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User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Selected bibliography related to net neutrality

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Definitions

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Net neutrality, the network design principle - an end-to-end principle that Internet service providers and regulatory bodies to treat all content, sites, and platforms equally regulating the Internet should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites

  • Tim Wu 2007 [1]

Net neutrality or network neutrality is "the principle that Internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites."

  • January 29, 2017 Wikipedia contributors (January 29, 2017), Net neutrality, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, retrieved February 7, 2017 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help) Net neutrality "is the principle that Internet service providers and governments regulating the Internet should treat all data on the Internet the same, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, website, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication. The term was coined by Columbia University media law professor Tim Wu in 2003, as an extension of the longstanding concept of a common carrier, which was used to describe the role of telephone systems."Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).


  • 2015 "net neutrality has stirred up heated debate among both the public and policymakers (Krämer, Wiewiorra, & Weinhardt, 2013)."[4]

Citations by reversed chronological order

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  • 2003 Tim Wu Tim Wu (2003). "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination" (PDF). Journal on telecom and high tech law. Retrieved 23 Apr 2014. So what is attractive about a neutral network-----that is, an Internet that does not favor one application (say, the world wide web), over others (say, email)? Who cares if the Internet is better for some things than others? author of Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination[6]
  • 2003 Tim Wu [7]
  • 2013 Telecommunications Policy Krämer definition[8]
* June 21, 2006 Tim Berners-Lee[9]
  • September 1, 2008 NN for Google[10]

Arguments for net neutrality

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Broadband Internet services as public utility

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  • February 27, 2015 The New York Times regulation broadband Internet services as a public utility, similar to the way electricity, gas and water supply is regulated, along with limiting providers and regulating the options those providers can offer.[11]

See also Net neutrality, Net neutrality law, Economic rent, Municipal broadband, Series of tubes, Title II Common Carriers (common carrier), last mile" infrastructure,

Net neutrality in the United States

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Net neutrality in the United States Extensive debate about whether net neutrality should be required by law, Internet service providers, Internet service providers, United States Telecom Association, trade association against net neutrality,

Advocates of net neutrality

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  • the ability of broadband providers to use their "last mile" infrastructure to block Internet applications and content (e.g. websites, services, and protocols), and even to block out competitors.[12] Opponents claim net-neutrality regulations are unnecessary and deter investment into improving broadband infrastructure.[13][14]
  • June 4, 2014 John Oliver's rant on Net Neutrality resulted in a wave of comments that crashed the FCC site.[15]
  • August 1, 2014 Wikipedia blog: "net neutrality - the principle of ensuring a consistent quality of service on networks"[16]
  • 2014 The "White House’s explicit endorsement of net neutrality by urging reclassification of the Internet as “telecommunications” instead of the current “information service” status (see Copps, 2014)."[4]

FCC rulings

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  • March 12, 2015, the FCC released the specific details of its new net neutrality rule.[24][25][26]
  • April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new regulations.[27][28]
  • June 12, 2015 The rule took effect[29]
  • March 24, 20152015 lawsuit large telecom companies argued FCC overreach United States Telecom Association (a trade association representing large telecom companies) filed a lawsuit against the FCC challenging the net neutrality rule.[30] The US Telecom industry argued that “the FCC reclassifying broadband carriers as ‘common carriers’ is an overreach on the part of the FCC”.[31]
  • June 15, 2016 The challenge sparked "a huge legal battle as cable, telecom and wireless internet providers sued to overturn regulations that they said went far beyond the F.C.C.'s authority and would hurt their businesses."[32]
  • June 2016 AT&T and the telecom industry said that they would seek to appeal the decision to the Supreme Court.[32]

January 27, 2017 The Verge Pai voted against reclassifying internet service providers as Title II Common Carriers and in his first week at FCC in 2017, he reiterated his disagreement with the 2015 common carrier classification with broadband as a utility like telephones or electricity. This had provided the "legal foundation of net neutrality rules".[35][36]

    • February 5, 2017 The New York Times Pai, who worked as lawyer for Verizon Communications, before being named Commissioner to the FCC in 2011, released a dozen actions that stunned "consumer advocacy groups and telecom analysts." in the week after his confirmation as FCC Chairman including several actions which are contrary to net neutrality.[35][37][38]
  • December 2016, Pai "[net neutrality's] days are numbered".[39]
  • February 2015 Pai opposed the FCC vote enact net neutrality regulations,[40] calling the FCC's declaration that internet service providers have no freedom of speech part of an attempt to weaken the "culture of the First Amendment."[41]
  • February 26, 2015 FCC FCC 2015 rule prevented "internet service providers from blocking or discriminating against internet traffic".[35] Until 2015, there were no clear legal restrictions against practices impeding net neutrality.[18]
  • February 26, 2015 New York Times [19]
Pai, a former lawyer for Verizon, is known as "a stickler on conservative interpretations of telecommunications law and the limits of the F.C.C.’s authority'.[35][43]  In his first week, he also closed an investigation into  zero-rating practices of the wireless providers T-Mobile, AT&T and Verizon.[35] He rescinded the "permissions of nine broadband providers to participate in a federal subsidy plan for low-income consumers" and he "scrapped a proposal to break open the cable box market".[35]

