User:Paleorthid/sandbox

Soil Redox

Main article: Redox § Redox_reactions_in_soils

See also: Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry

Soil chemical reactions involve some combination of proton and electron transfer. Oxidation occurs if there is a loss of electrons in the transfer process while reduction occurs if there is a gain of electrons. Reduction potential is measured in volts or millivolts. Soil microbial communities develop along electron transport chains, forming electrically conductive biofilms, and developing networks of bacterial nanowires.

Redox factors in soil development, where formation of redoximorphic color features provides critical information for soil interpretation. Understanding the redox gradient is important to managing carbon sequestration, bioremediation, wetland delineation, and soil-based microbial fuel cells.

Soil Geography

Soil geography is an area of science dealing with the distribution of soils across the terrain. This discipline is fundamental to both physical geography and pedology.

Interest in soil distribution is ancient. Civilizations blossomed in locations with fertile soils, cradles of civilization. Empires declined in step with soil degradation. While the importance of understanding soil distribution did not escape early civilizations, the ability to locate soils on a map was limited to the cartographic capabilities of the day. At the beginning of the 19th century, topographic maps became available. As a result medium scale soil resource maps began to surface in the early 1800s. Soil survey detail improved as base map quality improved. The advent of aerial photographs and remote sensing dramatically changed the nature of soil geography.

sandbox

{{cite journal}} In addition, Simone Browne argues that surveillance wields an immense racializing quality such that it operates as "racializing surveillance." Browne uses racializing surveillance to refer to moments when enactments of surveillance are used to reify boundaries, borders, and bodies along racial lines and where the outcome is discriminatory treatment of those who are negatively racialized by such surveillance. Browne argues racializing surveillance pertains to policing what is “in or out of place.”

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{{Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Soil articles by quality statistics}}

WikiProject Soil assessment statistics Soil articles by quality and importance Quality Importance Top High Mid Low NA ??? Total GA 2 2 4 B 12 15 25 29 7 88 C 12 27 77 93 12 221 Start 3 23 131 362 53 572 Stub 18 233 47 298 List 1 3 7 11 Template 4 4 NA 7 17 207 231 Other 1 1 Assessed 27 66 263 743 212 119 1,430 Unassessed 35 35 Total 27 66 263 743 212 154 1,465 WikiWork factors (?) ω = 5,804 Ω = 4.91 worklist • log • category

{{User:WP 1.0 bot/Tables/Project/Soil}}

pollyjuddpark

pollyjuddpark

schachtschabel

in Podzol#Podzolization

Fritz., Scheffer (2010). Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Schachtschabel, Paul., Blume, Hans-Peter (16. Aufl ed.). Heidelberg: Spektrum, Akad. Verl. ISBN 9783827414441. OCLC 506415938.

in Stagnogley:

<ref name="Scheffer/Schachtschabel">Fritz Scheffer, Paul Schachtschabel: Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. 15th edn., newly revised and expanded by Hans-Peter Blume. Spektrum, Heidelberg, etc., 2002, {{ISBN|3-8274-1324-9}}.</ref>

reads as Fritz Scheffer, Paul Schachtschabel: Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. 15th edn., newly revised and expanded by Hans-Peter Blume. Spektrum, Heidelberg, etc., 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1324-9.

Commons

• Logos of science organizations
  • Ice Warrior (OTRS)
  • NAMIC (OTRS)
  • AFED (Review process)

SSSA

{{Infobox organization}}

Soil Science Society of America

Abbreviation	SSSA
Formation	1936 (1936)
Type	INGO
Purpose	to advance the field of soil science.
Headquarters	Madison, Wisconsin
Services	"peer-reviewed publications..., educational programs, scientific meetings, recognition and awards, career services, student activities, and science policy initiatives..."
Membership	6000
Official language	English
President	William Pan
Main organ	Soil Science Society of America Journal
Affiliations	Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies (ACSESS)
Website	www.soils.org/about-society

Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)

1. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL
2. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL
3. Soil Science Society of America (
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CSSA

Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)

Wikipedia:Party_and_person says Most independent sources are not secondary sources. That perspective makes for a high bar for independent secondary resources specified by the policy.

