User:Mr.choppers/sandbox

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Long term combative editor, WP:OWN, etc

Hi, I mostly edit automobile articles, which is rarely the source of much strife. Facts are not too hard to come by for cars. Over the last few years, however, I find myself constantly knocking heads with one and the same editor. I have a number of issues with the editor in question, triggered by a long running disagreement over units. I will not ask you to judge this particular argument over metric versus imperial horsepower, because it might be too narrow for anyone to care about.

However, in the last few months I find myself constantly coming up against repeated combative behavior, behavior

quote by OSX, removing BMW content en masse

ownership by Carmaker1

Comment - most of these concerns are outside the scope of an AFC review. Nissan called it fuel injection, it may be Electronic Diesel Control. I am merely quoting published sources. Same thing for it not being particularly powerful, and generally durable as long as it doesn't overheat - I am quoting published sources.

PS/ch is alive and well with manufacturers: Peugeot 505, official technical description, Piëch's target number was 1001PS, .  Mr.choppers | ✎  16:54, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Old

http://papers.sae.org/840055/

Myanmar auto market https://web.archive.org/web/20181121052345/http://myanmartimes.tripod.com/cgi-bin/search.pl?id=256&view=detail&search=mazda

issue containing content re Mazda B600

Power and torque

The power rating for cars from metric countries should be shown in kilowatts (kW), with horsepower (hp) in parentheses. For metric cars built before 1972 or where the original unit as used in a majority of reliable sources is in metric horsepower (PS, also known as cv, ch, hk etcetera, depending on the country of origin) use metric horsepower first. Metric horsepower (PS) may complement hp in parentheses, to assist in verifying references or when the unit is closely linked with the vehicle. Be aware that sources frequently confuse metric and imperial horsepower since they are very similar.

American cars will use horsepower (hp) with kilowatts (kW) in parentheses, and British cars will use brake horsepower (bhp) with kilowatts (kW) in parentheses.

The torque rating for cars from metric countries should be shown in Newton metres (N·m), with pound-feet (lb·ft, not ft·lb or ft·lbf) in parentheses. Cars from America, Great Britain and other imperial countries should have the torque stated in pound-feet (lb·ft), followed by Newton metres (N·m) in parentheses. If reliable sources use kilopondmetres, use a conversion template to get the correct output while maintaining N·m as the leading unit. There is usually no need to include the value in kg·m.

Examples:

Home market	Power		Torque
	template	output	template	output
Europe, Japan, etc.	{{cvt|100|PS|kW hp|0}}	100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp)	{{cvt|18.4|kgm|Nm lbft|0|order=out}}	180 N⋅m (133 lb⋅ft)
	{{cvt|74|kW|PS hp|0}}	74 kW (101 PS; 99 hp)	{{cvt|180|Nm|lbft|0}}	180 N⋅m (133 lb⋅ft)
United States	{{cvt|100|hp|kW|0}}	100 hp (75 kW)	{{cvt|133|lbft|Nm|0}}	133 lb⋅ft (180 N⋅m)
Great Britain	{{cvt|100|bhp|kW|0}}	100 bhp (75 kW)	{{cvt|133|lbft|Nm|0}}	133 lb⋅ft (180 N⋅m)

When converting units, use of the {{cvt}} template with the "order=flip" or "order=out" option allows the units to be displayed in the desired order while avoiding any conversion inaccuracies, e.g. {{cvt|100|PS|kW|0|order=flip}} results in "74 kW (100 PS)"; otherwise use of {{cvt|74|kW|PS|0}} results in the inaccurate result of "74 kW (101 PS)".

