User:Mr. Ibrahem/Carbamazepine
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Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Tegretol, Temporol, Neurotol, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682237 |
License data | |
Pregnancy category |
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Routes of administration | By mouth |
Drug class | Anticonvulsant[1] |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | ~100%[2] |
Protein binding | 70-80%[2] |
Metabolism | Liver—by CYP3A4, to active epoxide form (carbamazepine-10,11 epoxide)[2] |
Elimination half-life | 36 hours (single dose), 16-24 hours (repeated dosing)[2] |
Excretion | Urine (72%), feces (28%)[2] |
Identifiers | |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C15H12N2O |
Molar mass | 236.274 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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Carbamazepine (CBZ), sold under the trade name Tegretol among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.[1] It is used in schizophrenia along with other medications and as a second-line agent in bipolar disorder.[4][1] Carbamazepine appears to work as well as phenytoin and valproate for focal and generalized seizures.[5] It is not effective for absence or myoclonic seizures.[1]
Common side effects include nausea and drowsiness.[1] Serious side effects may include skin rashes, decreased bone marrow function, suicidal thoughts, or confusion.[1] It should not be used in those with a history of bone marrow problems.[1] Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby; however, stopping the medication in pregnant women with seizures is not recommended.[1] Its use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[1] Care should be taken in those with either kidney or liver problems.[1]
Carbamazepine was discovered in 1953 by Swiss chemist Walter Schindler.[6][7] It was first marketed in 1962.[8] It is available as a generic medication, and none of the forms are expensive.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.07 to US$0.24 per day as of 2015.[11] In 2017, it was the 176th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.[12][13]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Carbamazepine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Carbamazepine Drug Label". Archived from the original on 8 December 2014.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
who
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Weston J, Tudur Smith C (August 2018). "Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8: CD001769. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001769.pub4. PMC 6513104. PMID 30091458.
- ^ Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C (July 2019). "Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7: CD001911. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001911.pub4. PMC 6637502. PMID 31318037.
- ^ Smith, Howard S. (2009). Current therapy in pain. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 460. ISBN 9781416048367. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
- ^ US patent 2948718, Walter Schindler, "New n-heterocyclic compounds", published 1960-08-09, issued 1960-08-09, assigned to Geigy Chemical Corporation
- ^ Moshé, Solomon (2009). The treatment of epilepsy (3 ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. xxix. ISBN 9781444316674. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
- ^ Hitchings, Andrew; Lonsdale, Dagan; Burrage, Daniel; Baker, Emma (2019). The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-7020-7442-4. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ "Carbamazepine". International Medical Products Price Guide. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ "Carbamazepine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.