User:MtBotany/sandkasten
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Aquilegia |
| Species: | A. coerulea
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| Binomial name | |
| Aquilegia coerulea | |
| Varieties | |
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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Description
[edit]Aquilegia coerulea is a herbaceous plant with flowering stems that may be 15–80 centimeters (6–31 in) when fully grown.[2] Its leaves are on stems that are always shorter than the flowering stems, just 9–37 cm (4–15 in) and are compound leaves that usually have three leaflets on three components (biternate), but occasionally may be simpler with just three leaflets (trifoliate) or more complex (tripinnate).[3] Each leaflet is quite thin, smooth and hairless on the upper side (glabrous), and green. They may either be glabrous or covered in fine, minute hairs on the underside of the leaf (pubescent) and have three lobes.[4][5] Leaflets most often range in size from 13–42 mm (1⁄2–1+5⁄8 in), but occasionally may be as long as 61 mm (2+3⁄8 in).[3]
The plant flower buds nod, facing somewhat downward.[6] The flowers are large and showy with a diameter of as much as 15 centimeters (6 in),[4] but more often about 5–10 cm (2–4 in).[7] They are so striking that the botanists E. O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley enthusiastically wrote of them in their 1915 Flora of New Mexico,[4]
"This is the State flower of Colorado and no other State has one so beautiful. Few indeed are the flowers of the Rockies that can compare with this in beauty. The great blossoms, sometimes six inches in diameter, look like bits of fallen sky, and when the plants cover acres of meadow, as they sometimes do, no words can be found to do them justice."[8]
The flowers are atop stems that stand perpendicular to the ground (erect) with the outer five sepals in shades of white to deep-blue or occasionally pink in their wild condition.[2] The sepals range in shape from a flattened circle with somewhat pointed ends with the widest part moved toward the base (elliptic-ovate) to like a somewhat egg shaped spear head (lance-ovate}. They range in size from 26–51 millimeters long and 8–23 millimeters wide.[3]
The five petals have very long spurs [9]
Taxonomy
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The first scientific description of Aquilegia coerulea was by the American scientist Edwin James in 1822.[1] Though Aquilegia coerulea was the original spelling by James, it has often been spelled as Aquilegia caerulea as this is more correct Latin. However, the rules of taxonomic nomenclature generally prefer the original spelling and this is the name adopted by the Board of International Botanic Nomenclature. James found the first specimen he collected in a thicket of scrub oak near what is today Palmer Lake, Colorado while on the Stephen H. Long Expedition of 1820.[10] After James's description seven species, six subspecies, five varieties, and two botanical forms have been described that are considered to be synonyms of the species or one of its four varieties.[1][11][12][13][14]
| Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aquilegia advena Regel | 1856 | species | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia caerulea E.James | 1823 | species | var. coerulea | = het. orth. var. |
| Aquilegia canadensis subsp. coerulea (E.James) Brühl | 1893 | subspecies | Aquilegia coerulea | ≡ hom. |
| Aquilegia coerulea subsp. albiflora A.Gray ex Payson | 1918 | subspecies | var. ochroleuca | ≡ hom. |
| Aquilegia coerulea var. albiflora A.Gray | 1895 | variety | var. ochroleuca | ≡ hom. nom. superfl. |
| Aquilegia coerulea subsp. alpina (A.Nelson) Payson | 1918 | subspecies | var. alpina | ≡ hom. |
| Aquilegia coerulea subsp. daileyae (Eastw.) Payson | 1918 | subspecies | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia coerulea var. daileyae Eastw. | 1897 | variety | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia coerulea f. glandulosa Cockerell | 1891 | form | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia coerulea var. leptoceras (Nutt.) A.Nelson | 1909 | variety | var. ochroleuca | ≡ hom. nom. superfl. |
| Aquilegia coerulea var. macrantha (Hook. & Arn.) Brühl | 1893 | variety | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia coerulea f. pallidiflora Cockerell | 1891 | form | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia coerulea subsp. pinetorum (Tidestr.) Payson | 1918 | subspecies | var. pinetorum | ≡ hom. |
| Aquilegia formosa subsp. coerulea (E.James) Brühl | 1893 | subspecies | Aquilegia coerulea | ≡ hom. |
| Aquilegia formosa var. macrantha (Hook. & Arn.) Brühl | 1893 | variety | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia leptoceras Nutt. | 1834 | species | var. ochroleuca | ≡ hom. |
| Aquilegia macrantha Hook. & Arn. | 1838 | species | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia oreophila Rydb. | 1902 | species | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia piersoniana L.O.Williams | 1934 | species | var. coerulea | = het. |
| Aquilegia pinetorum Tidestr. | 1910 | species | var. pinetorum | ≡ hom. |
| Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym | ||||
Varieties
[edit]There are four accepted varieties of Aquilegia coerulea according to Plants of the World Online.[1]
Aquilegia coerulea var. alpina
[edit]This variety was scientifically described by the botanist Aven Nelson in 1896.[11] It is known by the common name of Colorado alpine columbine.[15] It differs from the other varieties by having much smaller petal blades, only 13–17 millimeters instead of 19–28 millimeters.[3] It grows on open rocky slopes in the state of Wyoming at elevations of 2,100–3,500 meters (6,900–11,500 ft). It always has pale blue sepals and flowers from June to August.[16] NatureServe has not evaluated the variety since 2001, but at that time they listed it as "vulnerable" (T3), but they also list it as possibly extirpated from Wyoming and with an unevaluated status in Utah.[15]
Aquilegia coerulea var. coerulea
[edit]Five species were described at various times that are considered heterotypic synonyms of this variety.[12] The autonymic variety of the species grows in Wyoming, New Mexico, and Colorado at elevations of 2,100–3,500 meters (6,900–11,500 ft).[17] It is distinguished from the two following varieties by having medium to deep blue sepals where they have white, pale blue, or pink sepals.[3] It's sepals range in length from 28–43 millimeters.[2] The petals have spurs that are 34-48 mm long while their blades are usually 20–24 mm, though occasionally as short as 17 mm. They grow on rocky slopes, near streams, in open woodlands, and in herb dominated meadows. They flower in the summer starting in mid-June and may flower as late as early September.[17] NatureServe evaluated the variety in 2004 and found it to be "apparently secure" (T4) globally and in Wyoming. They did not evaluate the rest of its range.[18]
