User:Mcb133aco/sandbox2

**Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay/Flat mouth** Bust in the U.S. Capitol. He was the head Leech Lake War Chief from the Sandy Lake band,^[2] He offered Gov. Ramsey to fight the Sioux 15 Sept. 1862.^[1]

Obscure Chippewa/Ojibwa History

Military General Service Medal issued 1847 and back dated. If a Chief lived long enough to receive, it came with the ribbon bar "Fort Detroit", "Chrysler's Farm", or "Châteauguay"

The FDL letter instructs send reply to: Joseph Gurrol/Gurnoe (Shing-wāk-onse) at Bayfield Wisconsin. He was the Red Cliff band translator who transcribed for the FDL Chiefs.^[8]^[9]

ca. 1838 *Tshusick, an Ojibway woman* by Charles Bird King, from the History of the Indian Tribes of North America

*Chief Beshekee*. Joseph LaSalle bronze copy of the Senate's Vincenti marble. It is in the Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives. In the U.S. Capitol there are four busts of Native Americans, three of the four are Ojibwa.

Oral history has the tribe originating near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It is believed that the Chippewa/Ojibwa are the descendants of the Old Copper Culture that inhabited the Great Lakes region ca. 4,000–1,500 BC as part of the Laurel complex.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] They utilized surface deposits of raw copper in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ontario. The Chippewa/Ojibwa, Ottawa/Odawa, and Potawatomi are the Anishinaabe tribes that make up the Council of Three Fires. The Chippewa were the first to build a fire. They are the "Keepers of Tradition" in medicine and faith and are entrusted with the sacred scrolls as well as the teachings of the ancient Midewewin Lodge. The Ottawa are the "Keepers of the Trade", and the Potawatomi the "Keepers of the Fire".^[22]

Recorded in the Library of Congress are Schoolcraft's two variations of what the tribe called itself: Achipoué or Ojibway. "Chippewa" is the anglicized version of Achipoué or a form of that word.^[23] Multiple sources state that "Ojibwa" is the francized version of the same Anishinaabe word. They also state that both variations are correct indicating that there are two accepted pronunciations of the same word. Respecting that there are indigenious that identify as one or the other this article will use both terms contrary to standardized English form. Hahatonouadeba was the French transliteration of the Dacotah word Hahatunwan meaning Chippewa. The Dacotah used it in reference to the Hahatunwan Watpa or Chippewa River as Jonathan Carver wrote.^[24]

"Misko-biiwaabik" a gift from Gitchee Manitou.^[25] It was noted that the Chippewa carried carefully wrapped copper nuggets in their medicine bags.^[26] They could be made to shine if rubbed with sand.

ca. 1634-39 The Battle of Flint River, removed the Sauk from Michigan.^[27]

1640 The word Ojibwe first appeared in print in the French annual The Jesuit Relations.

1662 Battle of Point Iroquois. The Chippewa annihilated a large Iroquois war party at Point Iroquois killing all but two to return with a warning, do not come again. The survivors ears and noses were cut off and the heads of the dead were were put on planted pikes as warnings.^[28]

1678 Chippeway now Chippewa, Canada, is first seen in the Historical record.^[29]

1681 French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert created the congé system, which granted licenses to fur traders to travel inland and establish fur trading posts. Serviceing these posts created the voyageur in the very heartland of the Ojibwa. They adopted the Ojibwa canoe as their primary mode of transport, which the Ojibwa built them in multiple sizes into the 1750s. Then a shop was set up to meet an increasing demand for canoes. The Maître or Montreal was 32-36' long, 6'wide, weighing 600 lbs, with a load capacity 3,500 lbs. Next came the "Bastard" with a typical length 30' or 24'. The Canot du Nord had a size range of 24'-27' while weighing 300 lbs. The smallest size was the "Ojibwa" or "express" 15'-16' long.^[30] This was a fast craaft that could travel over a 100 miles in a day with an experienced crew. The canoes were a credit to Ojibwa innovation, engineering and utilization of natural resources.^[31] Many of the Frenchmen took Ojibwa for wifes creating strong bonds to the Ojibwa community. Many of the furs the voyageurs transported had been collected by Ojibwa or Cree hunters.

1701 Dish With One Spoon Treaty between the Chippewa and the Iroquois or the Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee.

ca.1725 Battle of Point Prescott Wisconsin. Was a Chippewa victory with hundreds of Sioux dead.^[32]

1742 Battle of the Brule was a decisive Chippewa victory over the Dacotah.

1745 Battle of Strawberry Island. The Chippewa evicted the Dacotah from Lac du Flambeau. It became hallowed ground in remembrance of the warriors lost.

1750 Battle of Kathio the Milles-Lacs band evicted the Dacotah from their homeland.

1752 Battle of Pickawillany the French with Ottawa and Chippewa captured the fort. A source states they celebrated with ritualic cannabilism.^[33]

1764 Battle of Fort Michilimackinac. Chief Minweweh, war chief of the Mackinac Island Ojibwa, captured the British fort killing the garrison. Victory ritualistic cannablism was reported afterwards.^[34]

ca.1768 Chief Biauswah (II) lead a war party from Fond-du-Lac that removed the Dacotah from Sandy Lake, Cass Lake, Winnepeg Lake, and Leeche Lake.^[35]

1775 The British schooner Chippewa was lost at Long Point Ontario

1780 Battle of St. Louis in Upper Spanish Louisiana. Chief Matchekewis of the Gun-Lake band was the commander of the entire indigenous force involved.^[36]

1783 Battle of St. Croix Falls, was a Chief Waubojeeg victory over the Sauk-Fox and Sioux. That year Mohawk Chief Thayendanegea formed the Northwestern Confederacy which included the Three Fires Nations.

1785-95 Northwest Indian War Thayendanegea said that Native lands were held in common by all tribes, and so no land could be ceded without the consent of the Confederacy.^[37]

1788 The lower Chippewa Valley was a no-man's land for the Lac-Courte-Oreilles.^[38]

1789 The Chippewa signed the Treaty of Fort Harmar but it failed to address the main grievance of the unauthorized settlement of Indian lands.^[39]

1790s The Pembina band developed the Red River cart.^[40]

1791 Fort Chippewa was built on Chippewa Creek near the south Niagara portage.

1791 The Battle of the Wabash. The U.S. Army faced the Northwestern Confederacy that included the Ojibwa during the Northwest Indian War. It was "the most decisive defeat and largest victory by Native Americans.^[41]^[42]

1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers ended the Northwest Indian War

1795 Greenville Treaty concluded the Northwest Indian War, but American expansion quickly voided the agreement.^[39]

1794 The Battle of Fort Recovery.

1806 Battle of Mole Lake Sokaogon Chippewa victory that removed the Dacotah from the contested rice beds in North central Wisconsin with hundreds of casualties.

1808 Battle at Pembina. Chief Ase-anse (Little-Shell 1) defeated a superior force of Sioux. That same day the Sioux attacked the Chippewa at Long Prairie resulting in the Chippewa gaining ownership of the Red River valley.

1812 The Battle of Chippewa. Despite the name, no Chippewa fought at the battle during the War of 1812. They were sympathetic with the British due the American encroachment on their lands.^[43] One Chief's war record is maintained in oral history, Chief Niibaakhom (Clap of thunder at night) of the Manitoulin Island band.^[44]

1812 The Battle of Fort Detroit was won by Chief Shingwaukonse leading seven hundred warriors. For that, he and Chief Okemos received the King George Peace Medal as well as the Military General Service Medal. Shingwaukonse later received the Queen Victoria Peace Medal. The Saginaw Chippewa led by Chief Wasson were also there as was Chief Sekahos with the Thames River Chippewa. There were two incidents of cannibalism reported.^[45]

1813 The first USS Chippewa was the captured British schooner HMS Chippewa. The next year the U.S. Navy ordered the construction of the second USS Chippewa , but it was not completed. The third USS Chippewa ran aground and sank in the Bahamas. ^[46] The U.S. has commissioned five ships the USS Chippewa.

