User:Naomistow31/Extraterrestrial life
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[edit]Furthermore, when considering the atmospheric composition and ecosystems hosted by these extraterrestrial bodies, the matter of extraterrestrial life seems more of a speculation than reality due to the harsh conditions and disparate chemical composition of the atmospheres[1] when compared to the life-abundant Earth. However, there are many extreme and chemically harsh ecosystems on Earth that do support forms of life and are often hypothesized to be the origin of life on Earth. Hydrothermal vents[2], acidic hot springs[3], and volcanic lakes[4] are all prime examples of life forming under difficult circumstances, and could provide parallels to the extreme environments on other planets and give hope to the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
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[edit]Harsh environmental conditions on Earth harboring life
[edit]It is common knowledge that the conditions on other planets in the solar system, in addition to the many galaxies outside of the Milky Way galaxy, are very harsh and seem to be too extreme to harbor any life.[5] The environmental conditions on these planets can have intense UV radiation paired with extreme temperatures, lack of water,[6] and much more that can lead to conditions that don’t seem to favor the creation or maintenance of extraterrestrial life. However, there has been much historical evidence that some of the earliest and most basic forms of life on Earth originated in some extreme environments[7] that seem unlikely to have harbored life at least at one point in Earth’s history. Fossil evidence as well as many historical theories backed up by years of research and studies have marked environments like hydrothermal vents or acidic hot springs as some of the very first places that life could have originated on Earth.[8] These environments can be considered extreme when compared to the typical ecosystems that the majority of life on Earth now inhabit, as hydrothermal vents are scorching hot due to the magma escaping from the Earth’s mantle and meeting the much colder oceanic water. Even in today’s world, there can be a diverse population of bacteria found inhabiting the area surrounding these hydrothermal vents[9] which can suggest that some form of life can be supported even in the harshest of environments like the other planets in the solar system.
The aspects of these harsh environments that make them ideal for the origin of life on Earth, as well as the possibility of creation of life on other planets, is the chemical reactions forming spontaneously. For example, the hydrothermal vents found on the ocean floor are known to support many chemosynthetic processes[2] which allow organisms to utilize energy through reduced chemical compounds that fix carbon.[9] In return, these reactions will allow for organisms to live in relatively low oxygenated environments while maintaining enough energy to support themselves. The early Earth environment was reducing[10] and therefore, these carbon fixing compounds were necessary for the survival and possible origin of life on Earth. With the little amount of information that scientists have found regarding the atmosphere on other planets in the Milky Way galaxy and beyond, the atmospheres are most likely reducing or with very low oxygen levels[11], especially when compared with Earth’s atmosphere. If there were the necessary elements and ions on these planets, the same carbon fixing, reduced chemical compounds occurring around hydrothermal vents could also occur on these planets' surfaces and possibly result in the origin of extraterrestrial life.
References
[edit]- ^ Catling, D.C. (2015), "Planetary Atmospheres", Treatise on Geophysics, Elsevier, pp. 429–472, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00185-8, retrieved 2024-04-17
- ^ a b Shibuya, Takazo; Takai, Ken (2022-11-16). "Liquid and supercritical CO2 as an organic solvent in Hadean seafloor hydrothermal systems: implications for prebiotic chemical evolution". Progress in Earth and Planetary Science. 9 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s40645-022-00510-6. ISSN 2197-4284.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (2020-04-01). "The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life". Astrobiology. 20 (4): 429–452. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2045. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 7133448. PMID 31841362.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Mapelli, Francesca; Marasco, Ramona; Rolli, Eleonora; Daffonchio, Daniele; Donachie, Stuart; Borin, Sara (2015), Rouwet, Dmitri; Christenson, Bruce; Tassi, Franco; Vandemeulebrouck, Jean (eds.), "Microbial Life in Volcanic Lakes", Volcanic Lakes, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 507–522, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36833-2_23, ISBN 978-3-642-36833-2, retrieved 2024-04-17
- ^ "Atmosphere - Planets, Composition, Pressure | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ Amils, Ricardo; González-Toril, Elena; Fernández-Remolar, David; Gómez, Felipe; Aguilera, Ángeles; Rodríguez, Nuria; Malki, Mustafá; García-Moyano, Antonio; Fairén, Alberto G.; de la Fuente, Vicenta; Luis Sanz, José (2007-02). "Extreme environments as Mars terrestrial analogs: The Rio Tinto case". Planetary and Space Science. 55 (3): 370–381. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2006.02.006. ISSN 0032-0633.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Daniel, Isabelle; Oger, Philippe; Winter, Roland (2006). "Origins of life and biochemistry under high-pressure conditions". Chemical Society Reviews. 35 (10): 858. doi:10.1039/b517766a. ISSN 0306-0012.
- ^ Dong, Hailiang; Yu, Bingsong (2007-09-01). "Geomicrobiological processes in extreme environments: A review". Episodes Journal of International Geoscience. 30 (3): 202–216. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i3/003.
- ^ a b Georgieva, Magdalena N.; Little, Crispin T.S.; Maslennikov, Valeriy V.; Glover, Adrian G.; Ayupova, Nuriya R.; Herrington, Richard J. (2021-06). "The history of life at hydrothermal vents". Earth-Science Reviews. 217: 103602. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103602. ISSN 0012-8252.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Zahnle, Kevin J.; Lupu, Roxana; Catling, David C.; Wogan, Nick (2020-06-01). "Creation and Evolution of Impact-generated Reduced Atmospheres of Early Earth". The Planetary Science Journal. 1 (1): 11. doi:10.3847/PSJ/ab7e2c. ISSN 2632-3338.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Atreya, S.K; Mahaffy, P.R; Niemann, H.B; Wong, M.H; Owen, T.C (2003-02). "Composition and origin of the atmosphere of Jupiter—an update, and implications for the extrasolar giant planets". Planetary and Space Science. 51 (2): 105–112. doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(02)00144-7. ISSN 0032-0633.
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