Mitsubishi Indonesia

XE Falcon GL Wagon

T100 yg dibilang ak4ng apakah ada msk indo? Koq saya gak pernah nemuin. Kalo berdasarkan parts katalog KTB gen PU urutannya: 1. Colt T120 (73-77) 2. Colt T120 (78 up) - yg ini gak ada dikatalog. 3. Colt Minicab L100 (80-82). 4. Colt L300 bensin 1400cc (81-83) 5. Colt L300 bensin 1600cc (84-00) 6. Colt L300 diesel 2300cc (84-88) 7. Jetstar (86 - unknown) 8. Colt L300 diesel 2500cc (88- now)

great paper, lots of stuff re suzuki and kijang and others

73 PS (53.7 kW) 1,080 kg (2,381 lb) 117 km/h (73 mph) 13 kg⋅m (127 N⋅m; 94 lb⋅ft)

Peugeot 404

• style="text-align:center;"|148

|style="text-align:center;"|92

• style="text-align:center;"|114.74

|style="text-align:center;"|84.63

• style="text-align:center;"|1,150

|style="text-align:center;"|2,535 57 PS (42 kW)

Peugeot 404 (1960-75)

Version	Model Code	Bodystyle	Engine	Size cc	Fuel feed	Power			Torque			Brakes front/rear	Weight		Top Speed		Years produced
						hp	kW	/ rpm	Nm	lbft	/ rpm		kg	lb	km/h	mph
Petrol-engined models
404 berline administration	404 A8	Saloon	XB2	1468	Carburator	SAE: 66 DIN: 60	49 44	5000	SAE: 112 DIN: 107	82 79	2,500	drum/drum	1,070	2,357	135	84	1964-09.67
404/8 Confort	404/8											disc/drum					09.67-02.72
404 Commerciale	404 U6	Station wagon										drum/drum	1,150	2,535	125	78	07.62-63
			XB5														1963-09.70
	404 U6S		XC7	1618		SAE: 73 DIN: 68	54 50	5600 5400	SAE: 127 DIN: 118	94 87	2500	disc/drum	1,190	2,624	135	84	09.70-71
404 GT	404	berlina	XC	1618	Carburator	SAE: 72 DIN: 65	53 48	5400	SAE: 127	94	2250	drum/drum	1,070	2,359	142	88	1960-09.64
			XC5			SAE: 76 DIN: 70	56 51	5600	SAE: 130	96	2500				146	91	09.64-66
			XC6			SAE: 80 DIN: 74	59 54	5600	SAE: 132	98	2500		1,080	2,381	150	93	1966-10.68
												disc/drum					10.68-09.70
			XC7			SAE: 73 DIN: 68	54 50	5600 5400	SAE: 127 DIN: 118	94 87	2500		1,100	2,425	148	92	09.70-05.75
404 SL	404	berlina	XC	1618	Carburator	SAE: 72 DIN: 65	53 48	5400	SAE: 127	94	2250	drum/drum	1,070	2,359	142	88	1961-09.64
			XC5			SAE: 76 DIN: 70	56 51	5600	SAE: 130	96	2500				146	91	09.64-66
			XC6			SAE: 80 DIN: 74	59 54	5600	SAE: 132	98	2500		1,080	2,381	150	93	1966-68
	404 C	coupé	XC			SAE: 72 DIN: 65	53 48	5400	SAE: 127	94	2250		1,125	2,480	150	93	1962-09.64
			XC5			SAE: 76 DIN: 70	56 51	5600	SAE: 130	96	2500				153	95	09.64-66
			XC6			SAE: 80 DIN: 74	59 54	5600	SAE: 132	98	2500		1,130	2,491	157	98	1966-68
		cabriolet	XC			SAE: 72 DIN: 65	53 48	5400	SAE: 127	94	2250		1,080	2,381	148	92	1961-09.64
			XC5			SAE: 76 DIN: 70	56 51	5600	SAE: 130	96	2500				150	93	09.64-66
			XC6			SAE: 80 DIN: 74	59 54	5600	SAE: 132	98	2500				155	96	1966-68
404 Injection	404 KF	Saloon	XCKF	1618	Mechanical fuel injection	SAE: 85 DIN: 80	SAE: 63 DIN: 59	5500	SAE: 137	101	2800	drum/drum	1,080	2,381	155	96	1961-63
			XCKF1														1963-09.64
			XCKF2			SAE: 96 DIN: 88	71 65	5700	SAE: 141	104	2800				160	99	09.64-68
	404 CKF	Coupé	XCKF			SAE: 85 DIN: 80	SAE: 63 DIN: 59	5500	SAE: 137	101	2800		1,100	2,425	158	98	1962-63
			XCKF1														1963-09.64
			XCKF2			SAE: 96 DIN: 88	71 65	5700	SAE: 141	104	2800				167	104	09.64-68
		Convertible	XCKF			SAE: 85 DIN: 80	SAE: 63 DIN: 59	5500	SAE: 137	101	2800		1,075	2,368	158	98	1961-63
			XCKF1														1963-09.64
			XCKF2			SAE: 96 DIN: 88	71 65	5700	SAE: 141	104	2800				167	104	09.64-68
404 Break SL	404 L XC5 TH	Station wagon	XC5	1618	Carburetor	SAE: 76 DIN: 70	56 51	5600	SAE: 130	96	2500	drum/drum	1,175	2,590	140	87	09.64-66
	404 L XC6 TH		XC6			SAE: 80 DIN: 74	59 54	5600	SAE: 132	98	2500		1,190	2,624	145	90	1966-10.68
												disc/drum					10.68-09.70
	404 L XC7 TH		XC7			SAE: 73 DIN: 68	54 50	5600 5400	SAE: 127 DIN: 118	94 87	2500				138	86	09.70-71
404 Familiale	404 L XC TW	Station wagon	XC	1618	Carburetor	SAE: 72 DIN: 65	53 48	5400	SAE: 127	94	2250	drum/drum	1,175	2,588	135	84	07.62-09.64
	404 L XC5 TW		XC5			SAE: 76 DIN: 70	56 51	5600	SAE: 130	96	2500				140	87	09.64-66
	404 L XC6 TW		XC6			SAE: 80 DIN: 74	59 54	5600	SAE: 132	98	2500		1,190	2,624	145	90	1966-10.68
												disc/drum					10.68-09.70
	404 L XC7 TW		XC7			SAE: 73 DIN: 68	54 50	5600 5400	SAE: 127 DIN: 118	94 87	2500				138	86	09.70-71
Diesel-engined models
404 Diesel	404 D	Saloon	XD88	1948	Naturally aspirated diesel	SAE: 68 DIN: 60	50 44	4500	SAE: 119	88	2250	drum/drum	1,150	2,535	130	81	1963-09.72
						SAE: 65 DIN: 57	48 42	4500	-	-	-				128	80	09.72-05.75
404 Familiale Diesel	404 LD	Station wagon	XD85	1816		SAE: 55 DIN: 50	40 37	4000	SAE: 108	80	2250		1,250	2,756	120	75	07.62-64
			XD88	1948		SAE: 68 DIN: 60	50 44	4500	SAE: 119	88	2250		1,170	2,579	128	80	1964-05.75
404 Commerciale Diesel	404 U6D	Station wagon	XD85	1816		SAE: 55 DIN: 50	40 37	4000	SAE: 108	80	2250		1,225	2,701	110	68	07.62-65
			XD88	1948		SAE: 63 DIN: 53	46 39	4000	SAE:						115	71	1965-05.75