1813 At the Battle of the River Thames Chippewa Chief Oshawana was Tecumseh’s main warrior.^[47] With Tecumseh's death he became the principal indigenous warrior of southwestern Upper Canada stoutly supporting the British. One oral story has that he moved Tecumseh's remains to the Walpole Island Reserve.(disputed) A variation of that story has that he ordered his warriors to move Tecumseh's remains. Chief Oshawana was at the Battle of Frenchtown, the Battle of Fort Detroit, and Siege of Fort Meigs.

1819 Lewis Cass, Governor of Michigan Territory inspected the legendary "Misko-biiwaabik".^[48]

1820 The Lewis Cass expedition had Chippewa guides.^[49] With the expedition was the artist James Otto Lewis. He made portraits of the various indigenous encountered and published them in the The Aboriginal Port Folio in 1835-36. None of his original work survives.

1820 Henry Schoolcraft was guided to the legendary "Misko-biiwaabik" by four Chippewa while doing a survey of Michigan.

ca. 1831 Chief Neenába's Map of the Chippewa/Sioux demarcation line crossing the St. Croix River.^[50]

1831 At Rice lake Henry Schoolcraft recorded sighting two medals of Chief Peesh-a-Peevely's of the Ottawa Lake band. Ogeima Geezhick (Chief-Day) had one, a Jefferson Peace medal while a warrior had a British King George II one.^[51] It is known that Chippewa Chiefs acquired Jefferson Peace medals, but it is doubted they had direct contact with Lewis and Clark who distributed them. It is speculated they were acquired through trade and barter.

1831-2 Frederick Ayer (missionary) opened a school for the Chippewa and half breed children at the American Fur Company's trading post at La Point, moving the next year the Company's most important interior post at Sandy Lake.^[52] In 1843 he moved again to Fort Ripley.

1832 Henry Schoolcraft employed a Chippewa head-man, Ozawindib, as his guide into the Northwest Territory. Schoolcraft's wife, O-bah-bahm-wawa-ge-zhe-go-qua, was the grand daughter of Chief Waubojeeg or White-Fisher. He was both a Civil and War Chief. O-bah-bahm-wawa-ge-zhe-go-qua is noted for translating Ojibwa oral tales, oral history, and song lyrics to English, and for being the first Native American literary writer and poet.^[53]^[54]

1833 Treaty of Chicago ceded the lands of the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatamie tribes and awarded the Chiefs the Andrew Jackson Peace Medal.^[55] . In the treaty $5,000 was allocated for those tribe's children to attend the Choctaw Academy, the first boarding school in the U.S.^[56] That $5,000.00 is equal to $187,895.24 in 2024.

1834 Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Language by John Summerfield

1836 Joseph Nicollet employed the Snake-River Chippewa Chief Chagobay as his guide for mapping the upper Mississippi basin.^[57]^[58] Nicollet's notes on the Chippewa were given to Henry Schoolcraft for use in the his six-volume set on the Indian Tribes of the United States (1851-1857) commissioned by Congress. Those notes are now in the Schoolcraft papers at the Library of Congress.^[59]

1839 Round Lake Massacre where the Dacotah killed 91 Chippewa^[60]

1840-45 A group of Ojibwas went to London with George Catlin where they were invited to Windsor Castle to preform for Queen Victoria and British nobles. Catlin then received a summons to Paris from the King Louis Philippe I where a group of Ojibwa from British Canada joined him.^[11] The Ojibwa's also met the King and Queen of Belgium.^[61] They also suffered an outbreak of smallpox that killed seven.

1841 The Secretary of War ordered the "Misko-biiwaabik" be seized and brought to Washington as Government property.

1842 The Battle of Battle Creek in St. Paul Minnesota. The Chippewa attacked some Dacotah women at the original Koposia site. Dacotah men came to their rescue forcing the Chippewa to retreat despite suffering hevier losses. The Chippewa lost 10 warriors. The battle ground is now a public park that has been extensively disturbed by Ramsey County.^[62]

1844 Maungwudaus created a troupe of Ojibwa performer's that became renown touring the United Kingdom, Canada, and U.S. until 1852. In 2002 a painting of Maungwudaus by Paul Kane sold for $2.2 million.^[63]

1850 Sandy Lake Tragedy Also the Minnesota Pioneer reported that Little-Crow had challenged Hole-in-the-day to a knife duel.^[64]

1852 William Whipple Warren recorded Ojibwa oral History which was not published until 1880 titled: "History of the Ojibway People, Based upon Traditions and Oral Statements" that is considered a landmark book in Ojibwa studies. He was the great grandson of Chief Waub-ij-e-jauk and a decendent of Richard Warren one of the Mayflower Pilgrims.^[65]

1853 Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language by Catholic missionary Frederic Baraga.^[66]^[67]

1854 Four reservations were established in Wisconsin without providing for the St. Croix or Mole Lake Sokaogon bands.

1855 The Chippewa joined the Yankton Sioux and Missouri Metis in a large battle versus the Mdewakanton near the Lower Sioux Agency.^[68] The "half breeds" were Ojibwa Metis.^[69]

1855 Hole-in-the-Day was made a citizen of the State of Minnesota by special act.^[70] In Anishinaabe culture leadership is divided between civil administration and military operations with leaders specific to one or the other.

In 1855 Chiefs Be-sheekee and Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay visited Washington. The sculptor Vincenti was working at the Capitol and recognized an opportunity. He offered the Chiefs $5.00 each to pose so he could model them in clay. He later carved his studies in marble. It wasn't known until 2019 he had made two versions of Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay until one went to Sotheby's where it sold for 150,000 £.^[71]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).^[72]

1858 The Battle of Shakopee at Murphy's Landing on the St. Peters River, now the called the Minnesota. The Chippewa lost 4 while the Dacotah lost 3.

Less than a month after the attack on Fort Sumpter a Chippewa and Sioux delegation traveled to Washington to tender 300 warriors to the Government. California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences, Vol 15, No. 11, 10 May 1861, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [1]

10 August, 1861 a significant engagement was reported between the Chippewa and Sioux on the Pembina River. Nevada Democrat, Vol 8, No. 510, 12 Sept. 1861, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [2]

14 September 1861 the U.S. Navy again acknowledged the Chippewa people with the launching of the fourth USS Chippewa. She saw service throughout the Civil War.

September 1862 The Chiefs of many bands offered to fight the Sioux and remove them from Minnesota for Lincoln and the Government.

1866 Fort Gerry engagement between the Red Lakers and the Mdewakanton. Fight between the Sioux and the Chippewas, The Mankato Weekly Record, July 14, 1866, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [3] ^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]

1866-67 President Johnson gave the Chippewa the last Peace Medals they would receive for the treaties signed those years.

1871 Treaty 1 was signed at Fort Garry by seven Ojibwa Nations and the Canadian Government. The Chief's medal designed for the signing became famous for it's symbolism even though it took three different medals to arrive at it.^[77] The Chiefs were less than impressed with the first two medals. Today, of the signers, the Peguis First Nation is the largest in Manitoba. In Ontario the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation are the largest and the only tribe to sign Treaty 21. For Treaty 2, also 1871, Ojibwa Chiefs Francois (Broken Fingers) Mekis, Ma-sah-kee-yash, Ke-wee-tah-quun-na-yash, and Sou-sonce received the Victoria Peace medal. Chief Mikiseesis (Little Eagle) represented the Ojibwe for Treaty 3, received the medal in 1873.

1898 Battle of Sugar Point is listed as the last battle of the Indian Wars. The combatants were members of the Pillager Band and the 3rd U.S. Infantry.

