User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Selected timeline

Selected timeline of events related to critical race theory

• In the early 1900s, in response to encouragement by Booker T. Washington to the wealthy philanthropist Julius Rosenwald to support African-American education in the US, he provided funds for a series of what became informally known as, Rosenwald Schools. Over the decades, 5000 rural schools and shops for Black children with homes for their teachers were built in the southern states through the Rosenwald Fund.

• March and April 1915 Alain Locke, who was then with the Teachers College, presented a series of public lectures, under the auspices of the Howard Chapter of the NAACP and the Social Science Club. Kelly Moore, the dean of the College of Arts, and Science, and Lewis Moore, the dean of the Teachers College attended the lectures in which Locke "laid out his new sociological theory that race was not a biological but a historical phenomenon. Racial characteristics were not as scientific racialists asserted, innate and permanent." He cited the studies by Franz Boas.

• 1924 In his paper "The Concept of Race as Applied to Social Culture", Alain Locke expresses the urgent need to shift from the anthropological.

• early 1930s the rise of scientific racism in Nazi Germany.

• 1936 Ralph Bunche, who would later become the first African American to be awarded a Nobel Prize published his first book, World View of Race, in which he said that "race is a social concept which can be and is employed effectively to rouse and rationalize emotions [and] an admirable device for the cultivation of group prejudices."

• 1942 when Ashley Montagu argued against the use of the term "race" in science, in his book Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. David Reich described Montagu's book as "influential" and said that Montago had argued that "race is a social concept with no genetic basis."

• 1940 The Carnegie Corporation of New York funded the publication of a 1,500-page book on American race relations. Ralph Bunch was the main researcher for the book—An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy— published in 1944 and authored by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdalby Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal. The publisher of the 1996 edition called it a "classic" that revealed the unsettling "discrepancy" between the American belief in the "respect for the inalienable rights to freedom, justice, and opportunity for all" that contrasted with "pervasive violations of the dignity of blacks".

• During the Cold War in the aftermath of World War II, the United States sought to promote the Western-style democracy and liberal values throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America to prevent the Soviet Union, and later Russia from spreading communism, according to legal scholar Mary L. Dudziak, whose book Cold War Civil Rights is considered by some to be the seminal work on the issue. American allies followed stories of American racism through the international press, and the Soviets used stories of examples of racism against Black Americans as a vital part of their propaganda. During the presidency of Harry S. Truman from 1945 to 1953, the "Negro Problem" was a major concern. The publisher of the 1996 edition listed events such as an "an attorney general flooded by civil rights petitions from abroad; the teenagers who desegregated Little Rock’s Central High; African diplomats denied restaurant service; black artists living in Europe and supporting the civil rights movement from overseas; conservative politicians viewing desegregation as a communist plot; and civil rights leaders who saw their struggle eclipsed by Vietnam"... American race discrimination had an adverse effect on foreign policy effect after World War II. This was a key factor in supporting reforms in the civil rights in the US. Another key factor was the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.

• July 25, 1946 In the Moore's Ford lynchings four young Black Americans were killed by a mob of armed white men in rural Monroe, Georgia. One of the men was a World War II veteran.

• 1948 The United States signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

• 1950 Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950, the first question he was asked was, "Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes?" Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that "the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India." Chief Justice Earl Warren, nominated to the Supreme Court by President Eisenhower, echoed Douglas's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association, proclaiming that "Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad, ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights, will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile."