Primary source material is original material, without analysis, interpretation, or transformation by others.

Secondary source material is based on primary and other secondary source material, and may include synthesis and novel conclusions.

• A magazine article based on previous media reports
• A book about a historical event, based on letters and diaries written at the time
• A systematic review or literature review that combines the results of previous research

A third-party source is one that is based on a broad base of material, usually secondary, without introducing new synthesis or conclusions.

Source	Significant? (more than trivial coverage)	Independent? (non-affiliated, no vested interest in CSSA)	Reliable? (editorial integrity)	Secondary? (derivative, not original material)	Pass/Fail	Notes
Societies Publishing in the ACSESS DL	Y	N	Y	Y	N	Full description of partner organization
Alfalfa Farmers Federation	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Good detail on CSSA in farmers newsletter announcing academic getting elected to this society of science professionals.
crops.org	Y	N	Y	N	N	primary source
NPR News item	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	notable engagement on climate change
Crop Science article	Y	N	Y	N	N	original material.
American Society of Animal Sciences	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Announcement distilling CSSA's GMO policy.
2017 MSU news	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Announce Fellows recognition. CSSA detailed.
2017 Purdue University	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Announce Fellows recognition. CSSA detailed.
2016 New Mexico State University	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Announce Fellows recognition. CSSA detailed.
2013 University of Arkansas	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Announce Fellows recognition. CSSA detailed.
Total qualifying sources					7	There must be multiple qualifying sources to meet the notability requirements. No editorial commentary.

{{Infobox organization}}

Crop Science Society of America

Abbreviation	CSSA
Formation	1955 (1955)
Type	INGO
Purpose	to advance the field of crop science.
Headquarters	Madison, Wisconsin
Services	"peer-reviewed publications..., educational programs, scientific meetings, recognition and awards, career services, student activities, and science policy initiatives..."
Membership	5000
Official language	English
President	Mark Westgate
Affiliations	Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies (ACSESS)
Website	www.crops.org/about-society

crop science society Journal

1. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL
2. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL
3. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL
4. Crop Science Society of America (
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   )

google search

mainpage news items

These make mention of CSSS, supports expectation of notability, may support future content.

1. 2019 https://phys.org/news/2019-01-green-crop-environment-wallet.html
2. 2017 http://www.learningwithlowell.com/elizabeth-stulberg-science-policy-manager-part-1/
3. 2014 https://www.k-state.edu/today/announcement.php?id=14684
4. 1999 for 1956—1999 https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs/abstracts/39/3/CS0390030901a?access=0&view=article

Presidents Inline cites to support notable content related to Presidents

1. 2017 "AU'S Guertal President-elect of Crop Science Society of America". Alfalfa Farmers Federation. May 23, 2017.
2. 2017 http://ocm.auburn.edu/newsroom/news_articles/2017/05/guertal-president-elect-of-crop-science-society-of-america.php
3. 2004 https://www.cals.iastate.edu/news/releases/isu-professor-named-president-crop-science-society-america

Fellows. Inline cites to support notable content related to Fellows.