2024 Canada recognizes over 130 Ojibwe First Nations. The United States recognizes 22 Chippewa tribes.

Chippewa/Sioux intertribal Treaties:

Sweetcorn Treaty (1858),^[78] Fort Abercrombie Treaty (1870), Our own State, Minneapolis Daily Tribune, Aug. 20, 1870, p.4 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024 [4]^[79]

1908 The sale of the Dokis band's timber made them the wealthiest in Canada thanks to the legacy and leadership of Chief Migisi (aka Dokis)^[80]

1908 Zhuck-Ke-Ge-Schick showed Roosevelt medal Lincoln gave him for his 1862 U.S. support. Minnesota Chief sees Roosevelt The Minneapolis Tribune, Feb 16, 1908, Minnesota Historical Society Media hub, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN [5]

1943 A Dictionary of the Chippewa Indian Language, Harry C. Hill, 1943 not published.

1956 St. Ignace Mission was designated a Michigan State Historic Site and houses the Museum of Ojibwa Culture.

2000 The Minnesota Historical repatriated to the Grand Portage Band a silver King George III peace medal.^[81]

In Canada a number of Chippewa/Ojibwa reserves are on unceded land: The Wiikwemkoong First Nation on Manitoulin Island is one. The Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation are another.

Geographically the Anishinaabe language has provided many names that are in use today. The Mississippi River gets it name from the Chippewa word for "Great-River", Misiziibi. Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan have rivers named for the Chippewa plus a water falls. The origins of the name Wisconsin is not agreed upon, but may come from the Chippewa word Meskousing which refers to the red cliffs of the Wisconsin Dells. Michigan's name comes from the Ojibwa as well, Michigamme or Mishigamaa meaning "Great-water". Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota all have lakes named for the Chippewa people with Minnesota having three. All three states have Chippewa Counties. In addition, geologists named the prehistoric proglacial lake, that pre-dates the Great Lakes region, as Lake Chippewa. Further north they named another pre-historic lake Lake Ojibway. Additionally, both Ontario and Minnesota have a lake named "Ojibway Lake". Both the Canadian province and Lake Manitoba get their name from the Ojibwa manitou-wapow, or "strait of the Manitou". Iowa named Gitchie Manitou State Preserve on the Minnesota border for the Ojibwa creator. Geographically, using the compass, the Anishinaabe primary direction is "east" with the rising sun. As opposed to the European use of the "North".^[82] Additionally, the Ojibwa believe knowledge comes from the east.^[83]

1862 Mdewakanton Uprising

On August 13, 1862 a train of 30 wagons with treaty goods intended for the Red Lake and Pembina bands of Chippewa, departed St. Cloud, Minnesota for the Red River Valley.^[84] The two bands were to sign a treaty on the 25th of August 1862 with the U.S. Government.^[84]

On 17 August Lt. Sheehan, with his men of C Co. 5th Minn., departed the upper Sioux Agency for Fort Ripley to escort the Chippewa treaty commission to the Red River valley.^[85] Instead, they were called to the defense of Fort Ridgely leaving Ripley incapable of providing an escort. The treaty commission arrived at St. Cloud on 18 August and organized a militia escort.

When the Mdewkanton uprising broke Gov. Ramsey sent ex-Territorial Supreme Court Judge David Cooper, Hole-in-the-Day's legal adviser, to ascertain what the Chippewa were thinking. The Judge reported to Ramsey the Chippewa were dancing around Sioux scalps when he arrived. Newspapers reported the Sioux had forced the Chippewa to leave their village at Otter Tail with no details on how the Ojibwa acquired the scalps. The newspapers also reported that the Chief had sent requests to Ojibwa bands in Wisconsin to send all their warriors because the Sioux had killed a woman.

Just prior to the uprising Little Crow sent Hole-in-the-Day a letter informing that he had tried to stop a war party from departing the lower agency looking for Chippewa to fight.

The Sisseton warrior Other-Day said a large war-party had just departed the upper agency, looking for Chippewa, when lower reservation uprising started. Highly Interesting Narrative, Other-Day, St. Cloud Democrat, Sept. 4, 1862, Library of Congress, 2023 [6]

The Pillagers Otter tail Village

On 28 August 30-40 Sioux departed Otter Tail City for the Chippewa Otter Tail village 20 miles away at Pine Lake. The Difficulty With the Chippewas News from Chippewa Country, Sioux attack at Otter Tail, Settlements at Ottertail cleaned out, Dancing around Sioux Scalps,, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 05, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [7]

On 28 August a paper reported the war party numbered 100 and intended to fight the Red-Lakers. The Origin and Extent of Our Indian Difficulties, St Paul Daily Press, 28 Aug. 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 3435 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [8]

100 Sioux to attack Red-Lake, Hokah Chief, 9 Sept. 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 3435 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [9]

100 Sioux to attack Red-Lake, The origin and extent of our Indian difficulties, Chicago Daily Tribune, Sept. 1, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [10]

News from Chippewa Country, 100 Sioux attack at Otter Tail, Settlements at Ottertail cleaned out, Dancing around Sioux Scalps, Winona Weekly Republican, Sept. 10, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [11]

News from Chippewa Country, 100 Sioux attack Chippewa Otter Tail, Dancing around Sioux Scalps, Detroit Free Press, 6 Sept 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [12]

The Receiver at the Otter Tail Land Office reported Sioux camped on Chippewa land when he arrived at St. Cloud, Indian War, St. Cloud Democrat, Aug. 28, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023, [13]

Red-Lakers offer to Fight the Santee Sioux

Also reported at the time, was that the Dacotah had learned that the Commission had been sent to treat with the Red Lake Chippewa. The commission was comprised of U.S. Senator Wilkinson, Indian Commissioner Dole, Indian Superintendent Thompson, A.S.H. White Bureau of Indian Affairs, and J. G. Nicollay.^[86] The Sioux thought that the commission was going to give their annuities to the Red-Lakers and sent a war party to intervene.^[86]

About the same time, the Santee Sioux made a raid on Fort Abercrombie driving off all the livestock.^[87]^[88] Included in the livestock were 200 head of treaty cattle intended for the Red-Lake band.^[89]^[90] ^[91] The cattle and 30 wagons of treaty goods had been diverted to Abercrombie for safe keeping from a Santee Sioux attack.^[92] These actions contributed to the cancellation of the treaty Commission meeting with the Red-Lake band and the failure of the expected treaty goods distribution, unbeknownst to the Red Lakers.^[93] That caused the Chippewa to raid a wagon train headed for Fort Gerry for supplies they needed. The Red Lakers objected to the Pembina band taking cattle and saw that the animals were returned.^[88] However, when the Red-Lakers were informed that the Santee Sioux actions were the cause of the delay of the Treaty Commission meeting them and that the Sioux had their treaty cattle, they offered to defend the frontier from the Santee.^[94]^[95]

Men that committed the murders at Acton on 17 August were a returning Santee Sioux war party that had gone looking for Chippewa to kill and found none. The Sioux War, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Apr 17, 1863, p.7, Library of Congress, 2023 [14]

Men that committed the murders at Acton on 17 August were a returning Santee Sioux war party that had gone looking for Chippewa to kill, Bishop H. Whipple's eulogy to Shaw-Bosh-Kung in 1890. Shaw-bosh-king, Bishop H. Whipple, St. Paul Daily Globe, Mar 10, 1890, p.4 Minnesota digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [15]

Prisoner #29 of the 38 hung at Mankato claimed he was on a war party against the Chippewa at the time of the uprising. Prisoner # 29, The Indian Execution, The Goodhue Volunteer, Jan 07, 1863, p.2, The Library of Congress, 2023 [16]

Detailed Indian agent account of Chippewa activity in early September made no mention of Chippewa offers to fight. Letter from Shaw-Bosh-King states he will relay his message in person. The agent does not include it. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct 2, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [17]

On August 27 a bi-racial Chippewa was detained at St. Cloud. He said he had been employed as the runner for the trading outpost at Big Stone Lake. The post had been attacked with the staff killed, three Frenchmen, five Germans, and he escaped.