Dopo la tabella relativa alle versioni europee, ecco una tabella riepilogativa inerente alle versioni prodotte e commercializzate in Argentina:

Modello	Carrozzeria	Motore	Cilindrata cm³	Potenza CV/rpm	Coppia Nm/rpm	Freni ant./post.	Massa a vuoto (kg)	Velocità max	Anni di produzione
Versioni a benzina
404	berlina	XC6B	1618	64/5400	128/2500	T/T	1.070	147	1962-64
				65/5400					1964-67
404 L				73/5400	137/2800			150	1967-69
404 GL/SL						D/T - T/T 404 S			1969-81
404 Gran Prix/Le Mans									1970-78
404 S		XC5 S		115/6400	-		-	185	1964-65
404 Rural	Break	XC6B		65/5400	128/2500	T/T	1.175	135	1963-64
404 Pick-Up	Pick-up			73/5400	137/2800		1.220	130	1973-79
Versioni a gasolio
404 Diesel	berlina	XD88	1948	45/3000	118/1500	D/T	1.150	120	1971-80
404 Pick-up Diesel	Pick-up					T/T	1.250	110	1973-79

Franco Chilena

Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. The operation started to lose momentum as import licenses for automotive parts were cancelled and replaced with an 11 percent tariff. This made locally made cars about twenty percent more expensive than ones imported fully-built-up from France, meaning that the writing was on the wall for the enterprise.

