User:Nas197/Chernoe Znamia
Composition and Leadership
[edit]Ethnically, Jewish migrants from shtetls to larger cities[1] predominated, and many members were of Ukrainian, Polish and, Great Russian nationality.
Notable members of the group included Khaym (Efim) Yartchuk,[2] one of Chernoe Znamia's founding members. Yartchuk continued engaging in anarchism with the Union of Russian Workers of the United States and Canada after immigrating to America.[2] Another was Olga Taratuta, who was sentenced to seventeen years in prison for her involvement in the 1905 bombing of Café Libman but escaped to Geneva to join Buntar, a Switzerland Chernoe Znamia group.[3] Nissan Farber, a Bialystok Chernoe Znamia member, is well known for murdering a Jewish factory owner Avram Kogan, on Yom Kippur.[4] His own bomb killed him during a later terror attack. [5]
Vladamir Striga, who accidentally killed himself with a bomb in Paris,[6] led the communard movement within Chernoe Znamia.
- ^ Shtakser, Inna.,. The making of Jewish revolutionaries in the pale of settlement : community and identity during the Russian revolution and its immediate aftermath, 1905-1907. New York. ISBN 978-1-137-43022-9. OCLC 873725508.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Zimmer, Kenyon. Immigrants against the state : Yiddish and Italian anarchism in America. Urbana, IL. ISBN 0-252-03938-6. OCLC 994479590.
- ^ Avrich, Paul. (2015). Russian Anarchists. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1-322-88677-6. OCLC 903321735.
- ^ Geifman, Anna, 1962- (1993). Thou shalt kill : revolutionary terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08778-4. OCLC 27266814.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Medding, Peter Y. (2003). Studies in Contemporary Jewry : Volume XVIII: Jews and Violence: Images. Ideologies, Realities. Cary: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534778-4. OCLC 960165908.
- ^ "The Many Lives of Max Chernyak". www.katesharpleylibrary.net. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
Tactics and Ideology
[edit]Two approaches to political violence split Chernoe Znamia. The communards, whom Vladamir Strigar led, intended to recreate the Paris Commune in Bialystok. The bezmotivniki were proponents of motiveless terror, with the latter tactic defining the group's most notable activities.[1] Bezmotivniki advocated unprovoked acts of violence against anyone affiliated with the government or wealth in any way. Wearing a military uniform or enjoying paid entertainment were, under this ideology, signals of punishable government or bourgeoisie affiliation.[2] Within the broader framework of Russia's anarchist groups, Chernoe Znamia was anti-syndicalist and anti-intellectualist.[3] Additionally, they were also proponents of recruiting the lumpenproletariat, "...in that it could not in any way be "controlled" by the bourgeoisie."[3] Chernoe Znamia derived its anarcho-communist political ideology from Peter Kropotkin, but its anti-syndicalism and pro-terrorist positions from Mikhail Bakunin.[4]
Chernoe Znamia members engaged in firefights with police, used bombs in public places, and committed armed robberies to fund their meetings and literature production.[5] The best-known incident of bezmotivniki terror was the 1905 Café Libman bombing in Odessa.[3]
- ^ Avrich, Paul. (2015). Russian Anarchists. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1-322-88677-6. OCLC 903321735.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Gooderham, P. (1981). The anarchist movement in Russia, 1905-1917 (Ph.D. thesis). University of Bristol.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Avrich, Paul. (1995). Anarchist voices : an oral history of anarchism in America. Paul Avrich Collection (Library of Congress). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03412-5. OCLC 30476588.