest	Germany		1609	The city was a part of the Electorate of Cologne until acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned with the Duchy of Cleves.	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.
^ "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.
^ "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 April 2011.
^ Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.
^ Cite error: The named reference Blumówna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.
^ Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.
^ Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
^ Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.
^ Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.
^ Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Mehler EPOC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.
^ ^a ^b McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.

New table with plainlist (to copy back into Hanseatic League#Kontore)

Changes from the original table:

Applied new, fixed column width, all expressed as a subset of 100%. Done (17:47, 14 February 2020 (UTC))
Inserted comment block with guidance for future editors. Done (17:47, 14 February 2020 (UTC))
Applied {{plainlist| ... }} template to all ref tags in the Refs section; this aligns the ref digits vertically, thus narrowing the column and enabling the Notes section to be wider and easier to read. The plainlist also enables ref tags to retain their original name="..." parameters. Done (18:02, 14 February 2020 (UTC))

Kontore

Quarter	City	Territory	Now	From	Until	Notes	Refs
Kontor	Novgorod: Peterhof	Novgorod Republic	Russia		1500s	Novgorod was one of the principal Kontore of the League and the easternmost. In 1499, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, closed the Peterhof; it was reopened a few years later, but the League's Russian trade never recovered.	^[1] ^[2]^: 47 ^[3] ^[4]^: 26, 82 ^[5] ^[6]
Kontor	Bergen: Bryggen	Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)	Norway	1360	1775	Bryggen was one of the principal Kontore of the League. It was razed by accidental fire in 1476. In 1560, administration of Bryggen was placed under Norwegian administration.	^[1] ^[3] ^[4]^: 82 ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Kontor	Bruges: Hanzekantoor	County of Flanders	Belgium			Bruges was one of the principal Kontore of the League until the 15th century, when the seaway to the city silted up; trade from Antwerp benefiting from Bruges's loss.	^[2]^: 47 ^[3] ^[4]^: 80 ^[5] ^[6] ^[9]^{: 134, 176}
Kontor	London: Steelyard	Kingdom of England	United Kingdom	1303	1853	The Steelyard was one of the principal Kontore of the League. King Edward I granted a Carta Mercatoria in 1303. The Steelyard was destroyed in 1469 and Edward IV exempted Cologne merchants, leading to the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74). The Treaty of Utrecht, sealing the peace, led to the League purchasing the Steelyard outright in 1475, with Edward having renewed the League's privileges without insisting on reciprocal rights for English merchants in the Baltic. London merchants persuaded Elizabeth I to rescind the League's privileges on 13 January 1598; while the Steelyard was re-established by James I, the advantage never returned. Consulates continued however, providing communication during the Napoleonic Wars, and the Hanseatic interest was only sold in 1853.	^[10] ^[2]^: 47 ^[3] ^[4]^{: 26, 80–82} ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[11]^: 95
Kontor	Antwerp	Duchy of Brabant	Belgium			Antwerp became a major Kontor of the League, particularly after the seaway to Bruges silted up in the 15th century, leading to its fortunes waning in Antwerp's favour, despite Antwerp's refusal to grant special privileges to the League's merchants. Between 1312 and 1406, Antwerp was a margraviate, independent of Brabant.	^[3] ^[4]^: 80 ^[6]
Kontor	Bishop's Lynn (King's Lynn)	Kingdom of England	United Kingdom		1751	The Hanseatic Warehouse was constructed in 1475 as part of the Treaty of Utrecht, allowing the League to establish a trading depot in Lynn for the first time. It is the only surviving League building in England.	^[3] ^[6] ^[11]^: 95
Kontor	Ipswich	Kingdom of England	United Kingdom			Ipswich was a headport with jurisdiction over Colchester, Maldon and Harwich. In the 14th century, traders from Ipswich experienced problems when engaged in Hansa port sin the Blatic, with occasions when they were subject to mass arrests and seizure of goods. However during the 15th century more positive relations developed with Hansa merchants from Cologne. However by 1451 Ipswich bailiffs seized hanseatic ships and in 1456 hanseatic merchants complained of their ships being attacked and prevented from leaving the port. During the Anglo-Hanseatic War, Cologne merchants opposed the war and were suspended from the league. However when the war was brought to an end by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1474, the trade with Cologne declined and by the end of the century the hanseatic trade in Ipswich was very limited.^[12]	^[3] ^[6] ^[12]
Kontor	Malmö	Kingdom of Denmark	Sweden	15th century		Skåne (Scania) was Danish until ceded to Sweden by the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde, during the Second Northern War.	^[3] ^[6]
Kontor	Falsterbo	Kingdom of Denmark	Sweden	15th century		Skåne was Danish until ceded to Sweden by the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde, during the Second Northern War.	^[3] ^[6]
Kontor	Kaunas	Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Lithuania	1441		In 1398 traders guild with close ties to Hanseatic league appeared in Kaunas. Treaty with Hanseatic league was signed in 1441. The main office was located in the House of Perkūnas from 1441 till 1532.	^[13] ^[3] ^[6]
Kontor	Pleskau (Pskov)	Pskov Republic	Russia			In the 12th and 13th centuries, Pskov adhered to the Novgorod Republic. It was captured by the Teutonic Order in 1241 and liberated by a Lithuanian prince, becoming a de facto sovereign republic by the 14th century.	^[3] ^[6]
Kontor	Polotsk	Principality of Polotsk	Belarus			Polotsk was an autonomous principality of Kievan Rus' until gaining its independence in 1021. From 1240, it became a vassal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, being fully integrated into the Grand Duchy in 1307.	^[3] ^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Cite error: The named reference Penguin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cite error: The named reference Holborn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cite error: The named reference Mehler JNA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Mehler, Natascha (2011). "Hansefahrer im hohen Norden" (PDF). epoc (2): 16–25, particularly 20 and 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hanseatic League". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Mehler, Natascha (April 2009). "HANSA: The Hanseatic Expansion in the North Atlantic". University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ Cite error: The named reference McDonald was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Dollinger2000 tensions was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Ward, Adolphus William. Collected Papers Historical, Literary, Travel and Miscellaneous. pp. 95, 391.
^ ^a ^b Grimwade, Patricia (2019). Ipswich: A Hanseatic Port. Ipswich: Ipswich Maritime Trust.
^ Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Before