• 1950 The UNESCO's 1950 Statement, The Race Question, signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars, sought to dismantle any scientific justification or basis for racism and proclaimed that race was not a biological fact of nature but a dangerous social myth. It said that The constitution itself stated that "The great and terrible war that has now ended was a war made possible by the denial of the democratic principles of the dignity, equality and mutual respect of men, and by the propagation, in their place, through ignorance and prejudice, of the doctrine of the inequality of men and races."[1]: 1 

• September 1957 When Orval Faubus, then Democratic governor of Arkansas, called in the National Guard under the direction of Governor Orval Faubus to prevent nine Black students from integrating the Little Rock Central High School, the international press covered the story extensively. President Dwight Eisenhower dispatched federal troops to ensure the students' safety and enforce their right to attend school. The following year Faubus closed all three Little Rock public high schools for a year to subvert the federal government from desegregating Arkansas public schools. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles told President Eisenhower that the Little Rock situation was "ruining" American foreign policy, particularly in Asia and Africa. The US UN ambassador told President Eisenhower that as two-thirds of the world's population was not white, he was witnessing their negative reactions to American racial discrimination. He suspected that the US "lost several votes on the Chinese communist item because of Little Rock."

• May 17, 1954 The Supreme Court handed down their unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal", and therefore violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Prior to Brown, for almost sixty years there was Racial segregation in the United States. Its was widely covered by the international media and received acclaim internationally.

• early 1950s One of the attorneys in the NAACP's school desegregation litigation, Judge Robert L. Carter, "whites exerted economic pressures to curb the new militancy among blacks who were joining lawsuits challenging segregation."

• November 20, 1963. The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination which outlined that body's views on racism. The Declaration was an important precursor to the legally binding Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

• 1964 Developmental psychologist Erik Erikson, article "A Memorandum on Identity and Negro Youth" in the Journal of Social Issues since published in A way of Looking at Things. Erikson defined identity as "a subjective sense as well as an observable quality". It involves identifying "sameness" and "continuity", and that which is "irreversibly given". It involves "body type and temperament, giftedness and vulnerability, infantile models and acquired ideals – with the open choices provided in available roles, occupational possibilities, values offered, mentors met, friendships made…"

• 1964 The NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF) won Hudson v. Leake County School Board which mandated that the all-white school board comply with desegregation. The catalyst for the court case was the closure of one of the historic Rosenwald Schools for Black children in Harmony, Mississippi by the all-white Leake County School Board. Winson Hudson, who was the head of the local NAACP chapter and whose niece attended the Harmony school, was prepared to contest the closure. Like many of the Rosenwald schools, built in the early 1900s, the building was in bad shape but Black parents were proud of the education their children received at the school. Derrick Bell, a young Black lawyer then working for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, convinced Hudson to fight for desegregation. The thought at the time was that resources for desegregated schools would be greater since white parents would insist on better quality schools.

• December 21, 1965 The United Nations General Assembly adopted and opened the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) for signature. ICERD is a UN Treaty that commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. The Convention also requires its parties to outlaw hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations. By July 2020, it has 88 signatories and 182 parties. The Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD).

• September 28, 1966 The United States signed the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).

• 1972 Research by geneticist Richard Lewontin on variation in protein types in blood was published showing that there is no genetic basis for race as a biological group. Lewontin wrote, "“Human racial classification is of no social value and is positively

destructive of social and human relations. Since such racial classification is now seen to be of virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance either, no justification can be offered for its continuance".

• 1977 Derrick Albert Bell Jr. (1930 – 2011), an American lawyer, professor, and civil rights activist became the first tenured African-American professor of law at Harvard Law School. In the 1970s Bell's re-assessment of the impact of the legal work he did from 1960 to 1966 with the NAACP to desegregate became the cornerstone of Critical Race Theory.

• November 25, 1978 The Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice was adopted and proclaimed by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

at its twentieth session,

• 1978 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke troubled Bell, Bakke sued when he found Black students with lower marks were accepted but he was refused, in this famous reverse racism argument. Bell's uneasiness specific racially intended only responded with tool of colorblindness. He did not see Bakke's case is not equivalent. No about Black people being wronged, it is about race doesn't matter. To Bell this was a false equivalence. Color blind standard of the Constitution.

• In May 1988, Kimberlé Crenshaw published "Race, reform, and retrenchment: transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law" in the Harvard Law Review

• 1984 https://web.archive.org/web/20211112170252/http://www.xroads.virginia.edu/~ug03/dumlao/civilrights/cook.beyond-critical-legal-studies.pdf

• 1994 Bowcock et al. "replicated Lewontin's finding that most genetic variation exists within populations, using newly-available polymorphic microsatellite data".