Aquilegia coerulea var. ochroleuca
[edit]William Jackson Hooker described this variety in 1864. It had previously been described as a species by Thomas Nuttall in 1834 with the name Aquilegia leptoceras. This species name was also unnecessarily reclassified as Aquilegia coerulea var. leptoceras by Aven Nelson in 1909. It was inadvertently described by Asa Gray as Aquilegia coerulea var. albiflora in 1895 from which it was reclassified by Edwin Blake Payson as a subspecies in 1918.[13] It differs from var. coerulea by having lighter blue or white sepals (occasionally pink) and from var. pinetorum by having shorter flower spurs (usually 40–48 mm, but possibly 36–54 mm) and shorter stamens (13–18 mm).[3] It grows in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming at elevations of 2,000–3,600 meters (6,600–11,800 ft). It flowers as early as late June and may bloom as late as August.[19]
Aquilegia coerulea var. pinetorum
[edit]This variety was first described as a species with the name Aquilegia pinetorum in 1910 by Ivar (Frederick) Tidestrøm (1864-1956). In 1918 Edwin Blake Payson described it as subspecies of Aquilegia coerulea and in 1942 Thomas Henry Kearney and Robert Hibbs Peebles gave it the present classification as Aquilegia coerulea var. pinetorum.[14] Like var. ochroleuca it may have white to pale blue sepals, occasionally light pink, while it has longer petal spurs (usually 50–58 mm, but ranging from 45–72 mm) and longer flower stamens (17–24 mm).[3] This variety is found in Utah and Arizona at elevations of 1,800–3,400 meters (5,900–11,200 ft). They may flower starting in May or as late as September.[20]
Names
[edit]The genus name, Aquilegia, is frequently said to mean "eagle-like". The author Bill Casselman strongly asserts this to be incorrect and that the name derives from the Latin adjective "aquilegus" with the meaning "drawing water".[21] Other writers speculate that it may derive from "Dove" for a resemblance of five doves drinking at a fountain.[10] The species name, coerulea, is also Latin meaning "sky-blue" or "dark-blue".[21]
Two of the most frequently used common names in English are "Colorado columbine" and "Colorado blue columbine".[5][10] However, the species is also called "Rocky Mountain columbine" for its wider natural range.[22]
Reflist
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Aquilegia coerulea E.James". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ a b c Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 881–882. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Whittemore, Alan T. (6 November 2020). "Aquilegia coerulea - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ a b c Nold, Robert (2003). Columbines : Aquilegia, Paraquilegia, and Semiaquilegia. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 76–79. ISBN 978-0-88192-588-3. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ a b Duft, Joseph F.; Moseley, Robert K. (1989). Alpine Wildflowers of the Rocky Mountains. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-87842-238-8. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Art, Henry Warren (1990). The Wildflower Gardener's Guide. Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountain, and Western Canada Edition. Pownal, Vermont: Storey Communications. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-88266-584-9. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ Pesman, M. Walter (Michiel Walter) (1988). Meet the Natives : A Beginner's Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wild Flowers, Trees, and Shrubs (8th ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing for Denver Botanic Gardens. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-87108-731-7. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ Wooton, Elmer Ottis; Standley, Paul Carpenter (1915). Flora of New Mexico. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 248–249. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Shaw, Richard J. (2004). Wildflowers of Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks : including the greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (revised ed.). Helena, Montana: Wheelwright Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-9702067-2-5. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ a b c Dodson, Carolyn; Dunmire, William W. (2007). Mountain Wildflowers of the Southern Rockies : Revealing Their Natural History. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-8263-4244-7. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Aquilegia coerulea var. alpina A.Nelson". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Aquilegia coerulea var. coerulea". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Aquilegia coerulea var. ochroleuca Hook". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Aquilegia coerulea var. pinetorum (Tidestr.) Payson ex Kearney & Peebles". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b NatureServe (2024). "Aquilegia caerulea var. alpina". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ Whittemore, Alan T. "Aquilegia coerulea var. alpina - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b Whittemore, Alan T. (5 November 2020). "Aquilegia coerulea var. coerulea - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ NatureServe (2024). "Aquilegia caerulea var. caerulea". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ Whittemore, Alan T. (5 November 2020). "Aquilegia coerulea var. ochroleuca - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ Whittemore, Alan T. (5 November 2020). "Aquilegia coerulea var. ochroleuca - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b Casselman, Bill (1997). Canadian Garden Words : The Origin of Flower, Tree, and Plant Names, both wild and domestic, entertainingly derived from their sources in the Ancient Toungues together with Fancy Botanical Names & Why You Shall Never Again Be Afraid To Use Them! (1st ed.). Toronto, Canada: Little, Brown (Canada). pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-0-316-13343-2. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Busco, Janice; Morin, Nancy R. (2010). Native Plants for High-elevation Western Gardens. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-1-55591-740-1. Retrieved 8 June 2024.