Hansa Proper

Quarter	City	Territory	Now	From	Until	Notes	Refs
Wendish	Lübeck	Free City of Lübeck	Germany			Capital of the Hanseatic League, capital of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle	^[1]^[2]^[3]^{: 47, 120}^[4]^[5]^: 74, 82^[6]
Wendish	Hamburg	Free City of Hamburg	Germany				^[1]^[3]^: 47^[4]^[5]^: 82^[7]
Wendish	Lüneburg	Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg	Germany				^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Wendish	Wismar	Duchy of Mecklenburg	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[9]
Wendish	Rostock	Duchy of Mecklenburg	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[9]^[10]
Wendish	Stralsund	Principality of Rügen	Germany	1293		Rügen was a fief of the Danish crown to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Stralsund was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[9]^[11]
Wendish	Demmin	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Demmin was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam.	^[1]^[6]^[9]^[12]
Wendish	Greifswald	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Greifswald was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam.	^[1]^[6]^[7]^[9]^[12]
Wendish	Anklam	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Anklam was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin.	^[1]^[6]^[9]^[12]
Wendish	Stettin (Szczecin)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland	1278		Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns to its east	^[1]^[3]^: 120^[4]^[6]^[8]^[9]
Wendish	Pasewalk	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany
Wendish	Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[1]^[6]^[8]^[12]
Wendish	Rügenwalde (Darłowo)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[1]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[12]
Wendish	Stolp (Słupsk)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[6]^[8]^[12]
Baltic	Visby	Kingdom of Sweden	Sweden		1470	In 1285 at Kalmar, the League agreed with Magnus III, King of Sweden, that Gotland be joined with Sweden.^{[citation needed]} In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, with Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[13]
Baltic	Stockholm	Kingdom of Sweden	Sweden				^[4]^[6]
Saxon	Braunschweig	Duchy of Saxony	Germany	13th century	17th century	Capital of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle	^[1]^[2]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Saxon	Bremen	Free City of Bremen	Germany	1260			^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[10]
Saxon	Magdeburg	Archbishopric of Magdeburg	Germany	13th century		Capital of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Saxon	Goslar	Imperial City of Goslar	Germany	1267	1566	Goslar was a fief of Saxony until 1280.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Saxon	Erfurt	Archbishopric of Mainz	Germany	1430			^[1]^[4]^[14]
Saxon	Stade	Archbishopric of Bremen	Germany				^[1]^[7]
Saxon	Berlin	Margraviate of Brandenburg	Germany		1442	Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.	^[3]^: 120^[4]^[5]^: 32^[6]^[8]
Saxon	Frankfurt an der Oder	Margraviate of Brandenburg	Germany	1430	1442	Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.	^[4]^[5]^: 32^[6]^[8]
Baltic	Gdańsk - Danzig (Gdańsk)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1358		Capital of the Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) Circle. Danzig had been first a part of the Duchy of Pomerelia, a fief of the Polish Crown, with Polish-Kashubian population, then part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1308 until 1457. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia including Gdańsk was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1]^[2]^[3]^: 120^[4]^[5]^: 81^[6]^[7]^[8]^[15]^: 403
Baltic	Elbing (Elbląg)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1358		Elbing had originally been part of the territory of the Old Prussians, until the 1230s when it became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Elbląg was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[15]^: 452
Baltic	Thorn (Toruń)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1280		Toruń was part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1233 until 1466. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Toruń, was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[8]^[15]^: 436
Baltic	Kraków	Kingdom of Poland	Poland	c. 1370	c. 1500	Kraków was the capital of the Kingdom of Poland, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted Magdeburg town law and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated with Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings.	^[16]^[4]^[6]^[8]^[17]^[18]^[19]
Baltic	Breslau, (Wrocław)	Kingdom of Bohemia	Poland	1387	1474	Breslau, a part of the Duchy of Breslau and the Kingdom of Bohemia, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings	^[4]^[6]^[8]^[20]^[21]
Baltic	Königsberg (Kaliningrad)	Teutonic Order	Russia	1340		Königsberg was the capital of the Teutonic Order, becoming the capital of Ducal Prussia on the Order's secularisation in 1466. Ducal Prussia was a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown until gaining its independence in the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after East Prussia was divided between the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[8]
Baltic	Rīga	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Latvia	1282		During the Livonian War (1558–83), Riga became a Free imperial city until the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn ceded Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[8]^[22]^: 20
Baltic	Reval (Tallinn)	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Estonia	1285		On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold, with the rest of northern Estonia, to the Teutonic Order in 1346. After the Livonian War (1558–83), northern Estonia became a part of the Swedish Empire.	^[23]^[1]^[3]^: 47^[4]^[5]^: 81^[6]^[8]
Baltic	Dorpat (Tartu)	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Estonia	1280s		The Bishopric of Dorpat gained increasing autonomy within the Terra Mariana. During the Livonian War (1558–83), Dorpat fell under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn definitively ceding Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).	^[23]^[1]^[4]^[6]^[8]
Westphalian	Cologne	Imperial City of Cologne	Germany		1669	Capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle until after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (German: Verhanst) for some years for having supported England; Dortmund was made capital of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne.	^[1]^[2]^[3]^: 120^[4]^[6]^[7]
Westphalian	Dortmund	Imperial City of Dortmund	Germany			After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle.	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[8]
Westphalian	Deventer	Bishopric of Utrecht	Netherlands	1000	1500		^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[10]^[24]^[25]^[26]^: 438
Westphalian	Kampen	Bishopric of Utrecht	Netherlands	1441			^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[25]^[26]^: 433
Westphalian	Groningen	Friesland	Netherlands				^[1]^[4]^[6]^[10]
Westphalian	Münster	Prince-Bishopric of Münster	Germany				^[1]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[8]
Westphalian	Osnabrück	Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück	Germany	12th century			^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Westphalian	Soest	Imperial City of Soest	Germany		1609	The city was a part of the Electorate of Cologne until acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned with the Duchy of Cleves.	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.
^ "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.
^ "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 April 2011.
^ Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.
^ Cite error: The named reference Blumówna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.
^ Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.
^ Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
^ Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.
^ Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.
^ Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Mehler EPOC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.
^ ^a ^b McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.

