User:NoFlyingCars/Veal
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Info
[edit]ORIG. ARTICLE ON VEAL IS HERE
Needs structure/flow improvements.
Production
[edit] |
Birth
[edit]Veal is a byproduct of the dairy industry and comes from male dairy calves. Veal in the United States contributes $250 million to the America's dairy industry.[1][2][3] Since female calves are used to produce milk and beef, use of male calves is limited, outside of breeding. Around half of all calves born in dairy farming are actually female.[4][5]
New born calves are given a varied amount of time with their mothers, which could be anything between only just a few hours to a few days.[1][6][2]
Housing
[edit]There are primarily three different types of housing used for veal calves: hutches, stalls, or various types of group housing.[5][4]
While calves are young and most vulnerable to disease, they are kept in hutches, which keep them warm and isolated. Food, water, and straw bedding are freely available to the calves. Attention is paid to individual calves to monitor feed consumption and health. When they are less vulnerable, they are moved to either stalls or group housing.[4]
Free-raised or pasture-raised veal calves require no housing, barns or facilities. Calves freely roam open pastures with their mothers and herd.[7]
Feeding
[edit]Milk-fed veal calves consume a diet consisting of milk replacer, formulated with mostly milk-based proteins with added vitamins and minerals to provide a balanced nutritional solution. This type of diet relates to infant formula and is also one of the most common diets used for calfs in the veal industry.[6][8]
Grain-fed calves normally consume a diet of milk replacer for the first 6–8 weeks. The calves then move onto a grain-based diet (mostly corn-based), that contains many vitamins and minerals.[5]
Free Raised calves are raised on an open pasture and receive of diet of mother's milk, grass, and fresh water. Furthermore, free raised calves do not receive drugs such as hormones or antibiotics, which is often a focus of criticism amongst animal welfare organizations.[7][8]
Animal welfare
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Veal is a controversial issue in terms of animal welfare.
Multiple animal welfare organizations, whom strongly focus factory farming, attempt to educated consumers about several veal production procedures that are considered in-humane. This education has proven successful, with the recently announced improvements in the veal industry.[8]
A strong animal welfare movement concerning veal started in the 80's with the release of photographs of veal calves tethered in crates where they could barely move. After the release of these photographs, veal sales have plummeted, and have never recovered.[9]
Many veal farmers listened to the concern of their customers and have started improving conditions in their veal farms.[10][9]
Several large veal producers in the United States (Strauss Brands, Marcho Farms, and Catelli Brothers, Inc.), as well as the American Veal Association, have happily announced that they plan to phase out the use of crates, which is often the main focus of controversy in veal farming.[2][11][12]
Criticism with veal crates evolves around the facts that the veal calfs are highly restricted of movement, have unsuitable flooring, spend their entire lives indoors, experience prolonged sensory, social, and exploratory deprivation, and are more susceptible to high amounts of stress and disease.[8] Though, according to the Veal Quality Assurance Program & Veal Issues Management Program industry fact sheet, and the Ontario Veal Association, individual housing systems are important for disease control, and in reducing the possibility of physical injury. Furthermore, they state that it also allows for veal farmers to provide more personal attention to veal calfs, being in individual crates.[6][4]
Alternative agricultural practices for using male dairy calves include raising bob veal (slaughter at 2 or 3 days old),[13] raising calves as "red veal" without the severity of dietary restrictions needed to create pale meat (resulting in fewer antibiotic treatments and fewer slauthered calves),[14] and as dairy beef.[15]
When it comes to the centuries-old method of free raised veal,[16] calves never experience the stress of confinement, separation from their mothers and herd-mates, or an unnatural diet.[17][7] Many veal producers are realizing this, and the demand for free raised veal is rapidly increasing.[18][7][10]
In 2007, less that 5% of veal calves were raised in a free raised environment. In 2009, this has increased to 35%.[10]
Vermont bob veal slaughterhouse closure
[edit]In November of 2009, a slaughterhouse certified as an organic processor in Vermont specializing in bob veal was closed after a series of continuous cases of inhumane treatment towards veal calves. Inhumane treatment, in this situation, involved calved appeared to have been skinned alive, kicked, dragged, and shocked while conscious.[19][20]
A USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service inspector was shown in this video investigation coaching a slaughterhouse worker on ways to avoid having the facility being shut down.[19][20][21] Though, the USDA, with the Vermont Agriculture Agency actually did shut the facility down.[22] The undercover investigation video that resulted in the closure of this slaughterhouse can be scene here.
