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List of schools founded as segregation academies[n 1]

[edit]
School State Opened Closed Reference
Central Alabama Academy Alabama 1970 [1]
Escambia Academy Alabama 1970 [2]
Houston Academy Alabama 1970 [3]
Lowndes Academy Alabama 1966 [4]
Montgomery Academy Alabama 1959 [5]
Pickens Academy Alabama 1969 [6]
Wilcox Academy Alabama 1970 [7]
Central Arkansas Christian School Arkansas 1970 [8][9]
Central Baptist Academy Arkansas 1970 [9]
Hughes Academy Arkansas 1971 [9]
Marvell Academy Arkansas 1966 [9]
Jefferson Preparatory Academy Arkansas 1971 [10]
Pulaski Academy Arkansas 1971 [9]
Tabernacle Baptist Academy Arkansas 197 [9]
Watson Chapel Academy Arkansas 1971 [10]
West Memphis Christian School Arkansas 1970 [9]
Glades Day School Florida 1965 [11]
Maclay School Florida 1968 [12]
Tallahassee Christian School Florida 1968 [12]
Valwood School Georgia 1969 [13]
Southland Academy Georgia 1967 [14]
Bowling Green School Louisiana 1969 [15]
Caddo Community School Louisiana 1969 [16]
Claiborne Academy Louisiana 1969 [17]
False River Academy Louisiana 1969 [18]
Glenbrook School Louisiana 1966 [16]
Grawood Christian School Louisiana 1966 [16]
Guy Beuche Louisiana 1969 [19]
LeJeune Academy Louisiana 1969 [19]
Livonia Academy Louisiana 1969 [19]
Old River Academy Louisiana 1969 [19]
West End Academy Louisiana 1969 [16]
Prytania Private School Louisiana 1960 [16]
Tenth Ward Private School Louisiana 1969 [19]
Bayou Academy Mississippi 1964 [20][21]
Benton Academy Mississippi 1969 [22]
Calhoun Academy Mississippi 1968 [23]
Canton Academy Mississippi 1965 [24]
Carroll Academy Mississippi 1969 [25][22]
Central Academy Mississippi 1965 [23]
Central Delta Academy Mississippi ca. 1965 2010 [26]
Central Holmes Academy Mississippi 1967 [27]
Copiah Academy Mississippi 1967 [21]
Cruger-Tchula Academy Mississippi 1965 [24][28]
Deer Creek Academy Mississippi 1970 [29]
East Holmes Academy Mississippi 1964 2006 [30]
Hillcrest Christian School Mississippi 1965 [21]
Indianola Academy Mississippi 1965 [21]
Heritage Academy Mississippi 1964 [31]
Humphreys Academy Mississippi 1968 [32]
Jackson Academy Mississippi 1959 [21]
Jackson Preparatory School Mississippi 1970 [21]
Lamar School Mississippi 1964 [30]
Madison-Ridgeland Academy Mississippi 1969 [33]
Manhattan Academy Mississippi 1983 [34]
McCluer Academy Mississippi 1970 [34]
North Sunflower Academy Mississippi 1969 [35][26]
Parklane Academy Mississippi 1970 [21]
Pillow Academy Mississippi 1966 [21]
Sharkey-Issaquena Academy Mississippi 1970 [36]
Washington School Mississippi 1969 [37]
Starkville Academy Mississippi 1969 [38]
Strider Academy Mississippi 1971 [39][21]
Tunica Institute of Learning Mississippi 1964 [40]
Winona Christian School Mississippi 1970 [41]
Winston Academy Mississippi 1969 [23]
Woodland Hills Academy Mississippi 1970 [42]
Arendell Parrott Academy North Carolina 1964 [43]
Cape Fear Academy North Carolina 1968 [44]
Lawrence Academy North Carolina 1968 [45]
Bowman Academy South Carolina 1966 [46][47]
Clarendon Hall Academy South Carolina 1965 [14]
Calhoun Academy South Carolina 1969 [48]
Jefferson Davis Academy South Carolina 1965 [49][50]
John C. Calhoun Academy South Carolina 1966 [50]
Hammond School South Carolina 1966 [51]
Sea Island Academy South Carolina 1970 [52]
Wade Hampton Academy South Carolina 1964 [53]
Wilson Hall South Carolina 1967 [54]
Willington Academy South Carolina 1970 [55]
Stonewall Jackson Academy (Orangeburg) South Carolina 1965 [55]
Williamsburg Academy South Carolina 1970 [56]
Robert E. Lee Academy South Carolina 1965 [49][50]
Brentwood Academy Tennessee 1969 [57]
Briarcrest Baptist High School Tennessee 1973 [58]