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Hansa Proper

Quarter	City	Territory	Now	From	Until	Notes	Refs
Wendish	Lübeck	Free City of Lübeck	Germany			Capital of the Hanseatic League, capital of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle	^[1] ^[2] ^[3]^{: 47, 120} ^[4] ^[5]^: 74, 82 ^[6]
Wendish	Hamburg	Free City of Hamburg	Germany				^[1] ^[3]^: 47 ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[7]
Wendish	Lüneburg	Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg	Germany				^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Wendish	Wismar	Duchy of Mecklenburg	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[9]
Wendish	Rostock	Duchy of Mecklenburg	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[9] ^[10]
Wendish	Stralsund	Principality of Rügen	Germany	1293		Rügen was a fief of the Danish crown to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Stralsund was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[9] ^[11]
Wendish	Demmin	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Demmin was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam.	^[1] ^[6] ^[9] ^[12]
Wendish	Greifswald	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Greifswald was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam.	^[1] ^[6] ^[7] ^[9] ^[12]
Wendish	Anklam	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Anklam was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin.	^[1] ^[6] ^[9] ^[12]
Wendish	Stettin (Szczecin)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland	1278		Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns to its east	^[1] ^[3]^: 120 ^[4] ^[6] ^[8] ^[9]
Wendish	Pasewalk	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany
Wendish	Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[1] ^[6] ^[8] ^[12]
Wendish	Rügenwalde (Darłowo)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[1] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[12]
Wendish	Stolp (Słupsk)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[6] ^[8] ^[12]
Baltic	Visby	Kingdom of Sweden	Sweden		1470	In 1285 at Kalmar, the League agreed with Magnus III, King of Sweden, that Gotland be joined with Sweden.^{[citation needed]} In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, with Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[13]
Baltic	Stockholm	Kingdom of Sweden	Sweden				^[4] ^[6]
Saxon	Braunschweig	Duchy of Saxony	Germany	13th century	17th century	Capital of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle	^[1] ^[2] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Saxon	Bremen	Free City of Bremen	Germany	1260			^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[10]
Saxon	Magdeburg	Archbishopric of Magdeburg	Germany	13th century		Capital of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Saxon	Goslar	Imperial City of Goslar	Germany	1267	1566	Goslar was a fief of Saxony until 1280.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Saxon	Erfurt	Archbishopric of Mainz	Germany	1430			^[1] ^[4] ^[14]
Saxon	Stade	Archbishopric of Bremen	Germany				^[1] ^[7]
Saxon	Berlin	Margraviate of Brandenburg	Germany		1442	Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.	^[3]^: 120 ^[4] ^[5]^: 32 ^[6] ^[8]
Saxon	Frankfurt an der Oder	Margraviate of Brandenburg	Germany	1430	1442	Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.	^[4] ^[5]^: 32 ^[6] ^[8]
Baltic	Gdańsk - Danzig (Gdańsk)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1358		Capital of the Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) Circle. Danzig had been first a part of the Duchy of Pomerelia, a fief of the Polish Crown, with Polish-Kashubian population, then part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1308 until 1457. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia including Gdańsk was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1] ^[2] ^[3]^: 120 ^[4] ^[5]^: 81 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[15]^: 403
Baltic	Elbing (Elbląg)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1358		Elbing had originally been part of the territory of the Old Prussians, until the 1230s when it became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Elbląg was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[15]^: 452
Baltic	Thorn (Toruń)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1280		Toruń was part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1233 until 1466. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Toruń, was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[8] ^[15]^: 436
Baltic	Kraków	Kingdom of Poland	Poland	c. 1370	c. 1500	Kraków was the capital of the Kingdom of Poland, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted Magdeburg town law and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated with Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings.	^[16] ^[4] ^[6] ^[8] ^[17] ^[18] ^[19]
Baltic	Breslau, (Wrocław)	Kingdom of Bohemia	Poland	1387	1474	Breslau, a part of the Duchy of Breslau and the Kingdom of Bohemia, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings	^[4] ^[6] ^[8] ^[20] ^[21]
Baltic	Königsberg (Kaliningrad)	Teutonic Order	Russia	1340		Königsberg was the capital of the Teutonic Order, becoming the capital of Ducal Prussia on the Order's secularisation in 1466. Ducal Prussia was a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown until gaining its independence in the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after East Prussia was divided between the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference.	^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[8]
Baltic	Rīga	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Latvia	1282		During the Livonian War (1558–83), Riga became a Free imperial city until the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn ceded Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[22]^: 20
Baltic	Reval (Tallinn)	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Estonia	1285		On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold, with the rest of northern Estonia, to the Teutonic Order in 1346. After the Livonian War (1558–83), northern Estonia became a part of the Swedish Empire.	^[23] ^[1] ^[3]^: 47 ^[4] ^[5]^: 81 ^[6] ^[8]
Baltic	Dorpat (Tartu)	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Estonia	1280s		The Bishopric of Dorpat gained increasing autonomy within the Terra Mariana. During the Livonian War (1558–83), Dorpat fell under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn definitively ceding Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).	^[23] ^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[8]
Westphalian	Cologne	Imperial City of Cologne	Germany		1669	Capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle until after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (German: Verhanst) for some years for having supported England; Dortmund was made capital of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne.	^[1] ^[2] ^[3]^: 120 ^[4] ^[6] ^[7]
Westphalian	Dortmund	Imperial City of Dortmund	Germany			After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle.	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7]^[8]
Westphalian	Deventer	Bishopric of Utrecht	Netherlands	1000	1500		^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[10] ^[24] ^[25] ^[26]^: 438
Westphalian	Kampen	Bishopric of Utrecht	Netherlands	1441			^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[25] ^[26]^: 433
Westphalian	Groningen	Friesland	Netherlands				^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[10]
Westphalian	Münster	Prince-Bishopric of Münster	Germany				^[1] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Westphalian	Osnabrück	Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück	Germany	12th century			^[1] ^[4] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Westphalian	Soest	Imperial City of Soest	Germany		1609	The city was a part of the Electorate of Cologne until acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned with the Duchy of Cleves.	^[1] ^[4] ^[5]^: 82 ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.
^ "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.
^ "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 April 2011.
^ Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.
^ Cite error: The named reference Blumówna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.
^ Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.
^ Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
^ Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.
^ Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.
^ Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Mehler EPOC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.
^ ^a ^b McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.

