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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Testosterone (medication)

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Testosterone
Clinical data
Pronunciation/tɛˈstɒstəroʊn/ teh-STOS-tə-rohn[1]
Trade namesAndroGel, Testim, TestoGel, others
Other namesAndrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa619028
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, subcutaneous implant
Drug classAndrogen, anabolic steroid
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityBy mouth: very low (due to extensive first pass metabolism)
Protein binding97.0–99.5% (to SHBGTooltip sex hormone-binding globulin and albumin)[3]
MetabolismLiver (mainly reduction and conjugation)
Elimination half-life2–4 hours[citation needed]
ExcretionUrine (90%), feces (6%)
Identifiers
  • (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H28O2
Molar mass288.431 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Specific rotation+110.2°
Melting point155 °C (311 °F)
  • O=C4\C=C2/[C@]([C@H]1CC[C@@]3([C@@H](O)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Testosterone (T) is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.[5] It is used to treat male hypogonadism, gender dysphoria, and certain types of breast cancer.[5][6] It may also be used to increase athletic ability in the form of doping.[5] It is unclear if the use of testosterone for low levels due to aging is beneficial or harmful.[7] Testosterone can be used as a gel or patch that is applied to the skin, injection into a muscle, tablet that is placed in the cheek, or tablet that is taken by mouth.[5]

Common side effects of testosterone include acne, swelling, and breast enlargement in men.[5] Serious side effects may include liver toxicity, heart disease, and behavioral changes.[5] Women and children who are exposed may develop masculinization.[5] It is recommended that individuals with prostate cancer not use the medication.[5] It can cause harm to the baby if used during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[5] Testosterone is in the androgen family of medications.[5]

Testosterone was first isolated in 1935, and approved for medical use in 1939.[8][9] Rates of use have increased three times in the United States between 2001 and 2011.[10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] It is available as a generic medication.[5] The price depends on the dose and form of the product.[12] In 2017, it was the 132nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than five million prescriptions.[13][14]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Testosterone Archived June 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Oxford Dictionaries.
  2. ^ a b "Testosterone Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. August 20, 2019. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  3. ^ Melmed, Shlomo; Polonsky, Kenneth S.; Larsen, P. Reed; Kronenberg, Henry M. (November 11, 2015). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 709, 711, 765. ISBN 978-0-323-34157-8. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference imp was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Testosterone". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. December 4, 2015. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  6. ^ "List of Gender Dysphoria Medications (6 Compared)". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  7. ^ Staff (March 3, 2015). "Testosterone Products: Drug Safety Communication – FDA Cautions About Using Testosterone Products for Low Testosterone Due to Aging; Requires Labeling Change to Inform of Possible Increased Risk of Heart Attack And Stroke". FDA. Archived from the original on March 5, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  8. ^ Taylor, William N (2002). Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete (2 ed.). McFarland. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7864-1128-3. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016.
  9. ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 481. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  10. ^ Desroches B, Kohn TP, Welliver C, Pastuszak AW (April 2016). "Testosterone therapy in the new era of Food and Drug Administration oversight". Translational Andrology and Urology. 5 (2): 207–12. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.13. PMC 4837303. PMID 27141448.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  12. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-284-05756-0.
  13. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  14. ^ "Testosterone - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
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