Automobile manufacturers and products

Market profile

Cheaper and simpler cars are naturally preferred, as is the case for most markets at the same developmental stage as Indonesia.

While many Western brands are present, as well as certain others, Japanese brands have long had a dominant position in Thailand. In 1978 and 1982, for instance, Japanese brands received 91 and 90 percent shares. In 2006, they still had a 88.5 percent share, in spite of the late entries of Ford, General Motors, Volkswagen, and BMW.

Light and medium trucks, as well as microvans, also provide the basis for the ubiquitous Songthaew (Share taxis) which provide much of the local transport requirements in Thailand. Modes of transport in Thailand consist of a multitude of different solutions ranging from elephants to airplanes, but passenger cars have been steadily increasing in popularity.

General Motors

Having had an early presence in Thailand since the creation of Bangchan Motors in 1970, General Motors withdrew in the late seventies as the Vietnam War, Thai domestic stability, and the energy crisis all threatened their ability to do business. After having left in 1977, General Motors Thailand (GMT) returned in 2000, subsequent to the elimination of local content requirements. They have since offered a combination of Opels, Daewoos, and Holdens with Chevrolet badging.

General Motors placed the production of the Chevrolet Zafira (Opel) to Thailand, originally with the intention of supplying the local ASEAN markets only. After the 1997 Asian financial crisis and resulting market collapse this aim had to be adjusted, and by 2002 90% of the production of General Motors' Rayong plant was being exported, as far away as Europe and Chile. The Zafira also marked a notable first for the Thai car industry, when it became the first finished car to be exported to Japan (as the Subaru Traviq). The Zafira was built in Thailand from May 2000 until 2005. Various Daewoos and Isuzu pickup trucks are also provided with Chevrolet badging, as is the Holden Commodore ("Chevrolet Lumina"). GMT also assembled the Alfa Romeo 156 in 2002-2004, a result of Fiat and GM's strategic alliance.

Honda

Honda only began assembling cars in Thailand in 1984, by a company called Banghan General. Banghan continued to do so under license until 2000, even though Honda established their own parallel production by Honda Cars Manufacturing Thailand in 1992. This company, with 91.4% Honda ownership, then changed its name to Honda Automobile (Thailand) in 2000. The most famous model of Honda Thailand is the 1996 City, a small sedan developed especially for the ASEAN markets and not intended for sale in Japan. Nonetheless, the second generation City (2002) has been exported to Japan as the Honda Fit Aria since its introduction.

Isuzu

Isuzu MU-7 SUV

Isuzus have been built in Thailand since 1963 by the Isuzu Assembling Plant. The company became "Isuzu Motors Co. (Thailand)" in 1966, and built their first pickup trucks in 1974. The Thai-only Isuzu Vega SUV was built from 1998 until 2002. The larger and more rounded MU-7 SUV can seat six or seven and appeared in November 2004.

Mazda

The first Mazdas assembled in Thailand were three-wheeled commercial vehicles, in 1950. In 1974 "Sukosol and Mazda Motor Industry" was founded, opening Mazda's first knock-down assembly plant in 1975. In 1998 the AutoAlliance Thailand (AAT, formed in 1995) automobile assembly plant was opened, a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and Mazda Motor Corporation in Rayong province, Thailand. AAT builds compact pickup trucks and SUVs primarily for the South-East Asian market, with exports to other developing markets and Europe as well. The Mazda 323 Protégé was produced between January 2000 and 2002, but was replaced with imports from the Philippines as a result of market liberalizations.