After, with exact % in all cols, plus 'nowrap' in all cols except 'Refs' column

In this example, I have reused the original table (shown above, in section 'Before') and simply changed the code to force all columns to a specific % value each (totalling 100%, of course) of the whole table (itself set at a total width of 100%), and I coded the 'nowrap' parameter for all columns, except for the Refs column, which is the only one that I do want to wrap.

Result: I must be doing something wrong, because it does not make any difference at all. Surely, this should do it? Interestingly, the system did not issue an error message when I hard-coded:

! class="unsortable" style="width: 5%; white-space: wrap;" | Refs ...

... as if the wrap parameter was supported, even though it isn't mentioned anywhere I've looked!

Hansa Proper

Quarter	City	Territory	Now	From	Until	Notes	Refs
Wendish	Lübeck	Free City of Lübeck	Germany			Capital of the Hanseatic League, capital of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle	^[1]^[2]^[3]^{: 47, 120}^[4]^[5]^: 74, 82^[6]
Wendish	Hamburg	Free City of Hamburg	Germany				^[1]^[3]^: 47^[4]^[5]^: 82^[7]
Wendish	Lüneburg	Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg	Germany				^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Wendish	Wismar	Duchy of Mecklenburg	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[9]
Wendish	Rostock	Duchy of Mecklenburg	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[9]^[10]
Wendish	Stralsund	Principality of Rügen	Germany	1293		Rügen was a fief of the Danish crown to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Stralsund was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[9]^[11]
Wendish	Demmin	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Demmin was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam.	^[1]^[6]^[9]^[12]
Wendish	Greifswald	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Greifswald was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam.	^[1]^[6]^[7]^[9]^[12]
Wendish	Anklam	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany			Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Anklam was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin.	^[1]^[6]^[9]^[12]
Wendish	Stettin (Szczecin)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland	1278		Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns to its east	^[1]^[3]^: 120^[4]^[6]^[8]^[9]
Wendish	Pasewalk	Duchy of Pomerania	Germany
Wendish	Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[1]^[6]^[8]^[12]
Wendish	Rügenwalde (Darłowo)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[1]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[12]
Wendish	Stolp (Słupsk)	Duchy of Pomerania	Poland				^[6]^[8]^[12]
Baltic	Visby	Kingdom of Sweden	Sweden		1470	In 1285 at Kalmar, the League agreed with Magnus III, King of Sweden, that Gotland be joined with Sweden.^{[citation needed]} In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, with Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[13]
Baltic	Stockholm	Kingdom of Sweden	Sweden				^[4]^[6]
Saxon	Braunschweig	Duchy of Saxony	Germany	13th century	17th century	Capital of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle	^[1]^[2]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Saxon	Bremen	Free City of Bremen	Germany	1260			^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[10]
Saxon	Magdeburg	Archbishopric of Magdeburg	Germany	13th century		Capital of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Saxon	Goslar	Imperial City of Goslar	Germany	1267	1566	Goslar was a fief of Saxony until 1280.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Saxon	Erfurt	Archbishopric of Mainz	Germany	1430			^[1]^[4]^[14]
Saxon	Stade	Archbishopric of Bremen	Germany				^[1]^[7]
Saxon	Berlin	Margraviate of Brandenburg	Germany		1442	Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.	^[3]^: 120^[4]^[5]^: 32^[6]^[8]
Saxon	Frankfurt an der Oder	Margraviate of Brandenburg	Germany	1430	1442	Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.	^[4]^[5]^: 32^[6]^[8]
Baltic	Gdańsk - Danzig (Gdańsk)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1358		Capital of the Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) Circle. Danzig had been first a part of the Duchy of Pomerelia, a fief of the Polish Crown, with Polish-Kashubian population, then part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1308 until 1457. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia including Gdańsk was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1]^[2]^[3]^: 120^[4]^[5]^: 81^[6]^[7]^[8]^[15]^: 403
Baltic	Elbing (Elbląg)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1358		Elbing had originally been part of the territory of the Old Prussians, until the 1230s when it became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Elbląg was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[15]^: 452
Baltic	Thorn (Toruń)	Teutonic Order	Poland	1280		Toruń was part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1233 until 1466. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Toruń, was part of the Kingdom of Poland.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[8]^[15]^: 436
Baltic	Kraków	Kingdom of Poland	Poland	c. 1370	c. 1500	Kraków was the capital of the Kingdom of Poland, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted Magdeburg town law and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated with Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings.	^[16]^[4]^[6]^[8]^[17]^[18]^[19]
Baltic	Breslau, (Wrocław)	Kingdom of Bohemia	Poland	1387	1474	Breslau, a part of the Duchy of Breslau and the Kingdom of Bohemia, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings	^[4]^[6]^[8]^[20]^[21]
Baltic	Königsberg (Kaliningrad)	Teutonic Order	Russia	1340		Königsberg was the capital of the Teutonic Order, becoming the capital of Ducal Prussia on the Order's secularisation in 1466. Ducal Prussia was a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown until gaining its independence in the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after East Prussia was divided between the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference.	^[1]^[4]^[6]^[8]
Baltic	Rīga	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Latvia	1282		During the Livonian War (1558–83), Riga became a Free imperial city until the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn ceded Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[8]^[22]^: 20
Baltic	Reval (Tallinn)	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Estonia	1285		On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold, with the rest of northern Estonia, to the Teutonic Order in 1346. After the Livonian War (1558–83), northern Estonia became a part of the Swedish Empire.	^[23]^[1]^[3]^: 47^[4]^[5]^: 81^[6]^[8]
Baltic	Dorpat (Tartu)	Terra Mariana (Livonia)	Estonia	1280s		The Bishopric of Dorpat gained increasing autonomy within the Terra Mariana. During the Livonian War (1558–83), Dorpat fell under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn definitively ceding Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).	^[23]^[1]^[4]^[6]^[8]
Westphalian	Cologne	Imperial City of Cologne	Germany		1669	Capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle until after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (German: Verhanst) for some years for having supported England; Dortmund was made capital of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne.	^[1]^[2]^[3]^: 120^[4]^[6]^[7]
Westphalian	Dortmund	Imperial City of Dortmund	Germany			After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle.	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[8]
Westphalian	Deventer	Bishopric of Utrecht	Netherlands	1000	1500		^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[10]^[24]^[25]^[26]^: 438
Westphalian	Kampen	Bishopric of Utrecht	Netherlands	1441			^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[25]^[26]^: 433
Westphalian	Groningen	Friesland	Netherlands				^[1]^[4]^[6]^[10]
Westphalian	Münster	Prince-Bishopric of Münster	Germany				^[1]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[8]
Westphalian	Osnabrück	Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück	Germany	12th century			^[1]^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Westphalian	Soest	Imperial City of Soest	Germany		1609	The city was a part of the Electorate of Cologne until acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned with the Duchy of Cleves.	^[1]^[4]^[5]^: 82^[6]^[7]^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.
^ "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.
^ "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 April 2011.
^ Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.
^ Cite error: The named reference Blumówna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.
^ Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.
^ Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
^ Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.
^ Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.
^ Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Mehler EPOC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.
^ ^a ^b McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.

After, with bundling the ref tags

See WP:BUNDLING, and coding details in Help:Citation merging.

'Hansa Proper' table with bundled refs

Note: Considered bundling the ref tags. Unfortunately, when name="..." parameters are coded in the ref tags, these will be lost when bundling the citations within a single ref tag. Therefore, it seems the only solution is {{plainlist...}} after all.

Quarter	City	Territory	Now	From	Until	Notes	Refs
Wendish	Lübeck	Free City of Lübeck	Germany			Capital of the Hanseatic League, capital of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle	^[1]^[2]^[3]^{: 47, 120}^[4]^[5]^: 74, 82^[6]

References

^ Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.
^ Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.
^ Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

After, with plainlist

'Hansa Proper' table with plainlist, to preserve (ref name="...") parameters

Note: Applying {{plainlist...}} is the appropriate solution.

