User:MichelleGachelin/sandbox

Key Proposal Elements

Description of our planned revisions for "Racial segregation of churches in the United States":

General Outline

1 History

1.1 Pre Civil War

*insert new third tier heading* (1.1.1) Northern States

*insert new third tier heading* (1.1.2) Southern States

1.2 Reconstruction

1.3 Jim Crow Era

1.4 Civil Rights Era

1.5 Post-Civil Rights Era

2 Causes and Influences  Variation Between Denominations

2.1 Racist Doctrines

2.2 Denominations and practical differences

*insert new second tier heading* (2.1) Non-Traditional Denominations

2.2.1 2.1.1 Black Hebrew Israelites

2.2.2 British Israelism and Christian Identity

2.2.3 2.1.2 Mormonism

*insert new second tier heading* (2.2) Protestant Denominations

2.2.4  2.2.1 Pentecostalism

2.2.5 2.2.2 Baptist

2.2.6 2.2.3 Methodism

2.2.7 2.2.4 Non-Denominational

*insert new second tier heading* (2.3) Catholic Denominations

*insert new second tier heading* (2.4) Evangelical Denominations

2.3 Isolation

2.4 Racism

3 Effects and Implications

3.1 Segregation

3.2 Racism

3.3 Community organization

3 *insert new heading* The 21st Century

4 *insert new heading* See Also

5 References

Planned Work for Each Section

1.1.1 Northern States

In this section, we plan to reorganize previously northern-specific information and also discuss the culture of Praying Indians and the discrimination they faced while converting to Christianity. We also plan to discuss segregation in Puritan churches.

References: These sources discuss the Praying Indians and their conversion to Christianity, as well as more information about religion in New England.

* Cooper, James F., and James Fenimore Cooper. Tenacious of Their Liberties: The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts. Tenacious of Their Liberties. Cary: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1999.

* Nagl, Dominik. "The Governmentality of Slavery in Colonial Boston, 1690-1760." Amerikastudien / American Studies 58, no. 1 (2013): 5-26. Accessed September 24, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43485857.

* Salisbury, Neal. "Red Puritans: The "Praying Indians" of Massachusetts Bay and John Eliot." The William and Mary Quarterly 31, no. 1 (1974): 27-54. Accessed September 24, 2020. doi:10.2307/1918981.

* Van Lonkhuyzen, Harold W. "A Reappraisal of the Praying Indians: Acculturation, Conversion, and Identity at Natick, Massachusetts, 1646-1730." The New England Quarterly 63, no. 3 (1990): 396-428. Accessed September 24, 2020. doi:10.2307/366370.

1.1.2 Southern States

We plan to move the majority of information from the pre-Civil War into this section, as most of it relates to Southern culture. We will not be adding new information.

1.2 Reconstruction

In this section, we plan to elaborate on the concept of evangelicalism as a representation of Confederate culture.

References: These discuss the Bible Belt and Southern evangelicalism.

* Harrell, David Edwin. “Varieties of Southern Evangelicalism / Edited by David Edwin Harrell, Jr. ; Foreword by Martin E. Marty.” Macon, Ga: Mercer University Press, 1982.

* Heyrman, Christine Leigh. Southern Cross : the Beginnings of the Bible Belt / Christine Leigh Heyrman. First edition. New York: Knopf, 1997.

1.4 Civil Rights Era

We also plan to enhance this topic by adding information regarding the same topic we are expanding in section 1.2.

References: Same source about the Bible Belt here.

* Heyrman, Christine Leigh. Southern Cross : the Beginnings of the Bible Belt / Christine Leigh Heyrman. First edition. New York: Knopf, 1997.

2.2.2 Baptists

We plan to expand on the role of segregation in the Baptist church. We also plan to link our article to the section on racism in the Baptist article, and we plan to link the section on racism from the Baptist article in this section of our article.

References: More information on Southern Baptists and how it's related to slavery.