• 1994 Cavalli-Sforza et al. published their landmark book, The History and Geography of Human Genes.

• 1994 In their 2021 article "The apportionment of citations: A scientometric analysis of Lewontin, 1972", published in Scientific Communication and Education, the authors said that in 1994 there was a "serendipitous collision of scientific progress, influential books/papers, and heated controversies." Their scientometric analysis—which included Twitter data—they found that since 1994, "communities and conversations" have kept Lewontin, 1972 at the "epicenter of discussions about race and genetics, prompting new challenges for scientists who have inherited Lewontin's legacy. Stoler described how anti-racism scholars assumed that by showing that race was a social construct, would disprove the credibility of racism and "dismantle the power of racism itself." Stoler says that racism became more insidious, subtle, and in the period of late modernity, which began to emerge in the 1950s( Giddens 1990, Beck 1992, Bauman 2000a)

• 1997 The study entitled "An apportionment of human DNA diversity" published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that "By partitioning genetic variances at three hierarchical levels of population subdivision, we found that differences between members of the same population account for 84.4% of the total, which is in excellent agreement with estimates based on allele frequencies of classic, protein polymorphisms. Genetic variation remains high even within small population groups. On the average, microsatellite and restriction fragment length polymorphism loci yield identical estimates. Differences among continents represent roughly 1/10 of human molecular diversity, which does not suggest that the racial subdivision of our species reflects any major discontinuity in our genome."

• 2003 Biologist A.W.F Edwards published his article "Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy". According to the scientometric analysis by researchers who traced the number of citations of Lewonton's 1972 article, Edwards 2003 article Lewontin's fallacy has been cited much more frequently.

• November 14, 2004

• By 2005, the UNESCO statements, which marked a decisive moment in anti-racism, shaped debates in critical race theory, according to the sociologist of science, Jenny Reardon.

• 2005 A statement by one of the most influential social scientists in the United States—Charles Murray—who is a fellow and a F. A. Hayek Chair Emeritus in Cultural Studies at the American Enterprise Institute, wrote that "Richard Lewontin originated the idea of race as a social construct in 1972" was widely cited. The validity of the statement has been challenged. Murray Murray wrote that, "Turning to race, we must begin with the fraught question of whether it even exists, or whether it is instead a social construct. The Harvard geneticist Richard Lewontin originated the idea of race as a social construct in 1972, arguing that the genetic differences across races were so trivial that no scientist working exclusively with genetic data would sort people into blacks, whites, or Asians. In his words, "racial classification is now seen to be of virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance."" In his 2020 book "Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order: The Global Dynamics of Disinformation", Gabriele Cosentino Murray said that, "Lewontin’s position, which quickly became a tenet of political correctness, carried with it a potential means of being falsified. If he was correct, then a statistical analysis of genetic markers would not produce clusters corresponding to common racial labels."

• 2005 Audrey and Brian D. Smedley published their article "Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race" in the American Psychologist journal.

• 1994 Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray published their book, The Bell Curve, which "immediately attracted widespread controversy over its claims that racial differences in IQ were due to innate genetic differences between races.

• 1997 The American Anthropological Association stated that “data also show that any two individuals within a particular population are as different genetically as any two people selected from any two populations in the world” (subsequently amended to “about as different”).

• 2001 Educational material distributed by the Human Genome Project said that "two random individuals from any one group are almost as different [genetically] as any two random individuals from the entire world."

• 2009 Jeffrey J. Pyle published "Race, Equality and the Rule of Law: Critical Race Theory's Attack on the Promises of Liberalism".