August 1862 Hole-in-the-Day and the Pillagers upset with Indian agent

Hole-in-the-day threatened to go to war in August 1862 because Indian Agent Walker was cheating his people egregiously. The timing was coincidental to the Sioux events. Many attempted to link the events when there was little to do so beyond speculation. The "whites" did not understand why the Chippewa were unhappy, because they were unaware of the transgressions ^[96] the same as they were unaware of the Dacotah Agents actions. When Agent Walker was called out for his swindles he committed suicide. That made national news. To make the situation more concerning the Pillagers had taken six families captive at Leech lake.^[97] They injured no one, however it made Chief Big-Dog so unhappy that he went to Fort Ripley.^[98] He reportedly was given a U.S. Army tunic to wear, which he did. Gull Lake Chief Bad-Boy also did not like what he was hearing and went to Fort Ripley taking three of his men. The fort used their skills as advanced sentries. It happened that Lt. Beaulieu, a biracial Chippewa from G Company 9th Minnesota, was at the fort.^[97] Ripley's Commander tasked him as a messenger to Hole-in-the-Day. The Chief had the prisoners released in exchange for an investigation of Agent Walker.^[97] The next day Lt. Beaulieu was sent with a message to Gov. Ramsey requesting the other G Company Chippewa be sent.^[97] The St. Cloud newspaper absolutely could not believe that any hostilities would happen between the Chippewa and the settlers. However, Hole-in-the Day's posturing fueled the anti-Indian hysteria in other papers and would not be forgotten by his own people. The Red-Lakers in particular called him out at council. His posturing would overshadow his actual actions in the historic narrative. The principle complaint of the Chippewa was their Agent, they wanted him removed. Walker attempted to have Hole-in-the-Day arrested and even shot at the Chief. He committed suicide out of fear the Chippewa were coming for him.

25 August 1862 was the date set for the Red-Lake and Pembina bands Treaty that was cancelled by the Mdewakanton uprising A.S.H. White of the Indian Bureau arrived in Minnesota for the treaty on 6 August. He had been the Secretary for the 1851 Traverse des Sioux treaty and had been sent again.

2 Sept 1862: Wisconsin Fond-du-Lac letter to Lincoln offered to fight the Sioux

On September 2, 1862 two Chiefs of the Fond-du-Lac band sent a letter for Gov. Ramsey to forward to President Lincoln. They offered to fight the Sioux so Minnesota's troops could be sent to fight the south. That letter made national news. It is not known if Lincoln got the letter as it is not in his Presidential Archives. If he didn't the entire country did. The FDL letter was published or referenced in dozens of newspapers across the nation. What is known is he did not act upon it. In less than a week Mille-Lacs band Chiefs leading 750 warriors showed up at Fort Ripley with the same offer. In addition, they voluntarily provided security to the fort and the nearby town of Little Falls without compensation, in the event it was attacked by anyone. At that time it was rumored that Hole-in-the-day was considering to do that. Another Mille-Lacs Chief took his warriors to St. Cloud with another offer to fight the Sioux. Fort Ripley's commander, Captain Hall, sent a biracial Chippewa officer to Chief Hole-in-the-Day with an offer the Chief accepted.

Within a week Gov. Ramsey and a legislature commission went north to have council with the Chief. It was comprised of U.S. Senator H. Rice and Judge Cooper both respected by the Chippewa. E.A.C. Hatch with whom the Chippewa had long traded as well as Rev. F. Ayer a missionary teacher amongst them for 20 years. The group arrived at Crow Wing to find 10 Chiefs and 10 headmen waiting. They all offered to fight the Sioux. The Governor and commission were taken with the proposal. A treaty was made addressing the Chippewa concerns and the Govenor and commission returned to St. Paul. Minnesota's other U.S. Senator was informed of all the offers and favored accepting. them too. Ramsey was so taken with all the offers that he invited the Chiefs of 22 bands to St. Paul. They all came thinking that their offers to fight the Sioux had been accepted. However, President Lincoln, Major General Pope, and Col. Sibley were opposed.

Why Lincoln did not act upon the offers is unknown. However, Pope's statement for turning down Chippewa service "as not being good for the public interest" sounds like a politician not a general. He may have been repeating what Lincoln wrote him, but that is unknown. What is known, is that had Lincoln accepted the Fond-du-Lac offer he would have had no control over how the other Chippewa bands responded. How fast word would have spread that the FDL band had an OK can only be guessed at, but word would have spread. The two northern Santee tribes had headed for the plains. That would have left the Mdewakanton force against nearly the entire Minnesota-Wisconsin Ojibwa based upon the 22 bands that came for Gov. Ramsey. The Dacotah would not have surrendered to the Ojibwa. Without a surrender the trials would not have happened and there would have been no sentences for execution. The outcome for the over 3-1 outnumbered Mdewakaton force is unknown. It is possible it would have been different from the 38 executed in the historic narrative. The Fond-du-Lac specifically requested the use of native rules on war, making woman, children, and elderly acceptable targets. They also suggested that they receive the Santee Sioux annuities as compensation for their assistance. The Chippewa would have had the advantage of surprise that the Sioux had had with the settlers. The Sioux would have had their families to get out of harms way and the Chippewa would have been on a mission to remove the "evil spirit" from Minnesota for Lincoln.

Newspapers that published Fond-du-Lac letter to Lincoln(complete text) offering to fight the Sioux

FDL letter paraphrased, Grant County Witness 8 Sept 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [18]
The Chicago Times 16 Sept 1862 (Fond du Lac Band of Chippewa reservation archives)
The Chicago Daily Tribune. 17 Sept 1862, p.1 Newpapers.com, 2023 [19]
Quad-City Times, 18 Sept 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023
Daily Democrat and News, Sept 18, 1862, 2023, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024
The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 19 Sept 1862, p.3, 2023, Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, 2024 MNHS,
The Cleveland Morning Leader, 20 Sept 1862, p. 1, Library of Congress, 2023
Burlington Hawkeye, Sept 20, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 23 Sept 1862(New York), p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023
The Vermont Chronicle, 23 Sept, 1862, p.3 Newspapers.com, 2024
The Waukegan Weekly Gazette, Sep 20, 1862 p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024
The Manitowoc Herald, Sep 25, 1862 p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024
Baltimore Wecker Vol. 13, No. 225, Sept 20, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023

Newspapers that publiched the Fond-du-Lac Lincoln letter as stub articles

Lake Superior Chippeways, Mankato Semi-weekly Record, Sept. 13, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspapers hub, 2023, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN.^[99]
An Offer of Aid from the Chippewas., New York Times, Sept. 14, 1862, p.9, ProQuest Historical Newspapers, 2023^[100]
2 Wisconsin Chippewa Chiefs, The New York Herald, Sept 14, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023^[101]
The Evening StarVol. XX No.2983, Washington D.C., Sept. 15, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
The Chicago Tribune, Sept. 15, 1862, Library of Congress, 2023
The Pittsburgh Gazette, 15 Sept. 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
The Portland Daily Press, 15 Sept, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
The Daily Gate City Vol. 9 No.170, Sept 15, 1862, p.3, Keokuk, Iowa, Library of Congress, 2023
Hartford Courant,(Mass.) 15 Sept 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
The Smoky Hill and Republican Union 27 Sep 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023
The Daily Evansville Journal Sept 15, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
Daily Intelligencer Vol. XI No. 20, 15 Sept 1862, p. 3, (Wheeling, West Virginia), Library of Congress, 2023
Worcester Daily Spy (Massachusetts), Sept 15, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
Daily State Sentinel Vol. X, No. 3730, Sept 15, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
Bangor Daily Whig and Courier (Maine), 15 Sept 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com,
The Pittsburgh Gazette, 15 Sept 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
The Evansville Daily Journal(Indiana), 15 Sept 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
The Buffalo Commercial, 15 Sept 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023
The Kingston Daily News 16 Sept 1862, p.2,(Kingston, Ontario, Canada), Newspapers.com, 2023
The Weekly North Iowa Times, Vol. VI, No.309, 17 Sept, Library of Congress. 2023
Lewiston Falls Journal(Maine), 18 Sept 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023
Muscatine Weekly Journal, Vol. XIV, No.12, Sept 19, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023
Newry Examiner and Louth Advertiser, North Ireland, 1 Oct 1862, British Newspaper Archives, 2023
Saunders's News-Letter, Dublin, Ireland, 29 Sept 1862, p.2 The British Newspaper Archives, 2023
Dublin Mercantile Advertiser, and Weekly Price Current, Dublin, Ireland 3 Oct 1862, The British Newspaper Archives
The Leeds Mercury 30 Sept 1862, p.4 (Leeds, West Yorkshire, England), Newspapers.com, 2023
Indiana State Sentinel Vol. XXII No. 17, Library of Congress, 2023
The Philadelphia Inquirer 18 Sept 1862, p. 4, Newspapers.com, 2023 Mule-de-Sack(sp=Fond du Lac) requests to fight the Sioux,