* Eighmy, John Lee. "The Baptists and Slavery: An Examination of the Origins and Benefits of Segregation." Social Science Quarterly 49, no. 3 (1968): 666-73. Accessed September 10, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42858425.

* Jeansonne, Glen. "Southern Baptist Attitudes Toward Slavery, 1845-1861." The Georgia Historical Quarterly 55, no. 4 (1971): 510-22. Accessed September 10, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40579712.

2.3 Catholic Denominations

We decided to group Catholics in a separate area because we distinguished between different types of Christianity. We want to move the current Catholic information to this section, and then elaborate on the topic based on new sources we’ve found.

References: These sources discuss the conversion of Black people to Christianity.

* Cressler, Matthew J. “Black Catholic Conversion and the Burden of Black Religion.” Journal of Africana religions 2, no. 2 (2014): 280–287.

* Dee Williams, Shannen. “Catholic Statements Fall Way Short: The Church Must Make Reparation for Its Role in Slavery, Segregation.” National Catholic reporter 56, no. 21 (July 24, 2020): 10–.

2.4 Evangelical Denominations

Though many of the denominations mentioned have evangelical branches, we wanted to expand on how, specifically, evangelical segregation differs. We plan to discuss its roots in The Great Awakening and how it differs from mainstream protestantism. We will link the article to evangelical churches here. We will then go into detail about segregation in these congregations.

References: More information on the Great Awakening and segregation.

* Jeansonne, Glen. "Southern Baptist Attitudes Toward Slavery, 1845-1861." The Georgia Historical Quarterly 55, no. 4 (1971): 510-22. Accessed September 10, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40579712.

* Van De Wetering, John E. "THE "CHRISTIAN HISTORY" OF THE GREAT AWAKENING." Journal of Presbyterian History (1962-1985) 44, no. 2 (1966): 122-29. Accessed September 24, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23326180.

* Heyrman, Christine Leigh. Southern Cross : the Beginnings of the Bible Belt / Christine Leigh Heyrman. First edition. New York: Knopf, 1997.

3 The 21st Century

We plan on covering current events related to ongoing discrimination and segregation in churches. We will also be discussing the overall trend in racial segregation of religion throughout the past two decades, as well as whether groups that were segregated have recovered and how they’ve overcome the associated challenges.

References: Current events related to church shootings and the legacy of white supremacy and slavery.

Gjelten, Tom. “Southern Baptist Seminary Confronts History Of Slaveholding And 'Deep Racism'.” NPR. National Public Media, December 13, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/12/13/676333342/southern-baptist-seminary-confronts-history-of-slaveholding-and-deep-racism.

Gross, Terry. “American Christianity Must Reckon With Legacy of White Supremacy, Author Says.” NPR KQED, 30 July 2020, www.npr.org/2020/07/30/896712611/american-christianity-must-reckon-with-legacy-of-white-supremacy-author-says. (retrieved September 24, 2020).

* Keenan, Kevin, and Anthony Greene. “Whiteness or Resilience? Placing Terror by Studying the Charleston, South Carolina Mother Emanuel Church Shooting.” Urban geography 40, no. 1 (2018): 104–127.

Lopez, Luciana, Harriet McLeod, and Alana Wise. “America's Churches: Often a Reflection of the Nation's Racial Divide,” June 21, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-shooting-south-carolina-churches/americas-churches-often-a-reflection-of-the-nations-racial-divide-idUSKBN0P10WC20150621.

*  PBS Charlie Rose Interview with Rep. Jim Clyburn (D), South Carolina, Regarding the Charleston Church Massacre and the Confederate Flag. Washington Newsmaker Transcript Database. CQ-Roll Call, Inc, 2015.

Rep. Report on Slavery and Racism in the History of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, December 12, 2018. https://sbts-wordpress-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/sbts/uploads/2018/12/Racism-and-the-Legacy-of-Slavery-Report-v3.pdf.

*  Singleton, Harry H. White Religion and Black Humanity / Harry H. Singleton, III. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 2013.

* scholarly sources