1. 2017 "MSU professor named Crop Science Society of America fellow". MSU News. 2017. ...fellow, which is the highest recognition the society bestows. To receive the recognition, members of the Crop Science Society of America nominate worthy colleagues based on their professional achievements and meritorious service. Only three (sic. Should be 0.3 per 2017 purdue and 2013 newswise refs) percent of the society's active and emeritus members have been elected fellow. ...
2. 2017 https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2017/Q4/tuinstra-named-fellow-of-american-society-of-agronomy-and-crop-science-societies-of-america.html ( less than 0.3 percent of their active and emeritus members nominated for the award each year. Fellows are selected based on their outstanding contributions in national and international education, service and research.)
3. 2018 https://ecals.cals.wisc.edu/2018/12/14/bill-tracy-named-fellow-of-crop-science-society-of-america/
4. 2018 https://cafnr.missouri.edu/accolades/felix-fritschi-accepted-as-fellow-in-crop-science-society-of-america/
5. 2017 https://sebsnjaesnews.rutgers.edu/2017/03/stacy-bonos-named-2016-crop-science-society-of-america-fellow/
6. 2017 https://www.farmprogress.com/names-news/extension-specialist-named-crop-science-society-america-fellow
7. 2017 https://agronomy.unl.edu/news/clemente-honored-crop-science-society-america-award
8. 2016 https://seedworld.com/msu-professor-named-crop-science-society-america-fellow/
9. 2016 https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/academics/news/barley-breeder-named-crop-science-society-of-america-fellow
10. 2015 https://scs.cals.cornell.edu/sites/scs.cals.cornell.edu/files/shared/ditommaso_press_release.pdf
11. 2013 https://crop-soil-environmental-sciences.uark.edu/announcements/dr-pengyin-chen-named-cssa-fellow.php The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) is a progressive international scientific society that fosters plant science for a better world. Based in Madison, Wisconsin, and founded in 1956, CSSA has more than 5,000 members working to advance the field of crop science. Society members are dedicated to the conservation and wise use of natural resources to produce food, feed, fiber, fuel, and pharmaceutical crops while maintaining and improving the environment.
12. 2013 https://www.newswise.com/articles/crop-science-society-of-america-announces-2013-fellows
13. 2012 https://www.farmprogress.com/management/crop-science-society-honors-ut-s-fred-allen

• CSSA. Inline cites to support notability of the Crop Science Society of America.

1. current https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/about-society is a progressive international scientific society that fosters the mission of plant science for a better world. Based in Madison, WI, and founded in 1956, CSSA is the professional home for 5,000+ members dedicated to advancing the field of crop science. Society members are dedicated to the conservation and wise use of natural resources to produce food, feed, fiber, fuel, and pharmaceutical crops while maintaining and improving the environment.

CSSA supports its members by providing peer-reviewed publications through the Digital Library, educational programs, scientific meetings, recognition and awards, career services, student activities, and science policy initiatives via a Washington, DC office.

Because of their common interests, CSSA, the American Society of Agronomy, and the Soil Science Society of America share a working relationship. Each organization is autonomous with its own bylaws and governing boards of directors.

1. 2017 "AU'S Guertal President-elect of Crop Science Society of America". Alfalfa Farmers Federation. May 23, 2017. The Wisconsin-based Crop Science Society of America, founded in 1955, is an international scientific society with 5,000-plus members who advance the discipline of crop science by acquiring and disseminating information about crop breeding and genetics; crop physiology; crop ecology, management, and quality; seed physiology, production and technology; turfgrass science; forage and grazing lands; genomics, molecular genetics and biotechnology; and biomedical and enhanced plants.
2. 2012 https://www.cimmyt.org/cimmyt-scientist-wins-award-from-crop-science-society-of-america/ (founded in 1955, is an international scientific society comprised of 6,000+ members)

News

Fellows 2016 https://newscenter.nmsu.edu/Articles/view/12063/nmsu-s-rich-pratt-receives-prestigious-crop-science-award

Positions 2016 https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/07/26/487457043/the-remarkable-inconsistency-of-climate-denial

Notable Members

• Draft:Elizabeth Ainsworth 2018 Presidential Award. Member?
• Mary-Dell Chilton 2011 President's award
• Glenn W. Burton 1985 Fellow
• John D. Axtell 1976 Crop Science Research Award
• Sant Singh Virmani International Service in Crop Science
• Martin Massengale Fellow
• Surajit Kumar De Datta
• Rajeev Kumar Varshney Fellow
• Te-Tzu Chang 1986 Fellow
• Cary Fowler
• Rajendra Singh Paroda
• Jack Harlan
• Gary Paul Nabhan
• Pedro A. Sanchez
• Stanford Blade
• Bent Skovmand
• Ralph L. Obendorf
• Ralph Gretzmacher