Research

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Congressional Research Service

  • 2014 "Research suggests that a combination of policy instruments will help realize the range of valued political and economic objectives central to the network neutrality debate."[45]

Industry against net neutrality

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2014 Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission was a 2014 U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit case. The portion of FCC Open Internet Order 2010 referring to common carriers was vacated and the court rule that the FCC did not have the authority to impose the order because the FCC had classified broadband providers in 2015 under Title I of the Communications Act of 1934. FCC had relinquished its right to regulate broadband providers like common carriers. Loss for network neutrality supporters; victory for the cable broadband industry. FCC Open Internet Order 2010 (blocking (vacated), no unreasonable discrimination (vacated in 2014), transparency (maintained) 2 of 3 were vacated (no blocking, no unreasonable discrimination) and one was upheld (transparency). "the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, DC, ruled that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) needs to reconstitute its regulation, which prohibits broadband providers from blocking or discriminating against third-party content and services (Verizon v. FCC, 2014)."[4]

See also Comcast, "throttling", peer-to-peer file sharing, policy instrument, broadband, public utility


"A widely cited example of a violation of net neutrality principles was when the Internet service provider Comcast was secretly slowing (colloquially called "throttling") uploads from peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) applications by using forged packets."[46]

References

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  1. ^ Tim Wu (2007), Network Neutrality FAQ, retrieved February 7, 2017, Network neutrality is best defined as a network design principle. The idea is that a maximally useful public information network aspires to treat all content, sites, and platforms equally. This allows the network to carry every form of information and support every kind of application. The principle suggests that information networks are often more valuable when they are less specialized – when they are a platform for multiple uses, present and future. (For people who know more about network design, what is just described is similar to the "end-to-end" design principle).
  2. ^ "Net Neutrality: A Guide to (and History of) a Contested Idea". The Atlantic. 25 Apr 2014. Retrieved 5 Jun 2014. In short: the FCC would allow network owners (your Verizons, Comcasts, etc.) to create Internet "fast lanes" for companies (Disney, The Atlantic) that pay them more. For Internet activists, this directly violated the principle of net neutrality, which has been a hot-button issue in Silicon Valley for a long time...Net neutrality is the idea that any network traffic—movies, web pages, MP3s, pictures—can move from one place (our servers) to any other place (readers' computers phones) without "discrimination."...Internet activists revved up, and FCC chairman Tom Wheeler, who is a former lobbyist for cable and cellular companies, defended the new position...This idea of net neutrality—this cherished idea, even, among Internet entrepreneurs and activists—has a long history, roughly as long as the commercial world wide web. It is, Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig has argued, what makes the Internet special...The core of the Internet, the core value that defined its power, the core truth that made innovation around it possible, is this e2e," Lessig said in a 1999 talk. "The fact – a fact – that the network could not discriminate in the way that AT&T could...The purity of Lessig's e2e principle does not remain in practice: there is a long tradition of paid commercial arrangements between content owners and network operators. Content-delivery networks that have already created a "fast lane" for most professional sites, albeit independently of the network owners. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Keeping the Internet Neutral?: Tim Wu and Christopher Yoo Debate". Federal Communications Law Journal. 59 (3): 19. February 27, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Lee_IJOC_2015_NN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Edward Wyatt (April 23, 2014), "F.C.C., in a Shift, Backs Fast Lanes for Web Traffic", The New York Times, retrieved February 7, 2017
  6. ^ Tim Wu (2003). "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination" (PDF). Journal on telecom and high tech law. Retrieved 23 Apr 2014. So what is attractive about a neutral network-----that is, an Internet that does not favor one application (say, the world wide web), over others (say, email)? Who cares if the Internet is better for some things than others? author of Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination
  7. ^ Ex Parte Submission in CS Docket No. 02-52 (PDF), August 22, 2003, retrieved February 7, 2017, The National Cable & Telecommunications Association ("NCTA"), meanwhile, has submitted two letters dated December 10, 2002, and February 21, arguing that regulation is unnecessary and questioning the Commission's authority. Other submissions on this matter include comments from the High Tech Broadband Coalition, ex parte letters from Amazon.com, Comcast Inc., Cox Cable Inc., and others, along... Application developers accuse the cable industry of "discrimination" and "blocking content," and say it must be stopped... the Commission should care if the Internet remains a "neutral" network—more precisely, one that does not favor one application (e.g., the World Wide Web), over others (e.g., mass online gaming) ... it is of any concern to the public if the Internet is biased to favor some things over others?... guaranteeing a neutral network eliminates the risk of future discrimination, providing greater incentives to invest in broadband application development today. Second, a neutral network facilitates fair competition among applications, ensuring the survival of the fittest, rather than that favored by network bias {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "Net Neutrality: A progress report" (PDF). Telecommunications Policy. 37 (9): 794–813. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2012.08.005. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (June 21, 2006). "Net Neutrality: This is serious". timbl's blog. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  10. ^ Staff. "A Guide to Net Neutrality for Google Users". Archived from the original on September 1, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  11. ^ "F.C.C. Approves Net Neutrality Rules, Classifying Broadband Internet Service as a Utility". The New York Times. February 27, 2015.