Suzuki

Main article: IndoMobil Suzuki International

PT. IndoMobil Suzuki International is a joint venture between Suzuki Motor Corporation and the IndoMobil Group. The company is located in Jakarta, Indonesia and specialized in manufacturing Suzuki vehicles for the local market. Their first product was the ST20 Carry, which saw extensive use as an Angkot. Suzuki's first Indonesian activity was in 1970 through its import firm PT. Indohero Steel & Engineering Company. Six years later they had built their manufacturing facility in Jakarta, which is the oldest part of the IndoMobil Group.

Since 2004, Suzuki Indonesia's APV (All Purpose Vehicle) budget MPV has been assembled exclusively in Indonesia. Designed in Japan, it is exported to numerous countries since 2005, to the ASEAN and beyond. As with many other IndoMobil Suzuki products it is also available with Mitsubishi badging (as the "Maven").

Toyota

PT. Toyota Astra Motor (TAM) was founded in April 1971. Vehicle production began in September 1974 at the PT. Multi-Astra manufacturing subsidiary. Toyota Indonesia's most famous product is the Kijang series of light trucks and vans. The Kijang, developed from the Philippine market Tamaraw Revo of 1976, has spawned an entire range of vehicles and are now built in a number of Asian countries including India. The Kijang was one of a series of BUV's, or Basic Utility Vehicles, developed for developing markets by several global manufacturers in the 1960s and 1970s.

Currently Toyota Astra Motor's production is carried out by PT. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN), which consists of the erstwhile PT. Multi-Astra as well as PT. Toyota Mobilindo (which was established in December 1976 with production commencing in May 1977).

Greater earless lizard
Cophosaurus texanus (male)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Iguania
Family:	Phrynosomatidae
Genus:	Cophosaurus Troschel, 1852
Species:	C. texanus
Binomial name
Cophosaurus texanus Troschel, 1852

The greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus texanus) is the only species in the monotypic genus Cophosaurus. It is closely related to the smaller, lesser earless lizards and other species in the genus Holbrookia, and in fact was placed in that genus and referred to Holbrookia texana from 1852 into the 1970s. Earless lizards lack external ear openings, an adaptation to burrowing in the sand, as are the recessed lower jaw and flared upper labial scales. Greater earless lizards are sexually dimorphic, males grow larger and are more colorful than females, exhibiting pink and green colors that are particularly bright in the breeding season. Two bold black bars mark the lateral region of males but are greatly reduced and vague, or occasionally entirely absent in females.

The greater earless lizard is native to the Chihuahua Desert and other arid and semi-arid regions of Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where they most often occupy moderately open areas of sparse vegetation with rocks, gravel, and sand. The overall color of individual lizards frequently match the colors of the rocks and soils of the local area they inhabit. They will often rely on camouflage and their speed to elude threats and predators before retreating into rock crevices. They are primarily insectivores, preying on wide variety of crickets, grasshoppers, caterpillars, ants, flies, beetles, and bugs. Spiders and small lizards are occasionally eaten as well. Cophosaurus are oviparous. Females lay 1 to 4 clutches of 2 – 9 eggs a year, with hatchlings emerging from June to October, and reaching adult size and sexual maturity in one year.

Etymology

The generic name Cophosaurus, is derived from the Greek words copho (κουφός) meaning deaf, and saurus meaning lizard, in reference to the absents of external ear openings in the species. The trivial name, or specific epithet texanus, is a toponym in reference to the state of Texas where the specimens used in the original description were collected. The subspecies names are both Latin, reticulatus meaning reticulated or a net-like pattern, and scitulus meaning handsome or pretty.

Taxonomy

Illustration of Cophosaurus texanus that was published in Troschel's original description of the species dated 1850.