See also

• Scientists Without Borders
• Council for Agricultural Science and Technology

sandbox for leaching (pedology) article improvement

Google search

• https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary

publisher=Soil Science Society of America

ISBN=978-0-89118-851-3

location=Madison

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936873

eluvial horizon A soil horizon that has been formed by the process of eluviation. See also illuvial horizon.

eluviation The removal of soil material in suspension (or in solution) from a layer or layers of a soil. Usually, the loss of material in solution is described by the term leaching. See also illuviation and leaching.

illuviation The process of deposition of soil material removed from one horizon to another in the soil; usually from an upper to a lower horizon in the soil profile. See also eluviation.

leaching The removal of soluble materials from one zone in soil to another via water movement in the profile. See also eluviation.

• https://www.landis.org.uk/sitereporter/glossary.pdf

cite as NSRI Staff (2011) Glossary of Soil-Related Terms. 9pp. NSRI, Cranfield University, UK.

Leaching Leaching is the process where soluble materials (including nutrients and salts) in the soil are washed down the soil profile by water.

• Glossary of Soil Science Terms (PDF). Madison: Soil Science Society of America. 2008. ISBN 978-0-89118-851-3. LCCN 2008936873. Retrieved 2019-01-14.

eluviation The removal of soil material in suspension (or in solution) from a layer or layers of a soil. Usually, the loss of material in solution is described by ...

leaching. The removal of soluble materials from one zone in soil to another via water movement in the profile. See also eluviation.

• https://nesoil.com/gloss.htm

work=NESoil

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or other material by percolating water.

• https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/Glossary/Glossary.pdf

work=European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC)

Leaching: Removal of soluble materials from one zone in soil to another via water movement in the profile.

pages that link here

• Clay formation Clay minerals typically form over long periods of time as a result of the gradual chemical weathering of rocks, usually silicate-bearing, by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other diluted solvents. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the weathering rock after leaching through upper weathered layers. Clay#Formation Clay&oldid=875314449+

• ...because phosphorus is generally much less soluble than nitrogen, it is leached from the soil at a much slower rate than nitrogen.Eutrophication#Terrestrial_ecosystems Eutrophication&oldid=878025177

• Soil biology affects mineral weathering, and helps determine to what degree minerals leach from or accumulate in the soil. Pedogenesis#Soil_forming_processes

• Soil moisture content and water flow through the soil profile support leaching of soluble constituents, and eluviation Pedogenesis#Organisms Pedogenesis&oldid=877834882

• Acidification also occurs when base cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium are leached from the soil. This leaching increases with increasing precipitation. Acid rain accelerates the leaching of these alkali (or base) elements. Soil acidification Soil_acidification&oldid=878302108

• Podsolisation is an extreme form of leaching which causes the eluviation (< needs correction) of iron and aluminium sesquioxides. Podsolisation
• The minerals are removed by a process known as leaching Podsolisation (<leaching yes, but in combination with eluviation)

• Many bases such as Calcium and Potassium are also leached from the zone along with organic matter and silica. Podsolisation

• The nutrients stored in the bodies of soil organisms prevent nutrient loss by leaching. soil biology

• Ferrallitisation is the process in which rock is changed into a soil consisting of clay (kaolinite) and sesquioxides, in the form of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium. In humid tropical areas, with consistently high temperatures and rainfall for all or most of the year, chemical weathering rapidly breaks down the rock. This at first produces clays which later also break down to form silica. The silica is removed by leaching and the sesquioxides of iron and aluminium remain, giving the characteristic red colour of many tropical soils. Ferrallitisation is the reverse of podsolisation, where silica remains and the iron and aluminum are removed.Ferrallitisation