"The best thing that could be done, in my judgement, would be to say to Hole-in-the-Day:  Get your young men and warriors together, and go on the war path against the Sioux: drive them back and rid the country of them, and your forces shall receive the pay of U.S. soldiers during the time you are engaged in the expedition." From Northern Minnesota,  The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol XIV, No.12, Sept 05, 1862, p.6, Library of Congress, 2023 [20]

4 September, 100 Mille-Lacs band offer to fight Sioux at St Cloud

ca.1820s,*Chippewa Scalp dance* Peter Rindisbacher, Army West Point Museum

75 Mille Lacs St Cloud, Chippewas on the Warpath, Goodhue County Republican Sept 12, 1862, Minnesota Media hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [21]

Mille-Lacs Indians St Cloud Democrat, 4 Sept 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [22]

Mille-Lacs Indians, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 12 Sept 1862, p. 1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [23]

Mille-Lacs Indians Hokah Chief Sept 16, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [24]

Indian Agent Dole's account of meeting Hole-in-the-Day in every paper claimed the Chief was insolent. This is the only newspaper to give Hole-in-the- Day's POV The Chippewa War 1862: Danial S. Mooer's Account of interview with Hole-in-the-Day, The Anaconda Standard, 8 Nov 1898, p.12, Newspapers.com, 2023 [25]

5 September 1862

The St Paul Daily ran the opinion that the entire Chippewa nation was waiting to to go to war against their hereditary enemy., the Philadelphia Inquirer reprinted. 1862, Sept 8. Crow Wing situation, Newspapers.com, 2023, [26]

The Stillwater Messenger ran the same opinion on September 9 Will We Have Troubles With the Chippewa? Stillwater Messenger, 9 Sept, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Newspaper Digital Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn [27]

6 Sept 1862 Mille-Lacs, Snake-River, Chippewa-River bands offer to fight Sioux at Fort Ripley

In his obituary for Mille Lacs Chief Shaw-bosh-kung, Bishop Henry Whipple wrote the Chief brought all the warriors he could to Fort Ripley on 6 September 1862. He did, men from the Sandy-Lake, Snake-River, Chippewa-River bands all accompanied the Chief. At Ripley the Chief offered the Fort Commander to fight the Sioux and protect the Fort from an attack by Hole-in-the-Day. The fort was taken by their arrival waving the American and Mille Lacs flags, beating drums and recorded it was a sight to be seen. Indian Commissioner Dole happened to be present and "told Shaw-bosh-kung the Mille-Lacs could remain on their Reservation for 1,000 years, but that they should return home and they would be contacted if needed". However, War Chief Mou-zoo-mau-nee chose to remain as did 300 warriors. When he did that the townspeople of Little Falls asked for protection and he sent them 150 warriors. It is not recorded if that number came out of the 300 or that they were in addition to. In a nutshell, the Chippewa voluntarily provided security to U.S. military installation and the town of Little Falls. There is nothing comparable in U.S. history. The U.S. response has no comparable either. The Ojibwa Chiefs were invited to Washington DC right after the Mankato executions. Lincoln took Shaw-bosh-kung's hand and repeated what the Indian Commissioner had said: "The Mille-Lacs could remain 1,000 years on their Reservation". Then it was included in the 1863 Chippewa treaty they signed. Additionally, the treaty states that the Sandy Lake band cannot be removed without Presidential review. That stipulation indicates that they did something extraordinary in the eyes of the Government. Those same provisions were included in the 1864 Chippewa treaty too. The contrast with what was happening with the Dacotah treaties at the time could not be greater. That continued with the two tribes Historic narratives.

The Mille-Lacs Chiefs; "we will hold your hand in friendship until this trouble is over".

Mille-Lacs letter 3 Sept requesting council at Fort Ripley and requesting that it not be thought strange that many of their men were absent. They would be helping in the rice harvest. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct 2, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul Mn [28]

Newspapers that published the Mille-Lacs offer to fight the Sioux

The Chippewa for Peace, The Saint Paul Daily Press Sept 9, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd., St Paul, Mn^[102]
Winona weekly Republican, Sept. 17, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn
The Philadelphia Inquirer, 10 Oct 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com 2023
Stillwater Messenger, 9 September, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul Mn
The Goodhue Volunteer, Sept 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
Prescott Journal, Sept 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 7, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul Mn
Rochester Republican, Sept 10, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN
Goodhue Republican Vol. 6 No. 3, Sept 12, 1863, p.2 , Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN

Mille-Lacs offer Fort Ripley. The Dakota conflict and its reverberations in Mille Lacs, The Moccasin Telegraph Feb 7, 2007 [29]

Mille-Lacs role in the Uprising, Tell the Mille-Lacs what Danger they are in, Chapter 5, "Reminiscences of Life among the Chippewa (Part III)", Anthony Godfrey, U.S. West Research, POB 2172, La Cross, WS, Minnesota Historical Society Contract #92-C-2763, 1973, p. 100-118 [30] [31]

Mille-Lacs sent Indian Commissioner letter requesting to fight the Sioux The Chippewas for Peace, The Saint Paul Daily Press Sept 9, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [32]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee words at Fort Ripley: "When you make war upon the white settlers, you make war upon us: and if you fight them you will have to fight us", Mille-Lac Indians Little Falls Transcript, 1 Feb 1884, p.5, Newspapers.com, 2023 [33]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee actions at Fort Ripley, Loyalty of the Mille-Lacs, D.H. Robbins, The Princeton Union, 16 May 1907, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [34]

The Mille-Lacs were loyal The Government owes them a DEBT, The Minneapolis Journal,26 Aug 1902, p.11, Newspapers.com, 2023 [35]

Description of the Mille-Lacs' flags, drums and camp population recorded a month later, Headquarters 27th Iowa The Buchanan County Guardian 18 Nov 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [36]

White-Earth Chief Wain-ge-ma-dub wrote that he remained 8 days at Fort Ripley with Mou-zoo-mau-nee. About Mou-Zoo-mau-Nee, Little Falls Herald, 4 Sep 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [37]

6 September Mille-Lacs band protection of Little Falls

The Mou-zoo-mau-nee sent 150 warriors to safeguard the Little Falls when the townspeople requested protection. About Mou-zoo-mau-nee, Little Falls Herald, 4 Sept 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com, [38]

People of Little Falls send a letter to President R. B. Hayes in support of Mille-Lacs for sending 100 warriors in 1862, History of Morrison County, Little Falls Transcript, 16 Apr, 1880, p.1, Newapapers.com, 2023

This event is maintained in the Mille-Lacs band oral history.

The State of Minnesota erected a 10' granite monument at Fort Ridgely in recognition of these Chippewa actions.

