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Epidemiology

[edit]
Updated December 30, 2024.
COVID-19 pandemic by location[1]
Location Cases Deaths
World[a] 777,074,039 7,079,129
European Union European Union[b] 186,326,528 1,266,431
United States United States 103,436,829 1,210,067
China China[c] 99,381,428 122,389
India India 45,044,521 533,658
France France 39,008,711 168,123
Germany Germany 38,437,756 174,979
Brazil Brazil 37,511,921 702,116
South Korea South Korea 34,571,873 35,934
Japan Japan 33,803,572 74,694
Italy Italy 26,826,486 197,542
United Kingdom United Kingdom 25,021,035 232,112
Russia Russia 24,771,517 403,923
Turkey Turkey 17,004,712 101,419
Spain Spain 13,980,340 121,852
Australia Australia 11,861,161 25,236
Vietnam Vietnam 11,624,000 43,206
Argentina Argentina 10,110,358 130,730
Taiwan Taiwan 9,970,937 17,672
Netherlands Netherlands 8,640,582 22,986
Iran Iran 7,627,863 146,837
Mexico Mexico 7,622,487 334,816
Indonesia Indonesia 6,829,949 162,059
Poland Poland 6,767,469 120,967
Colombia Colombia 6,394,655 142,727
Austria Austria 6,083,011 22,534
Greece Greece 5,747,684 39,813
Portugal Portugal 5,670,415 29,075
Ukraine Ukraine 5,541,489 109,925
Chile Chile 5,408,705 64,497
Malaysia Malaysia 5,325,669 37,351
Belgium Belgium 4,892,342 34,339
Israel Israel 4,841,558 12,707
Czech Republic Czech Republic 4,823,694 43,761
Canada Canada 4,819,055 55,282
Thailand Thailand 4,806,280 34,741
Peru Peru 4,528,708 220,994
Switzerland Switzerland 4,474,075 14,170
Philippines Philippines 4,173,631 66,864
South Africa South Africa 4,072,857 102,595
Romania Romania 3,567,404 68,949
Denmark Denmark 3,444,841 10,012
Singapore Singapore 3,006,155 2,024
Hong Kong Hong Kong 2,876,106 13,466
Sweden Sweden 2,769,633 28,283
New Zealand New Zealand 2,661,984 4,489
Serbia Serbia 2,583,470 18,057
Iraq Iraq 2,465,545 25,375
Hungary Hungary 2,237,300 49,114
Bangladesh Bangladesh 2,051,516 29,499
Slovakia Slovakia 1,885,409 21,262
Georgia (country) Georgia 1,864,383 17,151
Republic of Ireland Republic of Ireland 1,751,759 9,909
Jordan Jordan 1,746,997 14,122
Pakistan Pakistan 1,580,631 30,656
Norway Norway 1,530,642 5,732
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 1,504,370 19,072
Finland Finland 1,499,712 11,466
Lithuania Lithuania 1,418,458 9,862
Slovenia Slovenia 1,360,964 9,914
Croatia Croatia 1,352,684 18,781
Bulgaria Bulgaria 1,338,911 38,771
Morocco Morocco 1,279,115 16,305
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 1,252,713 5,938
Guatemala Guatemala 1,250,394 20,203
Lebanon Lebanon 1,239,904 10,947
Costa Rica Costa Rica 1,235,825 9,374
Bolivia Bolivia 1,212,156 22,387
Tunisia Tunisia 1,153,361 29,423
Cuba Cuba 1,113,662 8,530
Ecuador Ecuador 1,078,897 36,055
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates 1,067,030 2,349
Panama Panama 1,044,987 8,756
Uruguay Uruguay 1,042,389 7,692
Mongolia Mongolia 1,011,489 2,136
Nepal Nepal 1,003,450 12,031
Belarus Belarus 994,045 7,118
Latvia Latvia 977,765 7,475
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 841,469 9,646
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 836,492 10,353
Paraguay Paraguay 735,759 19,880
Cyprus Cyprus 709,396 1,497
State of Palestine Palestine 703,228 5,708
Bahrain Bahrain 696,614 1,536
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 672,812 16,907
Kuwait Kuwait 667,290 2,570
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 661,103 4,384
Moldova Moldova 650,822 12,283
Myanmar Myanmar 643,238 19,494
Estonia Estonia 613,546 2,998
Venezuela Venezuela 552,695 5,856
Egypt Egypt 516,023 24,830
Qatar Qatar 514,524 690
Libya Libya 507,269 6,437
Ethiopia Ethiopia 501,258 7,574
Réunion Réunion 494,595 921
Honduras Honduras 472,911 11,114
Armenia Armenia 453,040 8,779
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina 404,093 16,404
Oman Oman 399,449 4,628
Luxembourg Luxembourg 396,674 1,000
North Macedonia North Macedonia 352,060 9,990
Brunei Brunei 349,972 182
Zambia Zambia 349,892 4,078
Kenya Kenya 344,113 5,689
Albania Albania 337,196 3,608
Botswana Botswana 330,696 2,801
Mauritius Mauritius 329,686 1,074
Kosovo Kosovo 274,279 3,212
Algeria Algeria 272,189 6,881
Nigeria Nigeria 267,190 3,155
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 266,399 5,740
Montenegro Montenegro 251,280 2,654
Afghanistan Afghanistan 235,214 7,998
Mozambique Mozambique 233,876 2,252
Martinique Martinique 230,354 1,104
Laos Laos 219,060 671
Iceland Iceland 210,731 186
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 203,235 1,021
El Salvador El Salvador 201,967 4,230
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago 191,496 4,390
Maldives Maldives 186,694 316
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan 175,082 1,016
Namibia Namibia 172,556 4,110
Ghana Ghana 172,331 1,463
Uganda Uganda 172,161 3,632
