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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Mpox

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Mr. Ibrahem/Mpox
Other namesMonkeypox
Various appearances of mpox spots
SpecialtyInfectious disease[1]
SymptomsNone, fever, headache, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes, blistering rash[2][3]
ComplicationsSecondary infections, eye infection, vision loss, scarring[3][4]
Usual onset5 to 21 days post exposure[3]
Duration2 to 4 weeks[5]
TypesCentral African (Congo Basin), West African[6]
CausesMonkeypox virus[4]
Risk factorsHunters in Central and West Africa[7]
Diagnostic methodTesting for viral DNA (PCR)[8]
Differential diagnosisChickenpox, shingles, measles, syphilis, smallpox, scabies, bacterial skin infection, drug eruption[3]
PreventionSmallpox vaccines, hand washing, covering rash, PPE, keep away from sick people[9][10]
TreatmentSupportive, antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin[11]
MedicationCidofovir, tecovirimat[3]
PrognosisMost recover[12]
FrequencyNot as rare as previously thought[13]
Deaths<1%: West African type[14]
Up to 11%: Central African type[3]

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is an infectious viral disease that can occur in both humans and some other animals.[1] Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and than crusts over.[15] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from 5-to-21 days.[3] The duration of symptoms is typically 2 to 4 weeks.[5] There may be mild symptoms, but to what extent it may occur without symptoms is not known.[3][16] The classic presentation of fever and muscle pains, followed by swollen glands, with lesions all at the same stage, has not been found to be common in all outbreaks.[15][17] The skin lesions can number from none to many, occur before glands swell, and can appear in one area at different stages of development.[18]

The disease is caused by monkeypox viruses, a type of Orthopoxvirus.[4] Of the 2-types in humans, the West African type causes a less severe disease than the Central African (Congo Basin) type.[19] It may spread from handling bushmeat, animal bites or scratches, body fluids, contaminated objects, or other close contact with an infected person.[20][21] Spread can occur by small droplets and possibly the airborne route.[10][15][22] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.[19] The virus is believed to normally spread among certain rodents in Africa.[20] Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[8] It can appear similar to chickenpox, measles and smallpox, but may be distinguished by the presence of swollen glands.[3][23]

There is no known cure.[24] The smallpox vaccine was found to be around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease.[4] A newer MVA-BN smallpox vaccine has been approved, but with limited availability.[3][9] Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and other animals.[25] The antiviral medication cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin, and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks.[11][12] The risk of death has varied from 0% to 11%.[3] Most people recover.[12] The disease is more severe in the very young, malnourished people, pregnant women, and in those with weakened immune systems.[26]

The disease is no longer believed to be as rare as previously thought;[13][27] possibly as a result of waning immunity since the stopping of routine smallpox vaccination.[23] Cases have significantly increased since the 1980s.[28] Sporadic cases occur in Central and West Africa, and it is common in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).[27] Hunters in the tropical forests of Central and West Africa are most at risk.[7] It was first identified as a distinct illness in 1958 among laboratory monkeys in Denmark.[29][30] The first case in humans was reported in 1970 in the DRC, during smallpox eradication efforts.[31] The first cases in humans outside of Africa presented in the United States in 2003, when the outbreak was traced to a pet store where imported rodents were sold.[8] Since 2017, a large outbreak has been occurring in Nigeria.[32] Since mid-May 2022, cases have been reported with spread between people, in several countries that do not typically see the disease, including countries in Europe, North America, South America and Australasia.[15] On 23 July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2022 monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.[33] This was withdrawn in May of 2023.[34] Due to stigma associated with the term "monkeypox", the WHO renamed the disease mpox in November 2022.[35]