9 Sept 1862 Hole-in-the-Day requests all warriors from Wisconsin

Hole-in-the-Day requests all warriors from Wisconsin because Sioux killed a Chippewa woman, The Goodhue Volunteer(Red Wing, Goodhue County, Minn.), Sept 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [39]

Hole-in-the-Day requests all warriors from Wisconsin because Sioux killed a Chippewa woman, Prescott Journal, Sept 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [40]

Hole-in-the-Day requests all warriors from Wisconsin because Sioux killed a Chippewa woman, Chatfield Democrat Sept 13, 1862, Minnesota Newspaper Digital hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [41]

Hole-in-the-Day requests Wisconsin warriors for Chippewa woman murdered by the Sioux, The Hamilton Spectator(Ontario, Canada), 18 Sept 1862, p.8, Newspapers.com, 2023 [42]

Hole-in-the-Day requests Wisconsin warriors for Chippewa woman murdered by the Sioux, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 7, 1862, Minnesota Newspaper Digital hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [43]

Hole-in-the-Day requests Wisconsin warriors for Chippewa woman murdered by the Sioux, Rochester Republican Sept. 10, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [44]

The Indian War in Minnesota Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4640, 5 Nov. 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [45] (Interview with the Chippewa, Nicolay attending)

9 September St. Croix bands

1843,*Pee-Che-Kir*, A Chippewa Chief(St. Croix Band) lithograph by Charles Bird King after a painting by Henry Inman. Published in the History of the Indian Tribes of North America.

Nothing would please the Chippewa Nation more than to be asked... they are ready on both sides of the river and from Chengwatana to Superior, Wisconsin. Will We Have Troubles With the Chippewas? The Stillwater Messenger September 9, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN, 2024 [46]

A trader at Taylors Falls claimed he could get 500 Chippewa to fight.

The Chippewas The Goodhue Volunteer, Sept 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [47] (The Snake-River band is mentioned as being at Fort Ripley with Shaw-Bosh-Kung)

The Chippewas, Prescott Journal, Sept 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [48] (The Chippewa-River band mentioned as being with Shaw-Bosh-Kung)

Inter-tribal warfare between the St. Croix and Long lake bands made news in October 1862.^[103]

15 Sept 1862 Chippewa Embassy at Crow Wing, Mississippi, Pillager, and Leech-Lake bands offer to fight Sioux

Both chambers the Minnesota legislature agreed to send Gov. Ramsey and a Commission, with the authority to resolve the Chippewa issues, to meet Hole-in-the-Day at Crow Wing.^[104] Instead twenty Chippewa leaders, of which at least 10 were Chiefs, were there and offered to fight Sioux when they met the Governor and the Commission. The Governor and Commission "taken with the offers" and returned to St. Paul. Minnesota's other U.S. Senator was "taken" when he was informed. Those opposed to Chippewa military service were President Lincoln, Major General Pope and Brigadier General Sibley. Commissioner Dole tried for 12 days to get a meeting with Hole-in-the-Day. When the Chief did show up, he surprised Dole by bringing 300 warriors who quickly encircled the Commissioner's party.^[105] The meeting produced a treaty addressing the Chippewa concerns. Three copies were made, one for the Governor, one for Chief Hole-in-the-Day, and one for Chief Flat-Mouth.

Treaty with the Chippewa Indians, The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 23, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MM [49]

Hole-in-the-Day, 15 Sept. 20 Chippewa leaders offer, Appendix, Journal of the House of Representatives, State of Minnesota 1862, Wm R. Marshall, Press Printing Company, St Paul, pp.135-8 m[50] (Chief May-Zhuc-Ke-Ge-Shig mis-spelled)

Hole-in-the-Day, 15 Sept. meet Senator Rice, Judge Cooper and Major Hatch, Minnesota History Magazine [51]

Harrisburg Sept 14 Grant County Herald Vol. XX No. 1054, Wisconsin, Sept 16, 1862,p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [52]

Chippewa Embassy, The Goodhue Volunteer, Vol.7 No 10, 1 Oct 1862, 2023 Newspapers.com [53]

Chippewa Embassy, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol. XIV, No.14, Sept 19, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [54]

Chippewa Embassy, The New Your Herald 25 Sept, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [55]

Chippewa Embassy, Delegation of Chippewa's, Goodhue County Republican Red Wing, Minnesota, Sept. 26 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN [56]

Chippewa Embassy, ^[1] (Hole-in-the-Day, the Buffalo, Flat-mouth list of Chiefs)

Chippewa Embassy, The Indian War, Winona weekly Republican, Sept. 24, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN [57]

Hole-in-the-Day, 15 Sept. meet Senator Rice, Judge Cooper and Major Hatch, Minnesota History Magazine [58]

North American Indians, Liverpool Albion, 20 Oct. 1862,British Newspapers Archives, London, 2024 [59]

Hole-in-the-Day, the Buffalo, Flat-mouth offer, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 26 Sept. 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [60]

Hole-in-the-Day, the Buffalo, Flat-mouth offer^[1]

Crow Wing Agency reports 13, 14, 15, Sept, St. Paul Daily, 2 Oct. 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn [61]

Interview with the Chippewa, Nicolay attending, The Indian War in Minnesota Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4640, 5 Nov. 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [62]

19 September Ojibwa Warriors sent to Fort Snelling to be armed

Senator Rice opined the Chippewa could be "induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux." The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 19 Sept 1862, p.5, 2023 Newspapers.com [63]

19 Sept about 40 warriors offer to fight the Sioux at the Crow Wing Agency and were sent to St Paul to be armed. From the Upper Mississippi, The Stillwater Messenger, September 30, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn [64]

22 Sept 1862: Gov Ramsey invited Chiefs of 21 bands of Chippewa to St Paul to fight the Sioux

Photograph of Mississauga band Chief Kahkewaquonabywas taken August 4, 1845, in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Hill & Adamson. Photographs taken that day are the oldest existing of a Native American. He is wearing a chiefs medal and his bag has the Ojibwa thunderbird. ^[110]

Chiefs of 21 Bands tendered their services to fight the Sioux, Delegation Of Chippewas Goodhue County Republican, Sept 26, 1862, p.2 Minnesota digital hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn, [65]

Chippewa Warriors Offer to Fight the Sioux; Hole-in-the-Day offered a strong war party to act as scouts on the frontier; Pope will not recognize them as a branch of the service. The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [66]

They Offer to Fight the Sioux 42 Warriors, The New York Herald No. 9511, Sept. 28, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023 [67]

42 Warriors, Hole-in-the-Day offered a large number of warriors to be scouts. New York Herald correspondent 22 Sept The Chester Chronicle 25 Oct, 1862, Chester England, p.2, 2023, The British Newspaper Archive [[68]

40-50 Chippewa, The Chippewa Warriors, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 26, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023 [69]

40-50 Chiefs The New York Herald, Sept 25, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 2023[70]

40-50 Chippewa Chicago Daily Tribune Vol. XV, No. 68, Sept 25, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress [71]

40-50 Chippewa, Buffalo Evening Post 25 Sept 1862, p.3,(New York) Newspapers.com, 2023 [72]

40-50 Chippewa, The Indian War in Minnesota, The Philadelphia Inquirer 25 Sept 1862, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [73]

40-50 Chiefs The Portland Daily Press, Sept 25, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [74]

40-50 Chippewa, From St Paul, Cleveland Morning Leader Vol. XVI, No. 229, Sept 25, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [75]

40-50 Chippewa, Muscatine Weekly Journal, Sept 26, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [76]

40-50 Chippewa, From the Minnesota Indian War, Fremont Journal, Sept 26, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [77]

40-50 Chippewa, The Weekly Ottumwa Courier Vol. XIV, No.29, Sept 27, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [78]

40-50 Chippewa, The Chippewa Warriors Detroit Free Press Vol. XXVI No. 105, 28 Sept, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [79]

40-50 Chippewa, The Daily Gate City Vol. 9 No. 179 (Keokuk, Iowa), Library of Congress, 2023 [80]

40-50 Chippewa, The Kansas State Journal 2 Oct 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [81]