Jamaica Jamaica 157,346 3,621
Cambodia Cambodia 139,325 3,056
Rwanda Rwanda 133,266 1,468
Cameroon Cameroon 125,279 1,974
Malta Malta 123,582 1,167
Barbados Barbados 108,836 593
Angola Angola 107,487 1,937
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo 100,990 1,474
French Guiana French Guiana 98,041 413
Senegal Senegal 89,318 1,972
Malawi Malawi 89,168 2,686
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 88,953 1,024
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast 88,457 835
Suriname Suriname 82,505 1,406
New Caledonia New Caledonia 80,203 314
French Polynesia French Polynesia 79,451 650
Eswatini Eswatini 75,356 1,427
Guyana Guyana 74,492 1,302
Belize Belize 71,430 688
Fiji Fiji 69,047 885
Madagascar Madagascar 68,598 1,428
Jersey Jersey 66,391 161
Cape Verde Cabo Verde 64,474 417
Sudan Sudan 63,993 5,046
Mauritania Mauritania 63,879 997
Bhutan Bhutan 62,697 21
Syria Syria 57,423 3,163
Burundi Burundi 54,569 15
Guam Guam 52,287 419
Seychelles Seychelles 51,899 172
Gabon Gabon 49,056 307
Andorra Andorra 48,015 159
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea 46,864 670
Curaçao Curaçao 45,883 305
Aruba Aruba 44,224 292
Tanzania Tanzania 43,365 846
Mayotte Mayotte 42,027 187
Togo Togo 39,537 290
The Bahamas Bahamas 39,127 849
Guinea Guinea 38,582 468
Isle of Man Isle of Man 38,008 116
Lesotho Lesotho 36,138 709
Guernsey Guernsey 35,326 67
Haiti Haiti 34,751 860
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 34,658 28
Mali Mali 33,180 743
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia 31,765 65
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands 31,472 37
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia 30,231 410
Benin Benin 28,036 163
Somalia Somalia 27,334 1,361
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands 25,954 199
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands 25,389 132
San Marino San Marino 25,292 126
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo 25,234 389
East Timor Timor-Leste 23,460 138
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso 22,165 400
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 21,612 89
Gibraltar Gibraltar 20,550 113
Grenada Grenada 19,693 238
Bermuda Bermuda 18,860 165
South Sudan South Sudan 18,855 147
Tajikistan Tajikistan 17,786 125
Monaco Monaco 17,181 67
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea 17,130 183
Samoa Samoa 17,057 31
Tonga Tonga 16,992 13
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands 16,297 17
Nicaragua Nicaragua 16,197 245
Dominica Dominica 16,047 74
Djibouti Djibouti 15,690 189
Central African Republic Central African Republic 15,443 113
Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands 14,985 41
The Gambia Gambia 12,627 372
Collectivity of Saint Martin Collectivity of Saint Martin 12,324 46
Vanuatu Vanuatu 12,019 14
Greenland Greenland 11,971 21
Yemen Yemen 11,945 2,159
Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands 11,922 41
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten 11,051 92
Eritrea Eritrea 10,189 103
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9,674 124
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau 9,614 177
Niger Niger 9,528 315
Comoros Comoros 9,109 161
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda 9,106 146
American Samoa American Samoa 8,359 34
Liberia Liberia 8,090 294
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 7,985 126
Chad Chad 7,702 194
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands 7,643 64
Cook Islands Cook Islands 7,375 2
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 6,833 40
São Tomé and Príncipe Sao Tome and Principe 6,771 80
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis 6,607 46
Palau Palau 6,372 10
Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy 5,507 5
Nauru Nauru 5,393 1
Kiribati Kiribati 5,085 24
Anguilla Anguilla 3,904 12
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna 3,760 9
Macau Macau 3,514 121
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3,426 2
Tuvalu Tuvalu 2,943 1
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2,166 0
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands 1,923 0
Montserrat Montserrat 1,403 8
Niue Niue 1,092 0
Tokelau Tokelau 80 0
Vatican City Vatican City 26 0
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands 4 0
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan 0 0
North Korea North Korea 0 0
  1. ^ Countries which do not report data for a column are not included in that column's world total.
  2. ^ Data on member states of the European Union are individually listed, but are also summed here for convenience. They are not double-counted in world totals.
  3. ^ Does not include special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau) or Taiwan.