Within the family Phrynosomatidae, Cophosaurus is most closely related to Zebra-Tailed Lizards (Callisaurus), Lesser Earless Lizards (Holbrookia), and Fringe-Toed Lizards (Uma), collectively forming the Tribe Callisaurini, commonly referred to as sand lizards. The genus Cophosaurus is monotypic, meaning Cophosaurus texanus is the only species in the genus. Franz Hermann Troschel described the genus Cophosaurus as well as the species C. texanus in his paper dated 1850, but not published until 1852. Later that same year the species was transferred to the genus Holbrookia in a review by Spencer Fullerton Baird and Charles Frédéric Girard, and subsequent literature used the name Holbrookia texana for well over a century. Troschel's description was based on two specimens, cotypes or syntypes, both lost in the Second World War. In 1951 James A. Peters published a review of the species recognizing three subspecies and designating a neotype for C. t. texanus, although still placing them in the genus Holbrookia. In a 1958 Ph.D. dissertation reviewing the genus Holbrookia, herpetologist Ralph W. Axtell excluded Holbrookia texana with little comment, and this was noted by Robert F. Clarke in his 1965 Ph.D. dissertation who placed it back in the original genus Cophosaurus. Both combinations, Cophosaurus texanus and Holbrookia texana, were used by various authors in the 1970s, but despite arguments for the placement of the species in Holbrookia, Cophosaurus was in predominant use by the 1980s and later allozymes analysis supported the recognition of the genus.

Three subspecies are currently recognized (2022), with standardized English names.

• Texas greater earless lizard, Cophosaurus texanus texanus, Troschlel 1852 [1850]
• Sonoran greater earless lizard, Cophosaurus texanus reticulatus, (Peters 1951)
• Chihuahuan greater earless lizard, Cophosaurus texanus scitulus, (Peters 1951)

Description

The greater earless lizard is a medium-sized lizard (relative to other species in its range) and the largest of the earless lizards. A range of sizes have been reported by various authors: Texas greater earless lizard (C. t. texanus), males 8.3–18.1 cm (3.3–7.1 in), females 7–14.3 cm (2.8–5.6 in); Chihuahuan greater earless lizard (C. t. scitulus), males 9–18.4 cm (3.5–7.2 in), females 6.7–13.5 cm (2.6–5.3 in) in total lengths are representative of the species.

Chihuahuan greater earless lizard (C. t. scitulus), male, Doña Ana County, New Mexico (19 Sept 2015)

Greater earless lizards do not have external ear openings. The scales on the body are small and granular, with the dorsal scales slightly smaller than the ventral scales. Their legs, particularly the hind legs, are relatively long. The tail is slightly flattened and longer than head and body combined. The underside of the tail is white with 5 to 9 (usually 6 or 7) bold, contrasting black bands (excluding individuals with regenerated tails). The base color can be various shades of grays, browns, tans, or reddish brown and generally close to the prevailing colors of the local substrate. Cophosaurus texanus is a sexually dimorphic species, in addition to size differences, males and females differ in some aspects of colors and markings. Most noticeable in males are a pair of black bands located on the posterior third on the sides of the body, rising from two blue patches on the margins of the belly up sides and arching forward and ending before meeting on the back. The body anterior to the black bands is suffused with some shade of pink, orange, or red, and the body posterior to the black bands tented green, aqua-green, or lime-green. The colors are most prominent in the Chihuahuan greater earless lizard (C. t. scitulus) and are greatly enhanced and most noticeable in the breeding season in all subspecies. In parts of their range they are colloquially referred to as "the lizard with the pink shirt and green pants." In contrast, females either lack the black lateral bands entirely or they are very faint and indistinct. Females and young often exhibit a lateral white or near white stripe running between the forelimbs and hind limbs and on the back of the legs.

The subspecies were diagnosed in the original description with the following characters. Cophosaurus t. texana: typically, 80–86%, have 79 ventral scales or less from collar (last gular fold) to anus, 40 or more scales in head length, and 27 or less total femoral pores. Cophosaurus t. scitula: 80–84% have 80 or more ventral scales, 39 or less head scales, 28 or more femoral pores. Cophosaurus t. reticulata: 85–100% have 82 ventral scales, 36 or less head scales, less than 31 femoral pores, and the black lateral bars are faint and do not extend above the lateral fold in males.

