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Legacy

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Cape Palinuro, a cape in the Campania region of Italy takes its name from Palinurus..[1][2][3] From the cape, the town of Palinuro and Cape Palinuro Lighthouse take their names. In the main square of Palinuro there is a poem commemorating the helmsman.[3]

In 1892, the writer of a letter to the Nautical Magazine criticizing the continued existence of an Indian Marine separate from the Royal Navy signed with the pseudonym Palinurus.[4]

In The House of Fame, the English poet Chaucer briefly mentions seeing Palinurus amongst the depictions of Aeneas's journeys in the temple of Venus.[5][6]

In 1975 artist Hilary Custance Green created the sculpture Palinuris' Tomb from steel and terrosa ferrata, plaster and iron fillings. The sculpture, intended to finally provide Palinuris with a suitable resting place, was moved from public display to the artist's garden in the late 1970s and was restored in 2017.[7][8]

In the 1920s, An Gaidheal, the magazine of Scottish heritage organization An Comunn Gàidhealach, described Donald Macleod, a supporter of Charles Edward Stuart, as the "Scots Palinurus" for his loyalty.[9]

Taxonomy

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Palinurus is a genus of spiny lobster in the family Palinuridae. Found in the eastern Atlantic and western Indian oceans and Mediterranean sea, extant species include the Palinurus barbarae, Palinurus charlestoni, Palinurus delagoae, Palinurus elephas, Palinurus gilchristi, and Palinurus mauritanicus. A 120-million year old fossil Palinurus Palaceosi found in Mexico may be the oldest lobster fossil ever found.[10] A species of lobster found in the area of Mumbai is known as the Panilurus versicolor. The name is intended as a variant of Palinurus, although it is also a Greek word meaning lewd and shameless.[11] The Papilio palinurus, or emerald swallowtail, is a butterfly native to Southeast Asia. Palinurus is a recognized variant name for the admiral cone Conus ammiralis, a species of sea snail. The name was proposed in 1792 and is not in active use.[12]

Ships

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A number of vessels have been named for Palinurus since the 19th century. On 27 December 1848, the barque Palinurus, returning to the UK from Demerara with a cargo of rum wrecked off White Island in the Isles of Scilly, claiming the lives of all seventeen crew.[13]

An American ship Palinurus was taken by the French in the Quasi-War. In 1831, the French paid $11,304 in compensation for this attack.[14]

Palinure was a 16-gun brig of the French Navy, launched in 1804. Palinure was the lead ship of the Palinure class and served under that name until captured by the British in October 1808 and renamed.[15] However, it may have still been referred to by its original name, as an 1814 poem published in the Naval Chronicle references a Palinurus then in service. [16]

The Bombay Marine of the East India Company operated a brig Palinurus in the 19th century. As the British moved towards war with Burma, the Bombay Marine decided to augment their fleet with Indian-built vessels.[17] The 192-ton 8 gun brig Palinurus, launched in 1823, was the first of these ships.[17] In 1827, the Palinurus carried former Lieutenant-Governor of Bombay Mountstuart Elphinstone from India to Qusayr in Egypt, the first leg of his journey back to the UK.[citation needed] From 1829 to 1833, the Palinurus conducted an extensive survey of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba under the command of Robert Moresby.[18] This survey was ordered to prepare for steam navigation through the Suez Canal. Originally, the Palinurus was to survey the northern half of the Red Sea while the Benares under Captain Thomas Elwon was to survey the southern half, but the Palinurus took over the entire project when Elwon was reassigned to the Persian Gulf Squadron, hiring local Arab boats and crews to accomplish this task.[17] John Felix Jones, who later became a captain and noted Indian ocean surveyor, served on the Palinurus as a midshipman at this time.[19] Subsequently, the Palinurus surveyed the coast of southern Arabia under the command of Captain Stafford B. Haines, later first British official in charge of the Protectorate of Aden.[citation needed] During its survey of the Arabian coast, the Palinurus carried Henry John Carter as assistant-surgeon. While assigned to the ship, Carter conducted archaeological investigations into the ruins of a city he referred to as El Balad.[20] On November 23, 1834, the Palinurus engaged with pirates. The ship's launch and cutter were fired upon by a small pirate vessel but returned fire and rejoined the Palinurus which fired on the pirates and forced them to abandon their ship.[21] In 1834, the Palinurus received orders to survey Socotra and assess its utility as a coaling station.[21]

The USC&GS Palinurus was an 84-foot schooner built in 1873 and operated by the United States Coast Survey until 1889, by which point the organization had become the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.[22] The Palinurus conducted such missions as an 1882-1883 survey of Long Island Sound.[23] During this survey, the Palinurus was commanded by Richardson Clover, who would go on to hold a number of important postings including director of the Office of Naval Intelligence and naval attache to the U.S. embassy in London.[23]