  12. ^ Lessig, L. 1999. Cyberspace’s Architectural Constitution, draft 1.1, Text of lecture given at www9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  13. ^ "Letter expressing strong opposition to proposals to classify broadband as a 'Title II' service", to U.S. congressional leaders and members of the FCC", from representatives of a wide range of technology companies, 10 December 2014.
  14. ^ Chicago Tribune (February 18, 2015). "The Internet isn't broken. Obama doesn't need to 'fix' it". chicagotribune.com.
  15. ^ Net Neutrality. Last Week Tonight with John Oliver publisher=HBO. 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2017. {{cite AV media}}: Missing pipe in: |series= (help)
  16. ^ Erik Moeller (August 1, 2014), Wikipedia Zero and Net Neutrality: Protecting the Internet as a Public Space, Wikimedia Foundation, retrieved February 7, 2017
  17. ^ Federal Communications Commission url=https://www.fcc.gov/general/open-internet accessdate=4 August 2016
  18. ^ a b Staff (26 February 2015). "FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 26 February 2015. Cite error: The named reference "FCC-20150226" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ a b Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Lohr, Steve (26 February 2015). "In Net Neutrality Victory, F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility". New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2015. Cite error: The named reference "NYT-20150226" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b Flaherty, Anne (25 February 2015). "FACT CHECK: Talking heads skew 'net neutrality' debate". AP News. Retrieved 26 February 2015. Cite error: The named reference "AP-20150225" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  21. ^ Fung, Brian (26 February 2015). "The FCC approves strong net neutrality rules". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  22. ^ Yu, Roger & Snider, Mike (26 February 2015). "FCC approves new net neutrality rules". USA Today. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  23. ^ Liebelson, Dana (26 February 2015). "Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  24. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (12 March 2015). "F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules". New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  25. ^ Sommer, Jeff (12 March 2015). "What the Net Neutrality Rules Say". New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  26. ^ FCC Staff (12 March 2015). "Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  27. ^ Reisinger, Don (13 April 2015). "Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin". CNET. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  28. ^ Federal Communications Commission (13 April 2015). "Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015". Federal Register. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  29. ^ "Net neutrality takes effect today. Here's how it affects you". The Washington Post.
  30. ^ "Telecom Lawsuits Aim to Kill FCC Net Neutrality". US News & World Report. March 24, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  31. ^ "A year after the FCC's order to treat ISPs like phone companies, net neutrality is still in danger". WIRED. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
  32. ^ a b Cecilia Kang, Court Backs Rules Treating Internet as Utility, Not Luxury, New York Times (June 14, 2016).
  33. ^ "President Trump Designates Ajit Pai as Chairman of FCC". Forbes. Jan 22, 2017.
  34. ^ Devin Coldewey (January 23, 2017), Trump's FCC Chairman pick Ajit Pai heralds a weaker, meeker Commission, retrieved February 5, 2017
  35. ^ a b c d e f Cecilia Kang (February 5, 2017), "Trump's F.C.C. Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", The New York Times, retrieved February 5, 2017
  36. ^ Colin Lecher (January 27, 2017), "FCC's new chairman introduces plan to scale back net neutrality transparency rules", The Verge, retrieved February 5, 2017
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference FCC_2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference law360_2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ "FCC's Ajit Pai says net neutrality's "days are numbered" under Trump". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  40. ^ Boliek, Brooks (February 19, 2015). "Net neutrality's chief critic". Politico.
  41. ^ Takala, Rudy (March 14, 2016). "FCC commissioner: Something changing in America about the First Amendment". Washington Examiner.
  42. ^ Osipova, Natalia (May 15, 2014). "How Net Neutrality Works". New York Times.
  43. ^ Byers, Alex (October 18, 2013). "Congress gets back to what? — Ohlhausen on 'Internet of things' — What to know about Jeh Johnson — FCC reschedules Oct. meeting". Politico. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
  44. ^ Kathleen Ann Ruane Legislative Attorney (June 12, 2015), Net Neutrality: Selected Legal Issues Raised by the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order (PDF), Congressional Research Service, p. 38, retrieved February 7, 2017
  45. ^ Bauer, Johannes; Obar, Jonathan A. (2014). "Reconciling political and economic goals in the net neutrality debate". Information Policy. 30 (1): 1–19.
  46. ^ a b Peter Svensson (October 19, 2007). "Comcast Blocks some Subscriber Internet Traffic, AP Testing shows". Associated Press. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
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