• 2015 In April, the psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt published Biased: The New Science of Race and Inequality. The geneticist Adam Rutherford is currently writing Does Race Exist: A Short Scientific Investigation, and the British science journalist Angela Saini has published a blistering excoriation of those who would use science to back up their racial prejudices. In Superior: The Return of Race Science, Saini says that race, nationality and ethnicity are "ephemeral, real only inasmuch as we have made them real by living in the cultures we do, with the politics we have". She quotes the blunt verdict of the University College London evolutionary geneticist Mark Thomas: "'Race' is useless, pernicious nonsense," he says."

• 2019 In his New Statesman article, Michael Brooks wrote that "In 1970, the developmental psychologist Erik Erikson defined identity. It is, he said, "a subjective sense as well as an observable quality". It involves identifying "sameness” and "continuity", and that which is "irreversibly given". It involves “body type and temperament, giftedness and vulnerability, infantile models and acquired ideals – with the open choices provided in available roles, occupational possibilities, values offered, mentors met, friendships made…"

• 2020 The author of an article in the Manitoba Law Journal, used Critical Race Theory to examine how a number of Supreme Court of Canada Charter-related decisions "allowed for an expansion of police powers that exacerbate the maltreatment of racialized communities by our criminal justice system."

References in reverse chronological order

• November 8, 2021 Friedman, Jonathan (November 8, 2021). Educational Gag Orders: Legislative Restrictions on the Freedom to Read, Learn, and Teach (Report). New York: PEN America. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.

• June 25, 2021 Kurtzleben, Danielle (June 23, 2021). "Top General Defends Studying Critical Race Theory In The Military". NPR. Retrieved November 12, 2021.

• June 23, 2021 Jungkunz, Vincent (2021-06-23). "Opinion | Who's afraid of critical race theory? Not the students in my classes". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 12, 2021.

• May 29, 2021 Iati, Marisa (May 29, 2021). "What is critical race theory, and why do Republicans want to ban it in schools?". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2021. name="WaPo_Iati_20210520"

• May 5, 2021 Zilbermints, Regina (2021-05-05). "GOP legislatures target critical race theory". The Hill. Retrieved November 12, 2021.

• 2020 Kennedy, Duncan (September 1990). "A Cultural Pluralist Case for Affirmative Action in Legal Academia". Duke Law Journal. 1990 (4): 705–757. doi:10.2307/1372722. JSTOR 1372722. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

• 2019 Bridges, Khiara M. (2019). Critical Race Theory: A Primer. St. Paul, Minn.: Foundation Press. ISBN 978-1-6832-8443-7. OCLC 1054004570.

• 2017 Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (2017). Critical race theory: an introduction (Third ed.). New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-0276-0.

• 2016 Jupp, James C.; Berry, Theodorea Regina; Lensmire, Timothy J. (December 2016). "Second-Wave White Teacher Identity Studies: A Review of White Teacher Identity Literatures From 2004 Through 2014". Review of Educational Research. 86 (4): 1151–1191. doi:10.3102/0034654316629798. S2CID 147354763.

• 2014 Myslinska, Dagmar (2014a). "Contemporary First-Generation European-Americans: The Unbearable 'Whiteness' of Being". Tulane Law Review. 88 (3): 559–625. ISSN 0041-3992. SSRN 2222267.

• 2014 Myslinska, Dagmar (2014b). "Racist Racism: Complicating Whiteness Through the Privilege and Discrimination of Westerners in Japan". UMKC Law Review. 83 (1): 1–55. ISSN 0047-7575. SSRN 2399984.

• 2013 Harpalani, Vinay (August 12, 2013). "DesiCrit: Theorizing the Racial Ambiguity of South Asian Americans" (PDF). New York University Annual Survey of American Law. 69 (1): 77–183. SSRN 2308892. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

• 2012 Annamma, Subini Ancy; Connor, David; Ferri, Beth (2012). "Dis/ability critical race studies (DisCrit): theorizing at the intersections of race and dis/ability". Race Ethnicity and Education. 16 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1080/13613324.2012.730511. S2CID 145739550.

• 2012 Curry, Tommy J. (2012). "Shut Your Mouth when You're Talking to Me: Silencing the Idealist School of Critical Race Theory through a Culturalogic Turn in Jurisprudence". Georgetown Journal of Law and Modern Critical Race Studies. 3 (1): 1–38. ISSN 1946-3154. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2016.