An organic dairy farmer in a different area in Vermont claims the following:
"I wouldn't be in this business if that's the way it was. That's not the norm, I can tell you that."[20]
Furthermore, a spokeswomen for the Vermont Agency of Agriculture stated this:
"These practices are not representative of the industry as a whole in Vermont."[19]
Drug usage in veal
[edit]The USDA does not approve the use of hormones on veal calves for any reason, with the exclusion for use in ruminating cattle, which is not related to veal.[23]
The USDA does approve antibiotics in veal raising to treat or prevent disease.[23]
In 2004, an official of the USDA found a lump on a veal calf in a Wisconsin veal farm. This lump turned out to be an illegal hormone implant (such implants are only allowed legally for adult cows).[24][25] Through further investigation, it was understood that around 90% of veal calves in the U.S. were fed synthetic testosterone illegally.[24][25] The American Veal Association has confessed that this practice has been going for 30 years.[24]
The USDA expresses concern that the use of illegal drugs might be widespread in the veal industry.[25]
The USDA claims, in relation to Penicillin, the following:
"Penicillin is not used in calf raising: tetracycline has been approved but is not widely used."[23]
Veal crate bans
[edit]The following shows where veal crates have been banned, or are currently in the process of being banned:
Europe
[edit]Veal crates became illegal in the UK in 1990,[26] and a full ban has been placed for the entire European Union, as of 2007.[27][28]
USA
[edit]Crates are slowly being banned in the United States. As stated above, several large veal producers are working on phasing out veal crates, as well as the American Veal Association. State-by-state veal crate bans are as follows:[29]
- 2006 - Arizona (effective 2012, a part of Proposition 204)[30]
- 2007 - Oregon (effective 2013)[31]
- 2008 - Colorado (effective 2012)[32]
- 2008 - California (effective 2013, a part of Proposition 2)[29]
- 2009 - Maine (effective 2011)[33]
- 2009 - Michigan (effective 2013)[34]
Current active legislation in:
- New York State (proposed in May of 2009, if passed: planned to take effect in 2015)[35]
- Massachusetts (proposed in January of 2009, if passed: planned to take effect in 2015)[36]
References
[edit]- ^ a b CCFA - Veal Calves
- ^ a b c GoVeg.com - American Veal Association Pledge
- ^ Veal Farm Industry Facts
- ^ a b c d Ontario Veal - All About Veal Housing
- ^ a b c OFAC.org Veal issue center
- ^ a b c Veal Farm FAQ
- ^ a b c d Free-raised American Veal
- ^ a b c d HSUS Welfare of Veal Calves
- ^ a b NYTimes - Veal to Love, Without the Guilt
- ^ a b c Washington Post - Veal, Cast in a Kinder Light
- ^ CFHS on veal crates
- ^ Veal Assoc. Recommends Group Housing
- ^ Humane Food - Veal Facts
- ^ Sargeant JM, Blackwell TE, Martin W, et al. Production indices, calf health and mortality on seven red veal farms in Ontario. Can J Vet Res 1994;58:196-201.
- ^ Maas J, Robinson PH. Preparing Holstein steer calves for the feedlot. Vet Clin Food Anim 2007;23:269-279
- ^ Strauss Veal Recipes
- ^ Straussveal homepage
- ^ HSUS - Strauss & Marco Veal Crates
- ^ a b c Boston - Veal Slaughterhouse closed down
- ^ a b c CBS News - Stories - Veal Slaughterhouse Closure
- ^ WCAX Veal slaughterhouse closure
- ^ HSUS - Veal Investigation
- ^ a b c USDA's Veal Factsheet
- ^ a b c PETA Veal Factsheet
- ^ a b c usatoday.com: Illegal hormones found in veal calves
- ^ CIWF on Veal Crates (UK ban on bottom of page)
- ^ CFHA - Veal Crates
- ^ independent.org - Europe Plan for Veal Crate Ban
- ^ a b University of Nebraska - Cali. Veal
- ^ Arizona Bans Veal
- ^ Oregon Bans Veal
- ^ Colorado Bans Veal
- ^ Maine Bans Veal
- ^ Michigan Veal Ban
- ^ Possible NY Veal Ban
- ^ Possible Massachusetts Veal Ban