Quarter	City	Territory	Now	From	Until	Notes	Refs
Wendish	Lübeck	Free City of Lübeck	Germany			Capital of the Hanseatic League, capital of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle	^[1] ^[2] ^[3]^{: 47, 120} ^[4] ^[5]^: 74, 82 ^[6]

References

^ Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.
^ Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.
^ Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

Sample: Vladimir Horowitz's recordings of the works of Chopin

Year of issue	Album details	Recording date(s)	Record label
1982	Horowitz At the Met^[1] Chopin: Ballade in F minor, Op. 52 / Waltz in A-flat major, Op. 69, No. 1	November 1981	RCA Red Seal Records
1983	Horowitz in London^[2] Chopin: Polonaise-Fantasie, Op. 61 / Ballade in G minor, Op. 23	May 1982	RCA Red Seal Records
1985	Vladimir Horowitz – The Last Romantic^[3] Chopin: Mazurka in A minor, Op. 17, No. 4 / Scherzo in B minor, Op. 20 / Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53	April 1985	Deutsche Grammophon
1986	Horowitz in Moscow^[4] Chopin: Mazurka in C-sharp minor, Op. 30, No. 4 / Mazurka in F minor, Op. 7, No. 3	April 1986	Deutsche Grammophon
1990	Horowitz – The Last Recording^[5] Chopin: Mazurka in C minor, Op. 56, No. 3 / Nocturne E-flat major, Op. 55, No. 2 / Fantasy-Impromptu in C-sharp minor, Op. 66 / Etude in A-flat major, Op. 25, No. 1 / Nocturne in B major, Op. 62, No. 1	October & November, 1989	Sony Classical
1990	Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 1^[6] Polonaise-Fantasie, Op. 61 / Ballade in G minor, Op. 23 / Barcarolle, Op. 50 / Etude in C-sharp minor, Op. 25, No. 7 / Etude in G-flat major, Op. 10, No. 5 / Ballade in F minor, Op. 52 / Waltz in A-flat major, Op. 69, No. 1 / Andante Spianato and Grande Polonaise in E-flat major, Op. 22	1945–1982	RCA Gold Seal
1991	Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 2^[7] Sonata in B-flat minor, Op. 35 / Nocturne in E-flat major, Op. 9, No. 2 / Nocturne in F minor, Op. 55, No. 1 / Impromptu in A-flat major, Op. 29 / Etude in E major, Op. 10, No. 3 / Etude in C-sharp minor, Op. 10, No. 4 / Ballade in G minor, Op. 23 / Mazurka in C-sharp minor, Op. 30, No. 4 / Scherzo in B minor, Op. 20	1947–1957	RCA Gold Seal
1992	Schumann: Kinderszenen, Brahms, Chopin, Debussy^[8] Chopin: Barcarole, Op. 60 / Nocturne in F-sharp major, Op. 15, No. 2 / Mazurka in B-flat minor, Op. 24, No. 4, / Mazurka in C-sharp minor, Op. 30, No. 4 / Scherzo in C-sharp minor, Op. 39	1928–1977	RCA Gold Seal
1992	Discovered Treasures^[9] Chopin: Etude in A-flat major, from Trois nouvelles études / Etude No. 6 in E-flat minor, Op. 10, No. 6 / Prelude in D-flat major, Op. 28, No. 15	1963–1972	Sony Classical
1993	Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 3^[10] Scherzos: No. 1 in B minor, Op. 20 / No. 2 in B-flat minor, Op. 31 Mazurkas: Op. 59, No. 3 / Op. 41, No. 1 / Op. 50, No. 3 / Op. 63, No. 2 / Op. 63, No. 3, Op. 7, No. 3 Nocturnes: Op. 9, No. 3 / Op. 15, No. 1 / Op. 72, No. 1 Ballade in F minor, Op. 52 Waltz in A minor, Op. 34, No. 2 Polonaise-Fantasie, Op. 61	1945–1957	RCA Gold Seal
1993	Horowitz Plays Beethoven, Scarlatti, Chopin^[11] Chopin: Mazurka in D-flat major, Op. 30, No. 3 / Nocturne in D-flat major, Op. 27, No. 2 / Nocturne in E Minor, Op. 72 / Waltz in A Minor, Op. 42, No. 2 / Waltz in C-sharp Minor, Op. 64, No. 2 / Ballade in A-flat major, Op. 47	1928–1959	RCA Gold Seal
1993	The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 1: The Studio Recordings 1962–1963^[12] Chopin: Sonata in B-flat Minor, Op. 35 / Scherzo, Op. 20 / Etude in C minor, Op. 10 No. 12 / Etude in C sharp minor, Op. 25 No. 7	1962–1963	Sony Classical