Background

[edit]

On 31 December 2019, health authorities in China reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) a cluster of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei,[2][3] and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.[4] On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)—7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five WHO regions.[5][6] Previously, bats in China have been identified as possessing a great diversity of coronaviruses.[7][8][9][10]

Several of the early cases had visited Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market[11] and so the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin.[12] The virus that caused the outbreak is known as SARS‑CoV‑2, a newly discovered virus closely related to bat coronaviruses,[13] pangolin coronaviruses,[14][15] and SARS-CoV.[16] The scientific consensus is that COVID-19 has a natural origin.[17][18] The probable bat-to-human infection may have been among people processing bat carcasses and/or guano in the production of traditional Chinese medicines.[19] Guano is a popular source of organic fertilizer in many countries around the world, including China.[20][21][22][23] Other uses of guano in China include a folk medicine remedy to improve eyesight by rubbing guano in the eyes in order to improve eyesight.[24][25][26] Various theories have suggested that workers in the guano trade in China are the source of the COVID-19 pandemic.[24][25][26][19] However, spelunkers, miners, and tourists who visit caves and come into close contact with bat colonies and breathe the same air as them have also been suggested to have been the initial source of the COVID-19 pandemic.[27]

The earliest known person with symptoms was later discovered to have fallen ill on 1 December 2019, and that person did not have visible connections with the later wet market cluster.[28][29] Of the early cluster of cases reported that month, two-thirds were found to have a link with the market.[30][31][32] On 13 March 2020, an unverified report from the South China Morning Post suggested a case traced back to 17 November 2019 (a 55-year-old from Hubei) may have been the first person infected.[33][34]

The WHO recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[35] Italy, Iran, South Korea, and Japan reported surging cases. The total numbers outside China quickly passed China's.[36]