• 2012 Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (2012). Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. Critical America (2nd ed.). New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2136-0.

• 2010 Pyke, Karen D. (2010). "What is Internalized Racial Oppression and Why Don't We Study it? Acknowledging Racism's Hidden Injuries". Sociological Perspectives. 53 (4): 551–572. doi:10.1525/sop.2010.53.4.551. ISSN 1533-8673. JSTOR 10.1525/sop.2010.53.4.551. S2CID 43997467.

• 2009 Curry, Tommy J. (2009b). "Will the Real CRT Please Stand Up: The Dangers of Philosophical Contributions to CRT". The Crit: A Critical Legal Studies Journal. 2 (1): 1–47. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2016.

• 2008 Levin, Mark (2008). "The Wajin's Whiteness: Law and Race Privilege in Japan". Hōritsu Jihō. 80 (2): 80–91. SSRN 1551462.

• 2008 Levit, Nancy. Critical of Race Theory: Race, Reason, Merit and Civility. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 1299735. Retrieved November 12, 2021. Levit cites Daniel Farber and Suzanna Sherry who criticize CRT in their influential publication Beyond All Reason. She cites Judge Richard Posner who "labeled critical race theorists and postmodernists the "lunatic core" of "radical legal egalitarianism," and critical legal studies (CLS) and radical feminist scholars as people who have "have plenty of goofy ideas and irresponsible dicta."

• 2008 Treviño, A. Javier; Harris, Michelle A.; Wallace, Derron (March 2008). "What's so critical about critical race theory?". Contemporary Justice Review. 11 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1080/10282580701850330. S2CID 145399733.

• 2007 Cole, Mike (2007). Marxism and Educational Theory: Origins and Issues. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-39732-9.

• 2006 Yosso, Tara J. (2006). Critical Race Counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano Educational Pipeline. Teaching/Learning Social Justice. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-95195-1.

• 2006 Kang, Jerry; Banaji, Mahzarin R. (2006). "Fair Measures: A Behavioral Realist Revision of Affirmative Action". California Law Review. 94 (4): 1063–1118. doi:10.15779/Z38370Q. SSRN 873907.

• 2005 Yosso, Tara J. (March 2005). "Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth" (PDF). Race Ethnicity and Education. 8 (1): 69–91. doi:10.1080/1361332052000341006.

• 2003 Carbado, Devon W.; Gulati, Mitu; Valdes, Francisco; Culp, Jerome McCristal; Harris, Angela P. (May 2003). "The Law and Economics of Critical Race Theory" (PDF). The Yale Law Journal. 112 (7): 1757. doi:10.2307/3657500. JSTOR 3657500. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.

• 2002 Bernal, Dolores Delgado (February 2002). "Critical Race Theory, Latino Critical Theory, and Critical Raced-Gendered Epistemologies: Recognizing Students of Color as Holders and Creators of Knowledge". Qualitative Inquiry. 8 (1): 105–126. doi:10.1177/107780040200800107. S2CID 146643087.

• 2002 Harris, Cheryl (2002). "Critical Race Studies: An Introduction". UCLA Law Review. 49 (5): 1215ff. ISSN 1943-1724.

• 2002 Jones, Camara Phyllis (2002). "Confronting Institutionalized Racism". Phylon. 50 (1/2): 7–22. doi:10.2307/4149999. ISSN 0031-8906. JSTOR 4149999. S2CID 158126244.

• 2001 Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (2001). Critical race theory: an introduction (1st ed.). New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1930-9.

• 1999 Pyle, Jeffrey (May 1, 1999). "Race, Equality and the Rule of Law: Critical Race Theory's Attack on the Promises of Liberalism". Boston College Law Review. 40 (3): 787–827. Archived from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

• 1998 Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (1998). The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1894-0.