Distribution

Distribution of the greater earless lizard: Cophosaurus texanus texanus = light green; C. t. scitulus = mid green; C. t. reticulatus = dark greem; hatching = integration zones

The Greater earless lizard occurs in southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) and northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas). Elevations ranging from 127 to 2100 meters have been reported.

The Texas greater earless lizard (C. t. texanus) occurs in the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas and northward to the state border and southeastern areas of the Texas panhandle. It ranges southward into the Tamaulipan mezquital ecoregion, along the Rio Grande into northeast Coahuila and north-central Nuevo León, Mexico. In south-central Tamaulipas its occurrence becomes increasingly spotty and localized with records just across southern state line in eastern San Luis Potosí. Several accounts have commented on the problematic and poorly defined zone of integration between the subspecies C. t. texanus and C. t. scitulu.

The Chihuahuan greater earless lizard (C. t. scitulus) occurs throughout much of the Chihuahua Desert, including much of the Trans-Pecos region of west Texas, the southern third of New Mexico (following the Pecos and Rio Grande river basins northward), into southeast Arizona east of the Sonora Desert, and following a zone of semi-arid habitat around the northeast margins of the Sonora Desert almost to the California border. In Mexico it ranges into northeast Chihuahua, much of Coahuila, northeast Durango, extreme northeast Zacatecas, extreme southern Nuevo León, northern San Luis Potosí, and extreme southwest Tamaulipas. It is absent from the higher elevations in the Sierra Madre Oriental but it does range deep into the canyons and valleys on both the eastern and western versants of the mountain range.

The Sonoran greater earless lizard (C. t. reticulatus) is endemic to northeastern Sonora, Mexico, between 470 – 1300 meters, where as recently as 2016 it was reportedly known from only eight localities.

Ecology and natural history

Reproduction

Chihuahuan greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus t. scitulus), female, municipality of General Cepeda, Coahuila, Mexico (27 March 2013)

The longevity of the greater earless lizard is typically 3 years, but records of individuals surviving five reproductive seasons in the wild have been documented. Both males and females reach adult size in a year, attaining maturity and mating before their second winter. Mating occurs from April to August, peeking in late April to early July. Gravid females often exhibit pink, orange, or yellow colors on their throats and sides. In one study gravid females were only found in May and June. Multiple clutches, up to four a year, are scattered over a wide area, with clutch size ranging from 2 to 9 eggs, average 3 to 5. Older females produce larger clutches than young females. One study reported finding single eggs buried in the sand on three occasions but never locating a clutch. The incubation period is about 50 days. The hatchlings emerge June to October with reports of sizes varying from 20 to 25 mm. to 26–31 mm. snout–vent length.

Diet

The greater earless lizard is predominantly an insectivore and a generalist. A study in Mohave County, Arizona found insects comprised 85% of the diet, including 18.2% Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers, locusts), 15.8% Hymenoptera (ants, bees, sawflies, wasps), and 10.1% Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 9.2% Diptera (flies), 9.2% Coleoptera (beetles), and 8.4% Hemiptera (true bugs). Spiders made up 7.9% of the diet and Cophosaurus were found to occasionally feed on small lizards, particularly ornate tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus), in the late summer and early spring when hatchling emerged and were abundant. Another study conducted in the Mapimí Biosphere Reserve in Durango, Mexico, found the most frequent prey items were spiders, Hymenoptera, Lepidopteran (caterpillars) adult and nymph Orthoptera, beetles, and true bugs. Less frequent prey identified in these studies included Neuroptera (lacewings, mantidflies, antlions), mites, pseudoscorpions, termites, Homoptera, adult Lepidoptera, and Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) The Arizona study found that plants made up 5.5% of the diet, while the Durango study found only two cases of plant ingestion and interpret them as accidental intake. The most common, or highest percentage of prey items (e.g. Hymenoptera, caterpillars, etc.) in the diet were found to change annually in the Durango study.