  1. ^ Mathieu, Edouard; Ritchie, Hannah; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Dattani, Saloni; Beltekian, Diana; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (2020–2024). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
  2. ^ "Novel Coronavirus". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  3. ^ "27 cases of viral pneumonia reported in central China's Wuhan City". news.cgtn.com. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Mystery pneumonia virus probed in China". BBC News. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  5. ^ WHO Report (30 January 2020). "Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report-10" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  6. ^ "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". World Health Organization (WHO). 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  7. ^ Lin, Xian-Dan; Wang, Wen; Hao, Zong-Yu; Wang, Zhao-Xiao; Guo, Wen-Ping; Guan, Xiao-Qing; Wang, Miao-Ruo; Wang, Hong-Wei; Zhou, Run-Hong; Li, Ming-Hui; Tang, Guang-Peng (2017-07-01). "Extensive diversity of coronaviruses in bats from China". Virology. 507: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.019. ISSN 0042-6822.
  8. ^ Lin, Xian-Dan; Wang, Wen; Hao, Zong-Yu; Wang, Zhao-Xiao; Guo, Wen-Ping; Guan, Xiao-Qing; Wang, Miao-Ruo; Wang, Hong-Wei; Zhou, Run-Hong; Li, Ming-Hui; Tang, Guang-Peng (2017-07-01). "Extensive diversity of coronaviruses in bats from China". Virology. 507: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.019. ISSN 0042-6822.
  9. ^ Fan, Yi; Zhao, Kai; Shi, Zheng-Li; Zhou, Peng (2019-03-02). "Bat Coronaviruses in China". Viruses. 11 (3). doi:10.3390/v11030210. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 6466186. PMID 30832341.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Tang, X. C.; Zhang, J. X.; Zhang, S. Y.; Wang, P.; Fan, X. H.; Li, L. F.; Li, G.; Dong, B. Q.; Liu, W.; Cheung, C. L.; Xu, K. M. (2006-08-01). "Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Coronaviruses in Bats from China". Journal of Virology. 80 (15): 7481–7490. doi:10.1128/JVI.00697-06. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 16840328.
  11. ^ Sun, Jiumeng; He, Wan-Ting; Wang, Lifang; Lai, Alexander; Ji, Xiang; Zhai, Xiaofeng; Li, Gairu; Suchard, Marc A.; Tian, Jin; Zhou, Jiyong; Veit, Michael; Su, Shuo (2020). "COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 26 (5): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008. PMC 7118693. PMID 32359479.
  12. ^ Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team (February 2020). "[The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi (in Chinese). 41 (2): 145–151. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003. PMID 32064853.
  13. ^ Perlman S (February 2020). "Another Decade, Another Coronavirus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 760–762. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126. PMC 7121143. PMID 31978944.
  14. ^ Cyranoski D (March 2020). "Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus". Nature. 579 (7797): 18–19. Bibcode:2020Natur.579...18C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w. PMID 32127703.
  15. ^ Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z (April 2020). "Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS‑CoV‑2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak". Current Biology. 30 (7): 1346–1351.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022. PMC 7156161. PMID 32197085.
  16. ^ "Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2): increased transmission beyond China—fourth update" (PDF). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  17. ^ "The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say—Scripps Research's analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS‑CoV‑2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered". EurekAlert!. Scripps Research Institute. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  18. ^ Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF (April 2020). "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2". Nature Medicine. 26 (4): 450–452. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. PMC 7095063. PMID 32284615.
  19. ^ a b Wassenaar, Trudy; Zhou, Y. (May 2020), "2019_nCoV/SARS‐CoV‐2: rapid classification of betacoronaviruses and identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine as potential origin of zoonotic coronaviruses", Letters in Applied Microbiology, 70 (5): 342–348, doi:10.1111/lam.13285, PMC 7165814, PMID 32060933
  20. ^ "Did Coronavirus Come from the Bat Guano Trade? | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  21. ^ Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn; Sintunawa, Chirapol; Kaewpom, Thongchai; Khongnomnan, Kritsada; Olival, Kevin J.; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Rodpan, Apaporn; Sangsri, Paiboon; Intarut, Nirun; Chindamporn, Ariya; Suksawa, Kanyarat (2013-8). "Group C Betacoronavirus in Bat Guano Fertilizer, Thailand". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (8): 1349–1352. doi:10.3201/eid1908.130119. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3739538. PMID 23880503. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ "Modern-day reliance on bats makes it hard to banish their virus risk". Fortune. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  23. ^ "Bat survey identifies six new coronaviruses". www.medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  24. ^ a b Mendick, Robert; Morgan, Tom (2020-05-03). "Bat faeces, linked to coronavirus outbreak in humans, available on Amazon and delivered to the UK". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
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  33. ^ Ma J (13 March 2020). "China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
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