40-50 Chippewa, The Chippewa Warriors, The Courier-Journal Vol. XXXII, No.263,(Louisville, Ky), 2 Oct, 1862, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [82]

40-50 Chippewa came thinking their offers accepted, The Indian War in Minnesota Memphis Daily Appeal, 2 Oct, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [83]

40-50 Chippewa braves, The Emporia News Vol. V No. 50, 4 Oct, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [84]

40-50 Chippewa, The Indian War in Minnesota The Times-Picayune, 8 Oct, 1862, p.2, 2023, Newspapers.com, [85]

40-50 Chippewa, The Daily Delta Vol XVII No.238 (New Orleans), 11 Oct, 1862, p.1, 2023, Newspapers.com [86]

42 Warriors, North America Indians, Liverpool Albion (England) 20 Oct 1862, British Newspaper Archive, [87]

40-50 Chippeway braves, The Zanesville Daily Courier 25 Sept 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [88]

4 or 5 Chippewa, Indian Troubles Daily State Sentinel, 25 Sept, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [89]

4 or 5 Chippeway, The Indian Troubles, The Indianapolis Star 25 Sept, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [90]

50 Chippewa came ay the invitation of the Governor with understanding their offer to fight the Sioux was accepted, planted American flag. The Chippewa Warriors, Nashville Daily Union, 17 Oct. 1862, Library of Congress, 2023 [91]

Our Chippewa Visitors, Carried the American Flag and were told they would be told when to go on the warpath against the Sioux, The Saint Paul Daily Press 24 Sept, 1862 Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn, 2023 [92]

Chippewa visitors, Gov Ramsey told them word would be sent when they were needed to fight the Sioux St Paul Daily Press 24 Sept, 1862, No. 149, p.1, 2023 , Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn [93] Chief Berry Hunter

The Ojibway Indians volunteered to fight the Sioux, The Bedford Gazette, Vol. 58, No.3024, 3 Oct, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [94]

A number of Chippewa Chiefs have offered to fight the Sioux, The Baltimore Sun, 26 Sept, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [95]

The Ojibway Indians offer to fight the Sioux, The Potter Journal, 22 Oct, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [96]

Gov. Ramsey and the Chippewa offers

Ramsey and Legislative Commission liked Chippewa offer, Hole in the Day offered large party of scouts. The Chippewas have a long standing hostility to the Sioux The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 10 Oct, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [97]

Ramsey and Legislative Commission like the Chippewa offer, Hole in the Day offered large party of scouts. Chester Chronicle (England), 25 Oct 1862, British Newspaper Archives, [98]

Many of the Chippewa visiting St. Paul in 1862 had their images recorded at one of the city's two Photo Studios The Minnesota Historical Society has copies of the photo postcards Whitney Studio sold of these images in their achieves.

Chippewa Chiefs at Whitney Gallery, Peabody Museum [99]
Aw-Ke-Wen-Zee, Head Chief of the Lac-Centre-Orielle bands of Chippewa, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1862^[111]
Aamoons or Little Bee, Chief at Lac-du-Flambeau ^[112]
Ah-Ah-Shaw-We-Ke-Shick Chief of Rabbit-Lake Chippewas^[112]
Be-She-Kee or Buffalo Head Chief Leech-Lake band c.1862^[113]
Ne-bah-quah-om (Big-Dog), Chief of the Pillager band Chippewa^[112]
Wa-bon-au-quot Chief at Gull Lake^[112]

Late September the noted frontier guide Pierre Bottineau encountered 750 Red-Lakers on the prairie who informed him of the events he had missed. He also learned that they were "friendly" in the colloquialism of the day.^[114] On 29 September the Chippewa preformed the Pipe Dance for the people of St. Cloud conveying their friendship.^[114] On October first The Red Wing newspaper reported that the special session of the State Legislature passed a bill calling for a memorial to President Lincoln for ratifying resolutions of Legislature with the Chippewa.^[115]

Chengwatana village 1862-66

A military outpost established at the Chippewa village on the Snake river for 4 years in response to the Mdewakaton uprising. History of Pine city and Chengwatana, http://www.pinecityhistory.com/2016.114.pdf

The first unit posted to Chengwatana was the Ramsey Picket Guards militia^[116]

Chippewa and U.S. Flag

When the Mille-Lacs, Sandy-Lake, Chippewa-River and Snake-River bands showed up at Fort Ripley they were waving the U.S. flag as well as one of their own. A month later the 27th Iowa Infantry reported that those flags were flying at the Mille-Lacs village. When all the Chippewa Chiefs came to St. Paul to meet Gov. Ramsey they planted a U.S. flag at the Capitol. When Chief Red-Bear heard Little-Crow was waving a British flag in Pembina he got the U.S. colors to wave back.

Little-Crow raised the Hudson Bay Company flag the Chippeways raised the American flag, Little Crow, Memphis Bulletin 15 Jun 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [100]

Red-Bear waves the American colors at Little-Crow Little-Crow at Pembina, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat , June 12, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2024, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn[101]

Red-Lake and Pembina bands

Fort Abercrombie, DT, was initially attacked twice and then encircled. In desperation of assistance, Captain Van der Hoeck, Abercrombie's commander, sent a request to the Chippewa at La Grand Fourche for assistance. Pierre Bottineau reported 60 warriors volunteered immediately. After a day of discussion the request was denied.^[117]

3 October the Red-Lake and Pembina bands informed commissioners that Hole-in-the-Day asked them to join him against the Government for the violations of the Chippewa Indian Agent. Red-Lake Chiefs said no, he felt Hole-in-the-Day was asking Red Lake to join the Sioux and he would not Hole-in-the-Day forget that.^[118] Some, in the southern part of the state, equated the Chippewa issues with the Dacotah issues and assumed the tribes were unified.

7 November it was reported that the Red-Lakers plundered a Fort Gerry supply train at Grand Forks while waiting for the Government to show up to sign a treaty and give them annuities so that they could buy supplies. It was a matter of hunger and urgency for the Ojibway.^[119]

Included in the Red-Lake and Pembina bands annuity goods were 50 shotguns that were distributed to the civilian defenders at Fort Abercrombie.

White-Earth ~ Co. G 9th Minnesota Infantry

Chief Kahkewaquonaby of the Mississauga band. In 1866 he graduated from Queen's College with a medical degree, the first native American to do so in Canada. He has a chiefs medal.^[120]

G Company 9th Minnesota had a large contingent of Chippewa and biracial Chippewa that was mustered in at St Cloud in mid-August 1862. ^[121] One man was killed by "friendly fire" near St. Cloud by militia that did not know Chippewa were in Government service and was assumed to be Dacotah.^[122] Captain Hall, Commander of Fort Ripley, made a request for Lt. Beaulieu and G Company be sent to the fort. His request was reported in many papers. The Winona Daily Republican, 28 Aug 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [102] The Philadelphia Inquirer,2 Sep 1862, p. 2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [103],

G Company was posted forward to Fort Abercrombie. They arrived on 3 Sept. 1862 to find the Fort under attack which they help rout. G Company became part of the Fort's garrison. The Sioux returned in force laying siege to the Fort until 23 Sept.^[121] G Company arrived in St. Louis, Mo. on May 21, 1863 They immediately came to the attention of the St Louis Republican and the were the topic of an article "Big Injuns". It predicted that "they would give a good account to themselves in action". ^[121]^: p.105 G Company saw action as part of the rear guard at Brices Crossroads. There their marksmanship and skirmisher tactics enabled 400 men of the 59th U.S. Colored to not be overtaken by confederate cavalry while at a bridge. After which the Chippewa and African Americans fell back together.^[121] ^{: p.198-204} G Company losses and commendation at Battles of Guntown and Ripley Mississippi, Ninth Regiment, St. Cloud Democrat, Jun 30, 1864, p.3, Library of Congress, [104]