Cophosaurus use a sit-and-wait foraging strategy, often situating themselves on a high vantage point such as a rock, bolder, or fallen limb, in a relatively open space and dashing out to take passing insects. They have been observed leaping into the air or at low-hanging vegetation to catch their prey. In one study, months with rain were significantly correlated with an increase of arthropods in the environment and in the dietary intake of the lizards. There was not a significant deference in the diet of males and females. Competition for food between adults and juveniles, as well as other species of sympatric lizards is at least partially alleviated by resource partitioning, determined by differences in body size and jaw length.

Habitat

Big Bend National Park in the Chihuahuan Desert, where greater earless lizards tend to occupy gulches, arroyos, and rocky areas of sparse vegetation.

The greater earless lizard native to the arid environment of the Chihuahua Desert, extending into western areas of the Tamaulipan mezquital, and the northeastern margins of the Meseta Central matorral, as well as the semi-arid Edwards Plateau and Central Great Plains in Texas, and the Arizona transition zone (between the Sonoran Desert and Arizona Mountains forests) in the west.

Within these ecoregions it typically occupies open scrubland and areas of sparse vegetation, with rocks and boulder. Limestone ledges and outcrops near streams with boulders and crevices, and dry gulches, arroyos, and canyons with alluvium deposits of silt, sand, gravel, and rocks are often preferred, but it is not strictly limited to these areas. Gentle to moderate slopes of limestone and gravel and hills of granite and igneous rock are also habitat for the lizard. Plants identified in association with greater earless lizards include honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), sotol (Dasylirion), lechuguilla (Agave lecheguilla), prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), leatherstem (Jatropha dioica), and candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica).

The color of an individual lizard often bears a striking correlation to the prevailing colors of the rocks and substrates where it lives: e.g. specimens from Llano County, Texas have been noted for their rusty brown color similar to the red granite characteristic of much of the Llano Uplift. Cophosaurus can be locally abundant and among the most common species of herpetofauna in some areas, and yet absent from seemingly appropriate habitat other areas.

Behavior

Greater earless lizards are diurnal, with most populations exhibiting a bimodal daily activity pattern, peeking late in the morning, followed by a period of reduced activity in the afternoon heat, and a second activity period in the late afternoon. They have a high optimum temperature range, typical active body is 37–41 °C (99–106 °F). At night, Cophosaurus will often burrow in loose sand as deep as 15.3 cm. (6 in.) or in areas without sand, they may partially bury in loose gravel or shale, or sleep on the surface. Females have been found communally buried under shale on cold winter days.

They are predominantly ground-dwelling lizards that often seek a high perch, such as a protruding rock, to survey their area for passing prey and approaching predators. They are reluctant to retreat into crevices or borrows to evade predators, but instead will run from one rock to another with great speed, or rapidly dash a few yards only to make an abrupt stop and then freeze, at which point their remarkable camouflage seems to make them disappear. Cophosaurus are known to engage in bipedal locomotion (running on two feet) during short burst of speed.

Males, females, and even hatchlings only five minutes old exhibit territorial displays including head bobbing, pushups, lateral body compression. Another conspicuous behavior is the habit of lifting its tail and curling it over its back while running and waving the striking black and white banded tail in the air, diverting attention away from the head and body to the relatively expendable tail. The practice of curling the tail over the body while of running also serves a functional purpose as a counter-balance, shifting the center of gravity closer to the force exerted by the lizard's rear legs. A 32% decrease in running speed was reported for lizards that had lost their tails.

Gallery

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  Chihuahuan greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus t. scitulus), male, (20 May 2015)
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  Texas greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus t. texanus), male, Llano County, Texas (26 April 2022)
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  Texas greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus t. texanus), female, Llano County, Texas (26 April 2022)
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  Chihuahuan greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus t. scitulus), male, Doña Ana County, New Mexico, (30 April 2015)
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  Chihuahuan greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus t. scitulus), female, Doña Ana County, New Mexico, (14 September 2013)

References

Works cited