User:Mr. Ibrahem/Pyelonephritis
| Pyelonephritis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Kidney infection[1] |
 | |
| CD68 immunostaining on this photomicrograph shows macrophages and giant cells in a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Urology, nephrology |
| Symptoms | Fever, flank tenderness, nausea, burning with urination, frequent urination[2] |
| Causes | Bacterial infection[2] |
| Risk factors | Sexual intercourse, prior urinary tract infections, diabetes, structural problems of the urinary tract, spermicide use[2][3] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and supported by urinalysis[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Appendicitis, diverticulitis, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, kidney stones[2] |
| Prevention | Urination after sex, drinking sufficient fluids[1] |
| Medication | Antibiotics (such as ceftriaxone)[4] |
| Frequency | Common[5] |
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection.[3] Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness.[2] Other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination, and frequent urination.[2] Complications may include pus around the kidney, sepsis, or kidney failure.[3]
It is typically due to a bacterial infection, most commonly Escherichia coli.[2] Risk factors include sexual intercourse, prior urinary tract infections, diabetes, structural problems of the urinary tract, and spermicide use.[2][3] The mechanism of infection is usually spread up the urinary tract.[2] Less often infection occurs through the bloodstream.[1] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by urinalysis.[2] If there is no improvement with treatment, medical imaging may be recommended.[2]
Pyelonephritis may be preventable by urination after sex and drinking sufficient fluids.[1] Once present it is generally treated with antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone.[4][6] Those with severe disease may require treatment in hospital.[2] In those with certain structural problems of the urinary tract or kidney stones, surgery may be required.[1][3]
Pyelonephritis is common.[5] About 1 to 2 per 1,000 women are affected a year and just under 0.5 per 1,000 males.[7] Young adult females are most often affected, followed by the very young and old.[2] With treatment, outcomes are generally good in young adults.[3][5] Among people over the age of 65 the risk of death is about 40%.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e "Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)". NIDDK. April 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Colgan, R; Williams, M; Johnson, JR (1 September 2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women". American Family Physician. 84 (5): 519–26. PMID 21888302.
- ^ a b c d e f Lippincott's Guide to Infectious Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. p. 258. ISBN 9781605479750. Archived from the original on 2017-11-05.
- ^ a b "Antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women. Take resistance into account". Prescrire International. 23 (155): 296–300. December 2014. PMID 25629148.
- ^ a b c d Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1097. ISBN 9780323529570. Archived from the original on 2017-11-05.
- ^ Gupta, K; Hooton, TM; Naber, KG; Wullt, B; Colgan, R; Miller, LG; Moran, GJ; Nicolle, LE; Raz, R; Schaeffer, AJ; Soper, DE; Infectious Diseases Society of, America.; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious, Diseases. (1 March 2011). "International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 (5): e103–20. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq257. PMID 21292654.
- ^ Lager, Donna J.; Abrahams, Neil (2012). Practical Renal Pathology, A Diagnostic Approach E-Book: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition Series. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 139. ISBN 978-1455737864. Archived from the original on 2017-11-05.