• leaching - the movement of chemical in the upper layers of soil into lower layers or into groundwater by being dissolved in water. Glossary_of environmental science

• Lessivage is a kind of leaching from clay particles being carried down in suspension. Lessivage

• Laterite is often located under residual[clarification needed] soils. ... Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The initial products of weathering are essentially kaolinized rocks called saprolites. A period of active laterization extended from about the mid-Tertiary to the mid-Quaternary periods (35 to 1.5 million years ago). Statistical analyses show that the transition in the mean and variance levels of 18O during the middle of the Pleistocene was abrupt.[7] It seems this abrupt change was global and mainly represents an increase in ice mass; at about the same time an abrupt decrease in sea surface temperatures occurred; these two changes indicate a sudden global cooling.[7] The rate of laterization would have decreased with the abrupt cooling of the earth. Weathering in tropical climates continues to this day, at a reduced rate.[5]:3

Laterites are formed from the leaching of parent sedimentary rocks (sandstones, clays, limestones); metamorphic rocks (schists, gneisses, migmatites); igneous rocks (granites, basalts, gabbros, peridotites); and mineralised proto-ores; which leaves the more insoluble ions, predominantly iron and aluminium. The mechanism of leaching involves acid dissolving the host mineral lattice, followed by hydrolysis and precipitation of insoluble oxides and sulfates of iron, aluminium and silica under the high temperature conditions of a humid sub-tropical monsoon climate. Laterite

• The regolith (<doesn't fit WP article definition) of a region is the product of its long weathering history; leaching and dispersion are dominant during the initial phase of weathering under humid conditions. ... Sulfides are some of the most unstable minerals in humid, oxidizing environments; many cadmium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel and zinc sulfides are easily leached to deep in the profile. Carbonates are highly soluble, especially in acidic environments; the elements hosted by them - calcium, magnesium, manganese and strontium - are strongly leached. Serpentinite - oxidized and hydrolized low-silicon, iron- and magnesium-rich oxide igneous rocks - are progressively weathered through this zone. Ferromagnesian minerals are the principal hosts for nickel, cobalt, copper and zinc in sulfide-poor mafic and ultramafic rocks, and are retained higher in the profile than sulfide-hosted metals. They are leached from the upper horizons and reprecipitate with secondary iron-manganese oxides in the mid- to lower saprolite. Saprolite

1

Blume - Supporting References

1) Schmidt, M.W.I., Skjemstad, J.O., Czimczik, C.I., Glaser, B. Prentice, K.M., Gelinas, Y., Kuhlbusch, T.A.J. 2001.Comparative analysis of black carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 163-167.

2) Skjemstad, J.O., Taylor, J.A., Smernik, R. 1999. Estimation of charcoal (char) in soils. Communication in Soil science and Plant analysis 30 (15 & 16), 2283-2298.

3) Schmidt, M.W.I., Skjemstad, J.O., Gehrt, E., Kögel-Knabner, I. 1999. Charred organic carbon in German chernozemic soils. European Journal of Soil Science 50 (2), 351-365.

2

Attwell, B, ed. (August 1999). "15.3.1 Water use efficiency of crops". Plants in Action: Adaptation in Nature, Performance in Cultivation 1st edition (First ed.). AU: Macmillan Education. ISBN 9780732944391. Water use efficiency is defined here as yield of plant product (tonnes of wheat grain, Y) per unit of crop water use (megalitres of water lost by evapotranspiration, ET), and is important in all areas of plant production.