Franklin Road Academy Tennessee 1971 [57]
Harding Academy (Nashville) Tennessee 1971 [59][60]
Lakehill Preparatory School Texas 1971 [61]
Northwest Academy Texas 1970 [62]
Trinity Christian Academy Texas 1970 [63]
Amelia Academy Virginia 1964 [64]
Bobbe's School Virginia 1958 [65]
Bollingbrook School Virginia [66]
Fairfax-Brewster School Virginia 1955 [65]
Prince Edward Academy Virginia 1959 [67]
Hampton Roads Academy Virginia 1959 [68]
Huguenot Academy Virginia 1959 [69]
Isle of Wight Academy Virginia 1967 [68]
Jamestown Academy Virginia 1964 [70]
John S. Mosby Academy Virginia 1959 [71]
Lynchburg Christian Academy Virginia 1967 [72]
Nansemond-Suffolk Academy Virginia 1966 [68]
Robert E. Lee School Virginia 1959 [73]
Rock Hill Academy Virginia 1959 [73]
Southampton Academy Virginia 1969 [74]
Tidewater Academy Virginia 1964 [68]
Tidewater Academy (Norfolk) Virginia 1958 [75]
Tomahawk Academy Virginia 1964 [76]
  1. ^ This list is incomplete. Reliable sources are required for inclusion. Closed segregation academies, especially, may not have sufficient references to support inclusion. See also Category:Segregation academies
  1. ^ Kennedy, Robert Francis (June 1978). Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr: a biography. Putnam. ISBN 9780399121234.
  2. ^ McDonald, Anna Catherine, ‘’Southern Normal?: An Exploration of Integration in a Deep South Town: Brewton, Alabama, 1954-1971’’. [1]
  3. ^ Cook, Jim (27 July 2016). "Houston Academy has changed since Hillary Clinton's 1972 visit". Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  4. ^ Carla Crowder (October 27, 2002). "Private white academies struggle in changing world". Birmingham News. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  5. ^ Hafter, Jerome C.; Hoffman, Peter M. (June 1973). "Segregation Academies and State Action". The Yale Law Journal. 82 (7): 1436–1461. doi:10.2307/795573. JSTOR 795573.
  6. ^ "Segregation Academies: Past, Still Present". Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  7. ^ Carla Crowder (27 October 2002). "Private white academies struggle in changing world". The Birmingham News.
  8. ^ "Our History and Mission | Central Arkansas Christian Schools". Central Arkansas Christian Schools. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Private School Movement - Encyclopedia of Arkansas". www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  10. ^ a b "Private Schools". Education Week. 3 August 1988. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  11. ^ Clary, Mike (December 29, 2006). "School's racial divides blur on football field". Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  12. ^ a b Glenda Alice Rabby, The Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida, Athens, Ga., University of Georgia Press, 1999, ISBN 082032051X, p. 255.
  13. ^ Valdosta Daily Times, Consolidation: A history of two systems, November 15, 2009
  14. ^ a b King, Wayne (1979-05-09). "South Leads the Country In School Desegregation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  15. ^ "Brumfield v. Dodd, 405 F. Supp. 338 (E.D. La. 1975)". E. D. La. Dec 2, 1975. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  16. ^ a b c d e Brumfield v. Dodd, 425 F. Supp. 528 (E.D. La. 1977)
  17. ^ Jim Carl (13 September 2011). Freedom of Choice: Vouchers in American Education: Vouchers in American Education. ABC-CLIO. pp. 54–6. ISBN 978-0-313-39328-0. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  18. ^ Klingler, Thomas (2003-08-01). If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That: The Creole Language of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana. LSU Press. p. 124. ISBN 9780807127797.