References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Monkeypox in the U.S." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC. 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference CDC23May2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Monkeypox". www.who.int. World Health Organization. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Petersen, Brett W.; Damon, Inger K. (2020). "348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 2180–2183. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2. Archived from the original on 2022-05-23. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  5. ^ a b "Monkeypox: signs and symptoms". CDC. 16 July 2021. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Petersen2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b "Part II: Monkeypox". Managing epidemics: Key facts about major deadly diseases. World Health Organization. 2018. pp. 172–179. ISBN 978-92-4-156553-0. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  8. ^ a b c "2003 U.S. Outbreak Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Monkeypox and Smallpox Vaccine Guidance | Monkeypox | Poxvirus". www.cdc.gov. 29 November 2019. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Infection Control: Hospital | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Interim Clinical Guidance for the Treatment of Monkeypox | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  12. ^ a b c "Monkeypox". GOV.UK. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  13. ^ a b Simpson, Karl; Heymann, David; Brown, Colin S.; Edmunds, W. John; Elsgaard, Jesper; Fine, Paul; Hochrein, Hubertus; Hoff, Nicole A.; Green, Andrew; Ihekweazu, Chikwe; Jones, Terry C.; Lule, Swaib; Maclennan, Jane; McCollum, Andrea; Mühlemann, Barbara; Nightingale, Emily; Ogoina, Dimie; Ogunleye, Adesola; Petersen, Brett; Powell, Jacqueline; Quantick, Ollie; Rimoin, Anne W.; Ulaeato, David; Wapling, Andy (14 July 2020). "Human monkeypox - After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication". Vaccine. 38 (33): 5077–5081. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.062. ISSN 1873-2518. PMID 32417140. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference WHO2022May18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b c d "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update". www.who.int. World Health Organization. 4 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  16. ^ Sutcliffe, Catherine G.; Rimone, Anne W.; Moss, William J. (2020). "32.2. Poxviruses". In Ryan, Edward T.; Hill, David R.; Solomon, Tom; Aronson, Naomi; Endy, Timothy P. (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases E-Book (Tenth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 272–277. ISBN 978-0-323-55512-8. Archived from the original on 2022-06-10. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  17. ^ Harris, Emily (27 May 2022). "What to Know About Monkeypox". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.9499. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 35622356. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  18. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update". www.who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  19. ^ a b Adler, Hugh; Gould, Susan; Hine, Paul; Snell, Luke B.; Wong, Waison; Houlihan, Catherine F.; Osborne, Jane C.; Rampling, Tommy; Beadsworth, Mike Bj; Duncan, Christopher Ja; Dunning, Jake; Fletcher, Tom E.; Hunter, Ewan R.; Jacobs, Michael; Khoo, Saye H.; Newsholme, William; Porter, David; Porter, Robert J.; Ratcliffe, Libuše; Schmid, Matthias L.; Semple, Malcolm G.; Tunbridge, Anne J.; Wingfield, Tom; Price, Nicholas M. (24 May 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases: S1473–3099(22)00228–6. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6. ISSN 1474-4457. PMID 35623380. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  20. ^ a b "Transmission Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  21. ^ "Monkeypox: public health advice for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men". www.who.int. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  22. ^ "Smallpox & Other Orthopoxvirus-Associated Infections - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  23. ^ a b McCollum AM, Damon IK (January 2014). "Human monkeypox". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 58 (2): 260–7. doi:10.1093/cid/cit703. PMID 24158414.
  24. ^ "Treatment | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  25. ^ "Prevention". www.cdc.gov. 29 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  26. ^ Gilbourne, Marika; Coulson, Ian; Mitchell, Gus (May 2022). Amanda Oakley (ed.). "Monkeypox: Symptoms, Treatment, and Outcome — DermNet". dermnetnz.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  27. ^ a b Bunge, Eveline M.; Hoet, Bernard; Chen, Liddy; Lienert, Florian; Weidenthaler, Heinz; Baer, Lorraine R.; Steffen, Robert (11 February 2022). "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 16 (2): e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141. ISSN 1935-2735. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  28. ^ James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "19. Viral diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  29. ^ Arita, I; Henderson, A (1968). "Smallpox and Monkeypox in Non-human Primates" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. pp. 277–283. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  30. ^ "Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  31. ^ Adalja, Amesh; Inglesby, Tom (24 May 2022). "A Novel International Monkeypox Outbreak". Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/M22-1581. ISSN 0003-4819. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  32. ^ Mauldin, Matthew R.; McCollum, Andrea M.; Nakazawa, Yoshinori J.; Mandra, Anna; Whitehouse, Erin R.; Davidson, Whitni; Zhao, Hui; Gao, Jinxin; Li, Yu; Doty, Jeffrey; Yinka-Ogunleye, Adesola; Akinpelu, Afolabi; Aruna, Olusola; Naidoo, Dhamari; Lewandowski, Kuiama; Afrough, Babak; Graham, Victoria; Aarons, Emma; Hewson, Roger; Vipond, Richard; Dunning, Jake; Chand, Meera; Brown, Colin; Cohen-Gihon, Inbar; Erez, Noam; Shifman, Ohad; Israeli, Ofir; Sharon, Melamed; Schwartz, Eli; Beth-Din, Adi; Zvi, Anat; Mak, Tze Minn; Ng, Yi Kai; Cui, Lin; Lin, Raymond T. P.; Olson, Victoria A.; Brooks, Tim; Paran, Nir; Ihekweazu, Chikwe; Reynolds, Mary G. (19 April 2022). "Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 225 (8): 1367–1376. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa559. ISSN 1537-6613. PMID 2880628. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  33. ^ "WHO declares monkeypox a global public health emergency". NBC News. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  34. ^ "Mpox is no longer a global health emergency, WHO declares - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  35. ^ "WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
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