A full-rigged ship Palinurus, built in Quebec in 1859, wrecked on the shore of Holyhead in Wales on 4 January 1866, caught in a storm while sailing for New York with a cargo of coal.[24]

The Blue Funnel Line operated an SS Palinurus from 1886 to 1899. Sold to a Japanese company and renamed, this ship subsequently foundered in 1921.[25]

HMIS Palinurus was a steel single-screw steamer used as a survey ship.[26] This vessel was built in 1907 by Cammell Laird & Co. in Birkenhead.[27] Palinurus operated in western Indian waters in 1910 and kept a geomagnetic log book.[28] Lt. Horace Edward Headlam commanded the Palinurus from 1912 to 1913, surveying the Persian Gulf and countering gunrunning.[29] At the start of World War I, the Palinurus was refitting at Bombay and served during the war as an examination vessel at that port.[17] In 1916 and 1917, Palinurus was used to tow river craft.[17] During the 1920s, the Palinurus surveyed the Gulf of Cambay and waters around Bhavnagar under the command of R.C. McClement.[30] In 1929, Palinurus was sent to Bombay to carry out gunnery practice along with the survey vessel Investigator.[31] In 1930, Lieutenant Commander J. Ryland was appointed as commander and Engineer-Sub-Lieutenant G.W.A. Burgess was also appointed to the ship.[32] In March 1932, Palinurus surveyed the Alleppey Roads off Travancore.[33] This was her final survey work and in June 1932, the Indian government offered the Palinurus for sale, describing her as a "yacht type of vessel."[34] Whaleboats from the Palinurus competed in yachting competitions in Bombay in 1926 and 1928.[35][36] In 1928, the boat beat all other whalers, aiding in the victory of the Royal Indian Marine team.[37]


The Luciole, a hotel barge currently operating on the Canal du Nivernais in France was earlier known as the Palinurus from 1966 to 1985 while operating out of Dunkirk.[38] In 1968 the American author and journalist Emily Kimbrough published The Floating Island about her experience on this Palinurus.[38][39]

The Division of Fisheries of the Union of South Africa and Southwest Africa operated a research vessel Palinurus but by the 1950s the ship was considered obsolete and the government was planning on purchasing a replacement.[40]

Palinuro, a training vessel of the Italian Navy, is named for Palinurus. The Palinuro is a three-masted iron-hulled barquentine and uses the motto faventibus ventis, Latin for "by favourable winds.[41]

There is a fishing trawler bearing the name Palinurus, built in 1963 and flying the flag of South Africa.[42]

In the early 20th century, Palinurus referred to an instrument that could determine the true bearing of the sun without calculation and was used to calculate compass variation.[43][44]

Eventually Palinurus came to be seen as a sufficiently generic ship's name that a Palinurus was amongst the hypothetical vessels used to demonstrate techniques of nautical surveying in the journal of the Royal United Service Institution.[45]

Name Country Operator Type Dates Reference
Palinurus US Merchants Merchant Ship Quasi-War era Example
Palinure France, UK French Navy, Royal Navy Gun brig 1804-1811 (1804-1808 as Palinure) Example
Palinurus UK East India Company Survey brig ca. 1820s-1830s Example
Palinurus UK Merchants Barque Until 1848 Example
Palinurus Example Merchants Merchant Ship 1859-1866 Example
Palinurus US US Coast Survey Schooner 1873-? Example
SS Palinurus UK, Japan Blue Funnel Line Steamer 1886-1921 (1886-1899 as Palinurus) Example
Indian survey Vessel Palinurus UK Royal Navy Survey Ship 1907-? Example
Palinurus South Africa Department of Fisheries Research Ship ?-Ca. 1955 Example
Luciole France Barge people Hotel Barge 1926-Present(1966-1985 as Palinurus) Example
Palinurus South Africa Fishing people Fishing Trawler 1963-Present Example
Palinuro Italy Italian Navy Training Barquentine 1934-Present (1951-present as Palinuro) Example

Astronomy

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Two of the classical albedo features of Mars are named for Palinurus. These are Palinuri Fretum, the Strait of Palinurus, and Palinuri Sinus, the Bay of Palinurus.[46] The minor planet 4832 Palinurus, a Jupiter Trojan discovered in 1988, is named for the helmsman. The official naming citation describes "Aeneas' great helmsman and navigator, who led the remnant of the Trojan fleet across unknown seas from Troy to Carthage and Sicily, and finally to Italy, as told by Virgil in the 'Aeneid.'"[47]