• 1998 Ladson-Billings, Gloria (January 1998). "Just what is critical race theory and what's it doing in a nice field like education?". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 11 (1): 7–24. doi:10.1080/095183998236863.

• 1998 Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (1 January 1998). "Critical Race Theory: Past, Present, and Future". Current Legal Problems. 51 (1): 467–491. doi:10.1093/clp/51.1.467. ISSN 0070-1998. Retrieved November 8, 2021.

• 1997 Farber, Daniel A.; Farber, Henry J. Fletcher Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Research Daniel A.; Sherry, Suzanna; Sherry, Earl R. Larson Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law Suzanna (1997). Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510717-3. "liberal legal scholars Daniel A. Farber and Suzanna Sherry mount the first systematic critique of radical multiculturalism as a form of legal scholarship" in Beyond all reason They said that the "Enlightenment foundations of the legal academy are under attack from "the radical multiculturalists" including feminist, gay and lesbian, and critical race scholars who attack traditional concepts of objective truth, reason, merit, and the rule of law".

• 1995 Bell, Derrick A. (1995). "Who's Afraid of Critical Race Theory?". University of Illinois Law Review. 1995 (4): 893ff.

• 1995 Crenshaw, Kimberlé; Gotanda, Neil; Peller, Gary; Thomas, Kendall, eds. (1995). Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-271-7.
  • March 1976 Bell, Derrick A. (March 1976). "Serving Two Masters: Integration Ideals and Client Interests in School Desegregation Litigation". The Yale Law Journal. 85 (4): 470–516. doi:10.2307/795339. ISSN 0044-0094. JSTOR 795339. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  • Bell, Derrick A. (1980). "Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma". Harvard Law Review. 93 (3): 518–533. doi:10.2307/1340546. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1340546. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  • Freeman, Alan David (January 1, 1978). "Legitimizing Racial Discrimination through Antidiscrimination law: A Critical Review of Supreme Court Doctrine". Minnesota Law Review. 62: 73. Retrieved November 9, 2021. The concept of "racial discrimination" may be approached from the perspective of either its victim or its perpetrator. From the victim's perspective, racial discrimination describes those conditions of actual social existence as a member of a perpetual underclass. This perspective includes both the objective conditions of life—lack of jobs, lack of money, lack of housing— and the consciousness associated with those objective conditions—lack of choice and lack of human individuality in being forever perceived as a member of a group rather than as an individual.' The perpetrator perspective sees racial discrimination not as conditions, but as actions, or series of actions, inflicted on the victim by the perpetrator. The focus is more on what particular perpetrators have done or are doing to some victims than it is on the overall life situation of the victim class."
  • The imperial scholar: reflections on a review of civil rights literature / Richard Delgado --
  • Looking to the bottom: critical legal studies and reparations / Mars Matsuda. The clouded prism : minority critique of the critical legal studies movement / Harlon L. Dalton --
  • Cook, Anthony E. (1990). "Beyond Critical Legal Studies: The Reconstructive Theology of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr". Harvard Law Review. 103 (5): 985–1044. doi:10.2307/1341453. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1341453. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  • May 1988 Crenshaw, Kimberlé (May 1988). "Race, reform, and retrenchment: transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 101 (7): 1331–1387. doi:10.2307/1341398. JSTOR 1341398. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2012. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 2, 2021 suggested (help)
  • Race-consciousness / Gary Peller --
  • A cultural pluralist case for affirmative action in legal academia / Duncan Kennedy --
  • Translating "Yonnondio" by precedent and evidence : the Mashpee Indian case / Gerald Torres, Kathryn Milun. Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC : regrouping in singular times / Patricia J. Williams --
  • Groups, representation, and race-conscious districting : a case of the emperor's clothes / Lani Guinier --
  • The id, the ego, and equal protection : reckoning with unconscious racism / Charles R. Lawrence, III --
  • A critique of "our constitution is color-blind" / Neil Gotanda --
  • Whiteness as property / Cheryl I. Harris --
  • Race in the twenty-first century: equality through law? / Linda Greene --
  • Racial realism / Derrick A. Bell, Jr. --
  • Critical race theory, Archie Shepp, and fire music : securing an authentic intellectual life in a multicultural world / John O. Calmore. Two life stories : reflections of one black woman law professor / Taunya Lovell Banks --
  • The word and the river: pedagogy as scholarship as struggle / Charles R. Lawrence, III --
  • Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color / Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw --
  • Punishing drug addicts who have babies: women of color, equality, and the right of privacy / Dorothy E. Roberts --
  • Sapphire bound! / Regina Austin --
  • Navigating the topology of race / Jayne Chong-Soon Lee --
  • The boundaries of race: political geography in legal analysis / Richard Thomson Ford --
  • Rouge et noir reread: a popular constitutional history of the Angelo Herndon case / Kendall Thomas.