1993	The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 3: The Historic Return^[13] Chopin: Ballade in G minor, Op. 23 / Mazurka in C sharp minor, Op. 30 No. 4 / Mazurka in B minor, Op. 33, No. 4 / Etude in F major, Op. 10 No. 8 / Nocturne in E minor, Op. 72, No. 1	1965–1966	Sony Classical
1993	The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 4: The Legendary 1968 TV Concert^[14] Chopin: Ballade in G minor, Op. 23 / Nocturne in F minor, Op. 55, No. 1 / Polonaise in F-sharp minor, Op. 44	1968	Sony Classical
1993	The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 7: Early Romantics^[15] Chopin: Seven Mazurkas / Etude in G-flat major, Op. 10, No. 5 / Etude in C-sharp minor, Op. 10, No. 4 / Etude in E major, Op. 10, No. 3 / Etude in C minor, Op. 10, No. 12 / Etude in E-flat minor, Op. 10, No. 6 / Etude No. 2 in A-Flat major from Trois nouvelles études / Introduction and Rondo in E-flat major, Op. 16 / Waltz in A minor, Op. 34 No.2 / Waltz in C-sharp minor, Op. 64 No. 2 / Prelude in B minor, Op. 28 No. 6 / Prelude in D-flat major, Op. 28 No. 15 / Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53 / Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1	1968–1971	Sony Classical
1994	The Private Collection Vol. 1^[16] Chopin: Fantasy in F minor, Op. 49 / Polonaise in C-sharp minor, Op. 26, No. 1 / Mazurka in B minor, Op. 30, No. 2	1945–1950	RCA Red Seal
1997	Vladimir Horowitz, Solo Recordings 1928–1936^[17] Chopin: Scherzo in E major, Op. 54 / 3 Mazurkas / 4 Etudes	1930–1936	Pearl
2001	Chopin: Piano Music^[18] Polonaise-Fantasie, Op. 61 / Ballade in G minor, Op, 23 / Nocturne in E-flat major, Op. 9, No. 2 / Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1 / Barcarolle, Op. 60 / Etude in C-sharp minor, Op. 25, No. 7 / Etude in G-flat major, Op. 10, No. 5 "Black Keys" / Nocturne in B major, Op. 9, No. 3 / Nocturne in F major, Op. 15, No. 1 / Ballade in F minor, Op. 52 / Waltz in A-flat major, Op. 69, No. 1	1957–1982	RCA Red Seal
2003	The Boston Recital^[19] Chopin: Ballade in F minor, Op. 52 / Mazurka in C-sharp minor, Op. 30, No. 4 / Scherzo in B minor, Op. 20	October 1969	Living Stage
2003	Horowitz reDiscovered^[20] Chopin: Waltz in A minor, Op. 34, No. 2 / Scherzo in B minor, Op. 20 Japanese edition only: Chopin Mazurka in A minor, Op. 17, No. 4 from November 23, 1975 recital	November 16, 1975	RCA Red Seal
2003	Horowitz Live and Unedited – The Historic 1965 Carnegie Hall Return Concert^[21] Chopin: Mazurka in C-sharp minor, Op. 30, No. 4 / Etude in F major, Op. 10, No. 8 / Ballade in G minor, Op. 23	1962–1965	Sony Masterworks
2008	Horowitz in Hamburg – The Last Concert^[22] Chopin: Mazurka in B minor, Op. 33, No. 4 / Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53	July 21, 1987	Deutsche Grammophon
2009	Vladimir Horowitz At Carnegie Hall – The Private Collection: Schumann, Chopin, Liszt & Balakirev^[23] Chopin: Barcarolle, Op. 60	1946–1950	Sony Classics
2009	The Welte Mignon Mystery Vol. XI – Vladimir Horowitz today playing all his 1926 interpretations.^[24] Chopin: Barcarole, Op. 60 / Mazurka No. 21 Op. 30, No. 4 in C-sharp minor / Mazurka No. 40 Op. 63, No. 2 in F minor / Mazurka No. 41 Op. 63, No. 3 in C-sharp minor / Étude Op. 10, No. 8 in F major / Étude Op. 10, No. 5 in G-flat major	1926/2009	Tacet
2010	Horowitz – The Legendary Berlin Concert^[25] Chopin: Mazurka in A minor, Op. 17 No. 4 / Mazurka in F minor, Op. 7 No. 3 / Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53	May 18, 1986	Sony Classics