Dawson, J (2008). "Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency in natural and agricultural ecosystems to improve the performance of cereal crops in low-input and organic agricultural systems" (PDF). Field Crops Research. 107 (2): 89–101. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2008.01.001.

black c in soil

Mao, J.-D.; Johnson, R. L.; Lehmann, J.; Olk, J.; Neeves, E. G.; Thompson, M. L.; Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2012). "Abundant and stable char residues in soils: implications for soil fertility and carbon sequestration". Environmental Science and Technology. 46 (17): 9571–9576. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.9571M. doi:10.1021/es301107c. PMID 22834642.

soil carbon in carbon cycle

31 May 2012 Egret2005 Moved "fresh water systems and non-living organic material, such as soil carbon."from "The terrestrial biosphere" to "The sediments".3

24 June 2012 Erget2005 combined Pedosphere into terrestrial ecosphere.

26 January 2016 Prokaryotes added see also: soil carbon to terrestrial ecosphere.

test table

Process Description Example

Eluviation Translocation of material out of a horizon Albic horizon

Illuviation Accumulation of translocated material in a horizon Argillic horizon, Cutans

Decalcification Reactions that remove CaCO₃ from a horizon (placeholder)

Calcification Processes leading to accumulation of CaCO₃ (placeholder)

Desalinization Removal of soluble salts in a horizon (placeholder)

Salinization Accumulation of soluble salts in a horizon (placeholder)

Alkalization Accumulation of sodium salts in a horizon Solonetz

Dealkalization Leaching of sodium salts from a horizon Solodized solonetz

Leaching Removal of soluble material from the soil (placeholder)

Lessivage Physical transfer of clay within the solum (placeholder)

Pedoturbation Physical churning and mixing of soil material Vertisol, Bioturbation, Cryoturbation

Podzolization Chemical migration of iron, aluminum, and organic matter within the solum Podzol

Gleization Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ under anaerobic conditions and transfer of Fe2+ (placeholder)

Desilication Chemical migration of silica out of the solum leaving iron and aluminum minerals behind (placeholder)

Melanization Darkening of A horizon material by addition and mixing of organic matter (placeholder)

Decomposition Breakdown and loss of minerals and organic matter (placeholder)

Mineralization Release of inorganic material through decomposition of organic matter (placeholder)

Paludization Accumulation of organic materials under anaerobic conditions (placeholder)

Chernozems and pyrolytic C

Supporting research.

I am deeply interested in this subject. Yet I am in no hurry to edit the Chernozem article. This is out of deep respect for Vasily Dokuchaev, and for those of us who chose to discover the world of soil through his eyes. If my peers in soil geography missed the role of charcoal in soil, even the obvious role as a colorant, it is in part because pedologists have relied on Dokuchaev to point the way, that he did not assign significance to charcoal in Chernozems is significant. The father of soil science, Charles Darwin established that bioturbation and sorting was an important soil forming factor in the woodlands of the UK. Dokuchaev in 1883 dismissed Darwin's seminal contribution to our understanding of soil formation with a mere two sentences. If he had chosen his words differently, Darwin would be held in much higher regard by today's soil science community. I share this to emphasis the significance to the understanding of Chernozem. Dokuchaev gave us a transformational paradigm that has been so useful, so insightful, that we hesitate to draw outside his lines even 133 years later. The discovery of Terra Preta and the commercial and carbon sequestration interests in biochar have sparked a discussion on native pyrolytic C in soils.

Writing with biochar enthusiast point of view, it is deeply ironic to me that, ultimately, a discussion of native stocks of black C in soil may not turn out to be very friendly to biochar enthusiasts. Adding biochar to a soil assumed to be essentially devoid of black C (current paradigm) is an easier sell than adding biochar to top up an existing storehouse of soil black C. I hope that my self-awareness of my POV will sharpen my objectivity in editing on this subject. I embrace and I welcome the intellectual challenge this paradigm shift promises. If you check my edit history, you will see a US soil scientist working diligently to incorporate perspectives from other nations, from other disciplines(geology, geography, agronomy, engineering), from colloquial understanding of soil subjects. Soil subjects are understood in different ways, and in now way does my profession have a lock on the ultimate understanding. The Wikipedia community has schooled me proper on the importance of inclusiveness.

Water Pollution excerpt

Original

Water pollution is a major global problem. It requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.

Changed

Water pollution is a major global problem. It requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.