References

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  1. ^ Virgil Aeneid, ed. and trans. Dryden, John Perseus Project Retrieved on 25 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Coste del Cilento - Capo Palinuro". Made in South Italy Today. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b Brouwers, Josho. "A Link to the Past: The final resting place of Palinurus". Ancient World Magazine. Retrieved 26 April 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Ancient World Magazine" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Palinurus (1892). "The R.N.R. and the Indian Marine". The Nautical Magazine. 61: 757–758. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Palinurus". Chaucer Name Dictionary. Columbia. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  6. ^ Chaucer, Geoffrey. The House of Fame (PDF). Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  7. ^ Green, Hilary Custance. "Sculpture". Hilary Custance Green. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  8. ^ Green, Hilary Custance. "Death of a sculpture? Palinurus' Tomb". Green Writing Room. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  9. ^ Walker, Agnes W (1925). "After Culloden" (PDF). An Gaidheal. 20. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  10. ^ "Mexico finds world's oldest lobster fossil". Reuters. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  11. ^ Chapgar, Dr. BF (October 31, 2000). "Salty Knights in Armour". Times of India. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  12. ^ Conus ammiralis Linnaeus, 1758. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 28 April 2020.
  13. ^ Cooper, Glynis (2002). St Martin's the ancient port of Scilly (First ed.). Glossop: Historic Occasions. p. 32. ISBN 1-900006-00-6.
  14. ^ Williams, Greg H. (2009). The French Assault on American Shipping, 1793-1813: A History and Comprehensive Record of Merchant Marine Losses. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 272. ISBN 9780786438372. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  15. ^ Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours, 1671 - 1870. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. p. 338. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6.
  16. ^ "Lunar Dispatches, or, Feats of a Master, in the Royal Navy, a notorious Boaster, and Wholesale Dealer in the Marvellous!". The Naval Chronicle. 32: 150. 1814. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d e Sridharan, Rear Admiral K. (1982). A Maritime History of India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Retrieved 28 April 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Maritime History of India" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. ^ Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The China Station, Royal Navy: A History as Seen Through the Careers of the Commanders in Chief, 1864-1941. Matador. p. 25. ISBN 9781788035217. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  19. ^ Dawson, Llewellyn Styles (1885). Memoirs of Hydrography, Volume 2. p. 88. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  20. ^ Carter, Henry John (1846). "The Ruins of El Balad. By Henry John Carter, Esq., Assistant-Surgeon, I. N. H. C. Brig 'Palinurus'". The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. 16: 187. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  21. ^ a b "Bombay 100 Years Ago (From "The Bombay Courier" February 1st 1834)". Times of India. February 1, 1934. Retrieved 28 April 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Bombay Courier" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. ^ Colton, Tim. "Pre-NOAA Research and Survey Ships - US Coast & Geodetic Survey (Ships withdrawn from service before NOAA's formation in 1970)". Shipbuilding History. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  23. ^ a b Hamersly, Lewis Randolph (1894). The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. L.R. Hamersly Co. p. 142. Retrieved 26 April 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Clover Bio" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  24. ^ "Palinurus". Coflein. National Monuments Record of Wales. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  25. ^ "Palinurus SS (1886-1899) Nippoku Maru (+1921)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  26. ^ "Marine and Naval Engineering". The Engineering Magazine. 34. 1908. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  27. ^ "Screw Steamer PALINURUS built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1907 for Government of India - Royal Indian Marine, Survey Vessel". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  28. ^ "Catalogue of holdings related to Royal Navy ships geomagnetic log books". Geomag. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  29. ^ Windsor, Alfie (2017). Old Conways & India - Part I: The Indian Navies v10 (PDF). pp. 10–11.
  30. ^ "New Captain of "Dufferin:" Commander McClement in Bombay". Times of India. December 4, 1937. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  31. ^ "Royal Indian Marine". Times of India. November 30, 1929. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  32. ^ "R.I.M. Appointments". Times of India. September 27, 1930. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  33. ^ "Engineering in Travancore State: Progress of Important Schemes". Times of India. March 24, 1932. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  34. ^ "Government Sea Craft for Sale". Times of India. June 17, 1932. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  35. ^ "Bombay Yachting". Times of India. December 2, 1926. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  36. ^ "Bombay Yachting: Instructions for Saturday's Racing". Times of India. April 21, 1928. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  37. ^ "Bombay Yachting: Race Between R.I.M. and R.B.Y.C." Times of India. March 30, 1928. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  38. ^ a b "About us - Inside hotel canal barge Luciole". Barge Luciole. Retrieved 26 April 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Barge Luciole History" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  39. ^ Kimbrough, Emily (1968). Floating Island. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 1299222595.
  40. ^ "Union of South Africa+South-West Africa". Commercial Fisheries Review. 17 (2): 70. 1955. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  41. ^ VP. "Faventibus Ventis". Livorno Daily Photo. Blogspot. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  42. ^ "Palinurus". Marine Traffic. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  43. ^ "Definitions for Palinurus". Definitions. Stands4 Network. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  44. ^ "Palinurus". Academic. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  45. ^ Hull, Thomas A (1873). "Practical Nautical Surveying". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. 16: 730–732. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  46. ^ "Classical albedo features on Mars". Academic. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  47. ^ "(4832) Palinurus". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
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