• 1995 Delgado, Richard (1995). "Rodrigo's Tenth Chronicle: Merit and Affirmative Action". Georgetown Law Journal. 83 (4): 1711–1748. ISSN 0016-8092. SSRN 2094599.

• 1994 Harris, Angela P. (July 1994). "Foreword: The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction". California Law Review. 82 (4): 741–785. doi:10.2307/3480931. JSTOR 3480931.

• 1994 Brooks, Roy (1994). "Critical Race Theory: A Proposed Structure and Application to Federal Pleading". Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal. 11: 85ff. ISSN 0897-2761. "Critical Race Theory (CRT) is a collection of critical stances against the existing legal order from a race-based point of view. Specifically, it focuses on the various ways in which the received tradition in law adversely affects people of color not as individuals but as a group. Thus, CRT attempts to analyze law and legal traditions through the history, contemporary experiences, and racial sensibilities of racial minorities in this country. The question always lurking in the background of CRT is this: What would the legal landscape look like today if people of color were the decision-makers?"

• 1993 Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (1993). "Critical Race Theory: An Annotated Bibliography". Virginia Law Review. 79 (2): 461–516. doi:10.2307/1073418. ISSN 0042-6601. JSTOR 1073418. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.

• 1993 Dudziak, Mary (1993). "Desegration as a Cold War Imperative". Stanford Law Review. 41 (1): 61–120. doi:10.2307/1228836. ISSN 0038-9765. JSTOR 1228836.

• 1993 Harris, Cheryl I. (June 1993). "Whiteness as Property". Harvard Law Review. 106 (8): 1707–1791. doi:10.2307/1341787. JSTOR 1341787.

• 1980 Bell, Derrick A, Jr. (1980). "Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 93 (3): 518–533. doi:10.2307/1340546. JSTOR 1340546. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• 1996 Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. (1996). "Critical Race Theory and Freedom of Speech". In Menand, Louis (ed.). The Future of Academic Freedom. University of Chicago Press. pp. 119–159. ISBN 978-0-226-52004-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• 1991 Williams, Patricia J. (1991). The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01470-1.

• May 1988 Crenshaw, Kimberlé (May 1988). "Race, reform, and retrenchment: transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 101 (7): 1331–1387. doi:10.2307/1341398. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1341398. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2012. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 2, 2021 suggested (help)

• 1988 Dudziak, Mary L. (November 1988). "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative". Stanford Law Review. 41 (1): 61–120. doi:10.2307/1228836. JSTOR 1228836.

• 1987 Matsuda, Mari (1987). "Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations". Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. 22 (2): 323ff. ISSN 2153-2389.

• 1976 Bell, Derrick A. (March 1976). "Serving Two Masters: Integration Ideals and Client Interests in School Desegregation Litigation". The Yale Law Journal. 85 (4): 470–516. doi:10.2307/795339. ISSN 0044-0094. JSTOR 795339. Retrieved November 8, 2021.

• 1973 Bell, Derrick (1973). Race, Racism, and American Law. Aspen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7355-7574-5.

• Bell, Derrick A (1970). Race, racism, and American law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Law School. pp. 1139 pages. OCLC 22681096. "These materials were compiled for use in the Race, racism, and American law course."