  19. ^ a b c d e Fabre Jr, Alvin Joseph (May 1975). Changes in the Pointe Coupee Parish School System During the Years of School Desegregation 1965-1972. Louisiana State University. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  20. ^ Thornton, Mary (1983-04-21). "A Legacy of Legal Segregation Returns to Haunt a Small Town". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i McGee, Meredith Coleman (2013-03-21). James Meredith: Warrior and the America that Created Him. ABC-CLIO. p. 40. ISBN 9780313397400.
  22. ^ a b Carr, Sarah (December 13, 2012). "In Southern Towns, 'Segregation Academies' Are Still Going Strong". The Atlantic.
  23. ^ a b c Bolton, Charles C. (2005). The Hardest Deal of All. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578067176.
  24. ^ a b Coffey v. State Educational Finance Commission 296 F. Supp. 1389 (S.D. Miss. 1969)
  25. ^ "About Carroll Academy". Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  26. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference todd was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Howell, Jeffery B. (2017-03-22). Hazel Brannon Smith: The Female Crusading Scalawag. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 224. ISBN 9781496810823.
  28. ^ Sojourner, Sue [Lorenzi] (2013-01-03). Thunder of Freedom: Black Leadership and the Transformation of 1960s Mississippi. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813140940.
  29. ^ Boyd, Bob (February 1, 1970). "Mayor J.W. Fore is worried over school situation". Delta Democrat Times. p. 20.
  30. ^ a b Johnston, Erle (1990). Mississippi's Defiant Years, 1953-1973: An Interpretive Documentary with Personal Experiences. Lake Harbor Publishers. p. 309. ISBN 9789991746159.
  31. ^ "A Goal-line Stand For Prejudice". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  32. ^ "Belzoni private academy loses tax-exempt status". Enterprise-Tocsin. September 17, 1970. p. 1.
  33. ^ Wolfe, Anna (December 17, 2014). "What is a 'Segregation Academy'?". Jackson Free Press. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
  34. ^ a b Kanengiser, Andy (December 10, 1985). "Desegregation Helps them Cope Now". Clarion Ledger.
  35. ^ Asch, Chris Myers (2011-02-01). The Senator and the Sharecropper: The Freedom Struggles of James O. Eastland and Fannie Lou Hamer. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780807878057.
  36. ^ Weaver, Nancy (November 29, 1982). "Race Remains a Factor in School Choice". Clarion Ledger. p. 12.
  37. ^ "Commentary: The Fight for Education Equity in Mississippi - NBC News". NBC News. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  38. ^ "Private Academy Backlash". Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  39. ^ McLaughlin, Eliott (May 27, 2016). "Could Mississippi integration ruling trigger 'white flight'?". CNN. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  40. ^ Herbert, Bob (16 May 1999). "In America; Haunted by Segregation". New York Times. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  41. ^ Conference, United Methodist Church (U S. ) General (2008). The book of resolutions of the United Methodist Church, 2008. United Methodist Pub. House. p. 27. ISBN 9780687032211.
  42. ^ Rosenthal, Jack (1970-09-11). "BOOKS OUT AND IN AT JACKSON, MISS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  43. ^ George, Dustin. "50 Years of Parrott Academy". The Free Press. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  44. ^ Godwin, John L. (2000). Black Wilmington and the North Carolina Way: Portrait of a Community in the Era of Civil Rights Protest. University Press of America. p. 205. ISBN 9780761816829.
  45. ^ "NC NAACP Amicus Brief outlines history of private-school vouchers in NC". The Carolina Mercury. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  46. ^ Vaden, Luci (2014). Before the Corridor of Shame: The African American Fight for Equal Education After Jim Crow. University of South Carolina Scholar Commons. p. 147.
