User:Michelleho1100/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
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History
[edit]The College Student Hunger Act of 2019
[edit]The College Student Hunger Act of 2019 focuses on improving student eligibility, increasing outreach and education for SNAP, and introduces a SNAP student hunger pilot program to test different ways CalFresh can be made more useful for students. The Act would allow Pell-Grant eligible and independent students to qualify for benefits, lowers the 20 hours/week work requirement to 10 hours/week, and requires the Department of Education to notify Pell Grant eligible students of their SNAP eligibility. The student hunger pilot program will test different ways students can use SNAP benefits such as directly at the dining hall or indirectly to help pay for student meal plans [1].
Eligibility
[edit]Student Eligibility (New section)
[edit]When CalFresh was first introduced, college students were not considered a main target for food assistance; most students at the time were from white, middle-class families, under the care of their parents and were young high school graduates without dependents to provide for[2][3]. To prevent students from mis-using the system, students enrolled in higher education for at least half-time were automatically ineligible for SNAP.
However, many students nowadays come from low-income families, racial and ethnic minorities, have jobs, are parents, or are not recent high school graduates[2][3]. Many college students are leaving their homes and managing their own finances for the first time in their lives and depending on where they go to school, there may be limited access to affordable and nutritious food, making students particularly vulnerable to food insecurity[4]. In 2015, in response to the changing student population, the CalFresh Student Eligibility Amendment established exemptions to the rule in Section 273.5(a) of Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations which excluded college students enrolled at least half-time from SNAP benefits[2][5]. Commonly met exemptions include students be under 18 or over 49, physically or mentally unfit to work, participate in federal or state work study, be employed for at least 20 hours per week, participate in SNAP employment and training program, receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families benefits, and caring for dependent children[2].
Unfortunately, many students are misinformed that using CalFresh or SNAP will negatively affect their financial aid packages and are worried about the stigma associated with food insecurity in college campuses[6]. Out of fear of being ostracized by their peers, many college students simply don’t apply or do not talk about the program, limiting awareness and the potential of CalFresh to eliminate college food insecurity. To counteract this, many recent legislations and changes to SNAP are focusing on SNAP education, outreach, and accessibility. For instance, the recently proposed College Student Hunger Act of 2019 focuses on improving student eligibility, increasing outreach and education for SNAP, and introduces a student hunger pilot program to test different ways CalFresh can be made more useful for students[7]. The Act would allow Pell-Grant eligible and independent students to qualify for benefits, lowers the 20 hours/week work requirement to 10 hours/week, and requires the Department of Education to notify Pell Grant eligible students of their SNAP eligibility[7]. The pilot program will test different ways students can use SNAP benefits such as directly at the dining hall or indirectly to help pay for student meal plans[7].
Applying for SNAP benefits
[edit]Students (New section)
[edit]While many schools try to connect students to SNAP, students still struggle to qualify despite facing food insecurity, feel intimidated by the probing application process, and are often misinformed of how the program works[4][8]. To avoid the stigma often attached with food insecurity, many college students simply don’t apply. Many students are also misinformed that using CalFresh will negatively affect their financial aid packages[8]. While there are about 4 million people enrolled in CalFresh, there are an additional 4 million eligible people who are not enrolled which may be due to incomplete applications, improper documentation, and the time it takes to verify applications[9]. Fortunately, measures to make the application more accessible for students are underway. For instance, California SB 173 –a bill by Senator Bill Dodd –will required colleges to alert any students participating in work-study of their SNAP eligibility and provide them with a more efficient and time-saving application process[10].
Impact
[edit]Diet quality
[edit]Healthy and nutritious foods, such as raw produce, fish, and grains, on average cost much more than less nutritious, processed food options on a daily basis[11]. As a result, maintaining a healthy diet is elusive and nearly impossible for low-income families. CalFresh can help expand family’s budgets so they can afford healthy, nourishing foods.
Studies are inconclusive as to whether SNAP has a direct effect on the nutritional quality of food choices made by participants. Unlike other federal programs that provide food subsidies, i.e. the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), SNAP does not have nutritional standards for purchases. Critics of the program suggest that this lack of structure represents a missed opportunity for public health advancement and cost containment. In April 2013, the USDA research body, the Economic Research Service (ERS), published a study that examined diet quality in SNAP participants compared to low-income nonparticipants. The study revealed a difference in diet quality between SNAP participants and low-income nonparticipants, finding that SNAP participants score slightly lower on the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) than nonparticipants. The study also concluded that SNAP increases the likelihood that participants will consume whole fruit by 23 percentage points. However, the analysis also suggests that SNAP participation decreases participants' intake of dark green and orange vegetables by a modest amount.
A 2016 study found no evidence that SNAP increased expenditures on tobacco by beneficiaries.
Bibliography
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Senator Warren and Representative Lawson Introduce the College Student Hunger Act of 2019 to Address Hunger on College Campuses | U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts". www.warren.senate.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ^ a b c d e "The supplemental nutrition assistance program: How does CalFresh work for college students in California? A policy analysis - ProQuest". search.proquest.com. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ^ a b c "How an outdated law is leaving millions of low-income college students hungry". The Counter. 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ^ a b c Martinez, Suzanna M.; Webb, Karen; Frongillo, Edward A.; Ritchie, Lorrene D. (2018-01-02). "Food insecurity in California's public university system: What are the risk factors?". Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition. 13 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/19320248.2017.1374901. ISSN 1932-0248.
- ^ a b "CalFresh". www.cdss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ^ a b Martinez, Suzanna M.; Grandner, Michael A.; Nazmi, Aydin; Canedo, Elias Ruben; Ritchie, Lorrene D. (2019-06-24). "Pathways from Food Insecurity to Health Outcomes among California University Students". Nutrients. 11 (6): 1419. doi:10.3390/nu11061419. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 6627945. PMID 31238534.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d "Senator Warren and Representative Lawson Introduce the College Student Hunger Act of 2019 to Address Hunger on College Campuses | U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts". www.warren.senate.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ^ a b c Martinez, Suzanna M.; Grandner, Michael A.; Nazmi, Aydin; Canedo, Elias Ruben; Ritchie, Lorrene D. (2019/6). "Pathways from Food Insecurity to Health Outcomes among California University Students". Nutrients. 11 (6): 1419. doi:10.3390/nu11061419.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b "Nourish California - Home". Nourish California. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ^ a b Staff, Lev Gordon-Feierabend | (2019-06-22). "CA Senate bill could help thousands of college students enroll in CalFresh". The Daily Californian. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ^ a b Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue; Ma 02115 +1495‑1000 (2013-12-06). "Eating healthy vs. unhealthy diet costs about $1.50 more per day". News. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
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