References

^ "Horowitz At the Met". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "Horowitz in London". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
^ "Vladimir Horowitz – The Last Romantic". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
^ "Horowitz in Moscow". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ "Horowitz – The Last Recording". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 1". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 2". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "Schumann: Kinderszenen, Brahms, Chopin, Debussy". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
^ "Discovered Treasures". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 3". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "Horowitz Plays Beethoven, Scarlatti, Chopin". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 1: The Studio Recordings 1962–1963". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ "The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 3: The Historic Return". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
^ "The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 4: The Legendary 1968 TV Concert". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
^ "The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 7: Early Romantics". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
^ "The Private Collection Vol. 1". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "Vladimir Horowitz, Solo Recordings 1928–1936". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ "Chopin: Piano Music". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ "The Boston Recital". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ "Horowitz reDiscovered". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ "Horowitz Live and Unedited – The Historic 1965 Carnegie Hall Return Concert". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ "Horowitz in Hamburg – The Last Concert". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ "Vladimir Horowitz At Carnegie Hall – The Private Collection: Schumann, Chopin, Liszt & Balakirev". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
^ The Welte Mignon Mystery Vol. XI Retrieved 2011-01-25.
^ "Horowitz – The Legendary Berlin Concert". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-28.

[Falke-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Natkiel-2] Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Keating-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Penguin-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.

[Holborn-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.

[Dollinger2000_list-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[Barthold-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.

[Schäfer-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.

[Wernicke-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.

[Mehler_JNA-10] Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.

[EB:Stralsund-11] "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[Buchholz-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.

[Visby-13] "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 April 2011.

[14] Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.

[LP_Poland-15] Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.

[Blumówna-16] Cite error: The named reference Blumówna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[17] Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.

[Carter-18] Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.

[Jelicz-19] Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.

[Gilewska-Dubis-20] Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.

[Buśko-21] Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.

[Turnbull-22] Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.

[Mills-23] Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mehler_EPOC-24] Cite error: The named reference Mehler EPOC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[LP_Netherlands-25] ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.

[McDonald-26] McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.

