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In How Menstruation Created Mathematics, Kellermier states that "mathematics is defined as quantitative techniques of which humans develop in response for human survival". "Quantitative thinking is seen as a vital element of culture". The nature of menstruation plays a role in the development of counting and measuring time; lunar markings found on prehistoric bone fragments show how early women would track down their cycles. The prehistoric calendar bones include: "Ishango bone- discovered on the shore of a lake in Zaire, Africa and represented a six-month lunar calendar and it was the most well known. The Isturitz Baton represented both a five and four month lunar calendar. The Blanchard Bone Plaque represented a two month lunar calendar. During the Paleolithic period, much of the evidence on lunar calendars was found and it was characterized by the development of venus figurines". The figurines appeared to be depictions of females; the "Venus of Willendorf and Venus of Laussel beared traces of having been covered in red ochre of which is assumed to be rituals in nature and perhaps symbolic of the blood of menstruation". Lunar calendars were not only methods for measuring time, but also indicated the phases of the moon and a woman’s menstrual cycle. So Kellermier states that "this evidence aims to the conclusion that menstruation appeared to be the rise to early mathematics". Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).}}