  47. ^ Brown, Martha Rose (February 8, 2010). "Dwindling enrollment, weak economy force closure of Bowman Academy". T&D. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  48. ^ Calhoun Academy v. Commissioner United States Tax Court 94 T.C. 284 (March 1, 1990)
  49. ^ a b Gloria Ladson-Billings (October 2004). "Landing on the Wrong Note: The Price We Paid for Brown". Educational Researcher. 33 (7): 3–13. doi:10.3102/0013189x033007003. JSTOR 3700092. S2CID 144660677.
  50. ^ a b c Estes, Steve (2015-07-10). Charleston in Black and White: Race and Power in the South after the Civil Rights Movement. UNC Press Books. p. 93. ISBN 9781469622330.
  51. ^ Wachter, Paul (2015-02-10). "The Seventh Coming". Grantland. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  52. ^ David Quick (November 5, 2013). "Charleston Collegiate weaves outdoors into curricula". Post and Courier. And unlike many private schools, Collegiate's student body is diverse, with about 30 percent being minorities. That fact bears noting because the school, which originated as Sea Island Academy, was among a wave of low-cost, rural 'segregation academies' that emerged in the South during the 1970s as a reaction to desegregation.(subscription required)
  53. ^ Hawkins, J. Russell Hawkins. "Religion, Race, and Resistance: White Evangelicals and the Dilemma of Integration in South Carolina 1950-1975" (PDF). Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  54. ^ Canup, William Shane The Geography of Public-Private School Choice and Race: A Case Study of Sumter, Clarendon, and Lee Counties, South Carolina (2015)
  55. ^ a b Reid, Richard (May 26, 2006). "Black Education Martyrs". The Times and Democrat. p. 2.
  56. ^ Nelson, David (February 18, 1974). "Answer to problem in Williamsburg County could affect every American". The Times and Democrat. p. B1.
  57. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference dyer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  58. ^ Cite error: The named reference us751215 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  59. ^ Ritter, Frank (December 12, 1971). "New Private Schools Filled to Capacity". The Tennessean. p. 1.
  60. ^ O'hara, Jim (July 22, 1973). "The 'Christian' schools are on the boom". The Tennessean. p. 1B.
  61. ^ "40 years of DISD desegregation - Lakewood/East Dallas". Lakewood/East Dallas. 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  62. ^ ERIC (May 1972). ERIC ED065646: It's Not Over in the South: School Desegregation in Forty-Three Southern Cities Eighteen Years After Brown.
  63. ^ "Private School Enrollment $$$ Help for Institution". Baytown Sun. August 4, 1972. p. 8.
  64. ^ Baker, Donald P. (1993-08-09). "A SCHOOL LEFT BEHIND BY THE TIMES". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  65. ^ a b "Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976)". Justia. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  66. ^ Tobias, Carl (1996). "PUBLIC SCHOOL DESEGREGATION IN VIRGINIA DURING THE POST-BROWN DECADE". William and Mary Law Review. 37 (4): 1288.
  67. ^ Wilbur B. Brookover (Spring 1993). "Education in Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1953–1993". The Journal of Negro Education. 62 (2): 149–161. doi:10.2307/2295190. JSTOR 2295190.
  68. ^ a b c d HANTHORN, Jessica (May 16, 2004). "Overcoming Exclusion". Daily Press. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  69. ^ Wasson, Wynne W. (August 9, 1998). "Disparate Pasts - Equal Future - Blessed Sacrament, Huguenot Academy Merger Promises Gains for Schools, Students". Richmond Times-Dispatch. pp. B1. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
  70. ^ Public Education : 1964 Staff Report (PDF). United States Commission on Civil Rights. 1964. p. 277. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  71. ^ Keelor, Josette (Oct 17, 2014). "Classmates recall divided schools". Northern Virginia Daily. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  72. ^ Merritt, Jonathan (September 18, 2016). "Segregation Is Still Alive at These Christian Schools". Daily Beast. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  73. ^ a b Gilliam, George. "Interview with Judge Barry Marshall". Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  74. ^ Modlin, Carolyn. "The Desegregation of Southampton County, Virginia Schools" (PDF). p. 50. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
  75. ^ Watson, Denise. "The Norfolk 17 face a hostile reception as schools reopen". Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  76. ^ 1964 Staff Report Public Education (PDF). United States Commission on Civil Rights. Oct 1964. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
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