[Natkiel-27] Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Keating-28] Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Penguin-29] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Cite error: The named reference Penguin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Holborn-30] Cite error: The named reference Holborn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mehler_JNA-31] Cite error: The named reference Mehler JNA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mehler_EPOC-32] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Mehler, Natascha (2011). "Hansefahrer im hohen Norden" (PDF). epoc (2): 16–25, particularly 20 and 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.

[1911:Hanseatic_League-33] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hanseatic League". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[Mehler_Hansa-34] Mehler, Natascha (April 2009). "HANSA: The Hanseatic Expansion in the North Atlantic". University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[McDonald-35] Cite error: The named reference McDonald was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Dollinger2000_tensions-36] Cite error: The named reference Dollinger2000 tensions was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Ward-37] Ward, Adolphus William. Collected Papers Historical, Literary, Travel and Miscellaneous. pp. 95, 391.

[Grimwade-38] Grimwade, Patricia (2019). Ipswich: A Hanseatic Port. Ipswich: Ipswich Maritime Trust.

[Mills-39] Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Falke-40] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Natkiel-41] Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Keating-42] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Penguin-43] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.

[Holborn-44] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.

[Dollinger2000_list-45] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[Barthold-46] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.

[Schäfer-47] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.

[Wernicke-48] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.

[Mehler_JNA-49] Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.

[EB:Stralsund-50] "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[Buchholz-51] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.

[Visby-52] "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 April 2011.

[53] Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.

[LP_Poland-54] Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.

[Blumówna-55] Cite error: The named reference Blumówna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[56] Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.

[Carter-57] Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.

[Jelicz-58] Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.

[Gilewska-Dubis-59] Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.

[Buśko-60] Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.

[Turnbull-61] Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.

[Mills-62] Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mehler_EPOC-63] Cite error: The named reference Mehler EPOC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[LP_Netherlands-64] ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.

[McDonald-65] McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.

[Falke-66] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Natkiel-67] Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Keating-68] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Penguin-69] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.

[Holborn-70] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.

[Dollinger2000_list-71] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[Barthold-72] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.

[Schäfer-73] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.

[Wernicke-74] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.

[Mehler_JNA-75] Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.

[EB:Stralsund-76] "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[Buchholz-77] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.

[Visby-78] "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 April 2011.

[79] Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.

[LP_Poland-80] Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.

[Blumówna-81] Cite error: The named reference Blumówna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[82] Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.

[Carter-83] Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.

[Jelicz-84] Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.

[Gilewska-Dubis-85] Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.

[Buśko-86] Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.

[Turnbull-87] Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.

[Mills-88] Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mehler_EPOC-89] Cite error: The named reference Mehler EPOC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[LP_Netherlands-90] ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.

[McDonald-91] McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.

[Falke-92] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Natkiel-93] Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Keating-94] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Penguin-95] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.

[Holborn-96] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.

[Dollinger2000_list-97] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[Barthold-98] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.

[Schäfer-99] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.

[Wernicke-100] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.

[Mehler_JNA-101] Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.

[EB:Stralsund-102] "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[Buchholz-103] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.

[Visby-104] "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 April 2011.

[105] Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.

[LP_Poland-106] Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.

[Blumówna-107] Cite error: The named reference Blumówna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[108] Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.

[Carter-109] Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.

[Jelicz-110] Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.

[Gilewska-Dubis-111] Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.

[Buśko-112] Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.

[Turnbull-113] Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.

[Mills-114] Cite error: The named reference Mills was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mehler_EPOC-115] Cite error: The named reference Mehler EPOC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[LP_Netherlands-116] ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.

[McDonald-117] McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.

[Falke-118] Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Natkiel-119] Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Keating-120] Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Penguin-121] Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.

[Holborn-122] Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.

[Dollinger2000_list-123] Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[Falke-124] Cite error: The named reference Falke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Natkiel-125] Cite error: The named reference Natkiel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Keating-126] Cite error: The named reference Keating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Penguin-127] Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.

[Holborn-128] Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.

[Dollinger2000_list-129] Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[130] "Horowitz At the Met". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[131] "Horowitz in London". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-09.

[132] "Vladimir Horowitz – The Last Romantic". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-28.

[133] "Horowitz in Moscow". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.

[134] "Horowitz – The Last Recording". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[135] "Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 1". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[136] "Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 2". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[137] "Schumann: Kinderszenen, Brahms, Chopin, Debussy". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-18.

[138] "Discovered Treasures". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[139] "Horowitz Plays Chopin, Vol. 3". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[140] "Horowitz Plays Beethoven, Scarlatti, Chopin". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[141] "The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 1: The Studio Recordings 1962–1963". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-15.

[142] "The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 3: The Historic Return". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-18.

[143] "The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 4: The Legendary 1968 TV Concert". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-18.

[144] "The Complete Masterworks Recordings, Vol. 7: Early Romantics". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-18.

[145] "The Private Collection Vol. 1". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[146] "Vladimir Horowitz, Solo Recordings 1928–1936". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.

[147] "Chopin: Piano Music". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.

[148] "The Boston Recital". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.

[149] "Horowitz reDiscovered". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-15.

[150] "Horowitz Live and Unedited – The Historic 1965 Carnegie Hall Return Concert". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.

[151] "Horowitz in Hamburg – The Last Concert". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-13.

[152] "Vladimir Horowitz At Carnegie Hall – The Private Collection: Schumann, Chopin, Liszt & Balakirev". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-21.

[153] The Welte Mignon Mystery Vol. XI Retrieved 2011-01-25.

[154] "Horowitz – The Legendary Berlin Concert". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-28.

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