100 Chippewa in 9th Minnesota, The Weekly Union Record, Jul 02, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, [105]

White Earth Minn.The Minneapolis Journal, 09 May 1904, p.13, Newspapers.com [106]

Killed in service fighting the Sioux

John Strong G Co, 9the Minnesota was killed by "friendly fire" near St Cloud by milita that did not know Chippewa were in U.S. service and was assumed to be Dacotah. Letter From Capt. McCoy, St. Cloud Democrat, 30 April, 1863, p.2, Minnesota Historical Society Media hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN [107] G Co. John Strong, 1st KIA , a St Cloud GAR post named for him The Sauk Centre Herald 01 Oct 1931, p.4 [108]

Capt. Van der Horck, Fort Abercrombie commander, ordered messengers be sent to St. Paul. He sent a 10 man escort assuring them if there was any trouble he would send reinforcements with a howitzer. The group was attacked nearby crossing the Red River. Help was called for and Van der Horck refused to send troops. Eight of the escort made it back to the fort. One of the dead is identified as one of the G Co. Chippewa. Fort Abercrombie, St. Cloud Democrat, Oct. 2, 1862, Minnesota Historical Society Media hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN , [109]

In 1885 the war dead were transferred from the Fort Abercrombie cemetery to Fort Lincoln. The interred native American scouts were included. One was identified as Matatabnahee.^[123]

John George Nicolay

John Nicolay was President Lincoln's private secretary sent to represent the President at the Chippewa treaty on the Red River. He was a member of the group accompanying Indian Commissioner Dole and was at Fort Abercrombie when the Red Lakers treaty cattle were raided.^[124] He was present when Commissioner Dole met the Chippewa and Hole-in-the-day pulled his surprise of having 300 warriors with. He and the treaty commission were still at Abercrombie when the fort was attacked on September 3. He would have learned of the Chippewa in G Company that helped repulse the Sioux attack which allowed him and the treaty party to escape back to Sauk Rapids and St. Cloud. He would have shared his first hand Chippewa/Sioux experiences with Lincoln.

Hanging-Cloud: the "Chippewa Warrior Princess", of the Rice-Lake Wisconsin Band of the Lac-Courte-Oreille Chippewa, Ogimaakwe: warrior Queen of the Pembina / Turtle-Mountain Band

Ah-shah-way-gee-she-go-qua Hanging-Cloud gaining warrior status in the newspapers.

Hanging-Cloud's father was the Chief at Rice Lake Wisconsin. His band was a sub-band of the Lac-Court-Oreille. In one account she had a vision of joining a war party against the Sioux. It came to past that she went with a war party into Minnesota where she killed and scalped three enemy. This entitled her to wear 3 eagle feathers and the men acknowledged by giving her full warrior lodge status.^[125] Another version has it that her father was killed and she avenged his death. Again killing three.

A Real Amazon or Hanging-Cloud (Ah-shah-way-gee-she-go-qua)The Southern Enterprise Vol X No. 2, 14 May 1863, p.6, Library of Congress, 2023 [110]

A Chippewa Princess, New York Herald 13 Jan 1856, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [111]

A Chippewa Princess, New York Dispatch 20 Jan 1856, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [112]

Aazhawigiizhigokwe: Hanging-Cloud, Across the Sky Woman, Jaguar Bird, Youtube, 2024 [113]

Ogimaakwe (Oh-gih-maah-quay) Pembina band's oral history as Head-woman, boss-lady, Warrior-Queen. Is said to have lead war parties.^[126]

The Pembina band lists three women as Principal Nehiyaw Pwat “Iron Confederacy” Matriarchs for tribal enrollment: Machequayaince Adik Songab, Techomegood Adik Songab, Utinawasis Adik Songab.^[127]

1863 Chippewa effort's

Mis-ko-pe-men-she Chief of the Winnipeg Band of Chippewa ca. 1860s Whitney Galleries St. Paul, MN

In January Gov. Ramsey told the Lake Superior Chippewa Chiefs that the Sioux would be chastised and made penitent by the upcoming expeditions.^[128] The Chippewa did not give up trying to offer to help fight the Sioux during the war. Minnesota's politicians attempted to go around General Pope by going directly to the Secretary of War, to create a Indian Battalion of 1,000 Chippewa. Pope had sufficient rank to undo the effort. Chief Hole-in-the-Day offered Gen. Sibley 600 warriors for his Dakota Expedition and was turned down. Sibley was one of those that objected to Chippewa service from the start. E.A.C. Hatch had been was chosen to command the Indian Battalion due to his past with the Ojibwa. Hole-in-the- Day knew him well and endorsed him "as the man for the job" offering his warriors service. However, Sibley and Pope were Hatch's commanders and they opposed Chippewa service. In 1865 Hole-in-the-Day lamented that the Chippewa had been denied to opportunity to fight the south when their service was not accepted.

1863 Washington delegation lead by the Fond-du-Lac, Delegation of Chippeway Chiefs, Cleveland Daily Leader 3 Feb 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, [114] They boarded the river boat the Golden Star at Reads Landing, St. Paul, 19 March 1863. The St. Paul Daily Press.

Eight Lake Superior Chiefs go to Washington to gain permanent possession of their lands: Fond-du-Lac, Lac- Courte-Oreille, and Lac-La-Flambeau Chicago Tribune, 28 Jan 1863, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023, [115]

Lamoille News Dealer, Hyde Park, VT, February 19, 1863, p.4 Feb.19, 1863, Library of Congress 2023, [116]

Chippewa Chiefs, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 23 Jan, 1863, p.10, Library of Congress, 2023, [117]

Chiefs have beautiful names. Prescott Journal, 28 Jan. 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [118]

1863 Offered to fight the Sioux or the South for Lincoln. The Chippewa Chiefs Homeward Bound, Chicago Tribune 17 Mar 1863, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [119]

1863 Chippewa Treaty (Article 12 Mille-Lacs), The Saint Paul Daily Press Apr 7, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, Mn [Newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F63040701]

In April, all Santee Sioux treaties were cancelled by congress and the unfinalized Chippewa Old Crossing Treaty of 1862 was finally signed. Article IX stipulated the creation 2 one mile square (640 acres) Reservations for Chief Red-Bear and Chief Moose-Dung.^[129] Trouble among the Chippewa, 4 Chiefs killed for signing treaty including Chief Crossing-Sky, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 15, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [120] It was later reported that there was no treaty issue and that Crossing-Sky was killed in a family dispute.

Hole-in-the-Day offer,  Can do more with 100 warriors than 1000 white soldiers, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol.XV, No.7, Jul 24, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [121]

Hole-in-the-Day offer to fight the Sioux, Chicago Daily Tribune Vol XVI, No.297, Jun 04, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [122]

Hole-in-the-Day Sibley offer, Rochester Republican, June 10, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn [123]

Hole-in-the-Day Sibley offer, Der Indianierkrieg Minnesota Staats-zeitung, Jun 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [124]

Hole-in-the-Day Sibley offer, Weiteres aus Minnesota, Illinois Staats-zeitung Vol. 16, No.12, Jun 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [125]

Hole-in-the-Day offer, Der Indianierkrieg in Minnesota, 'Baltimore Wecker, Jun 09, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [126]

Hole-in-the-Day offer, Weiters aus Minnesota, Illinois Staats-zeitung, Jun 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [127]

Hole-in-the-Day Hatch offer, Minnesota Staats-Zeitung, Jul 18, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [128]

Hole-in-the-Day Hatch offer 100 warriors, Hatch right man Chatfield Democrat Vol. 7 No. 30, Jul 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [129]

Hole-in-the-Day, Chatfield Democrat Vol. 7 No. 30, Jul 25, 1863, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul,Mn [130]

Hole-in-the-Day offer to Hatch to fight the Sioux , Hatch right man, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol. 8, No.1, Jul 29, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [131]

The newspapers viewed combat between the Chippewa and Sioux as being Diamond on Diamond. In other words indigenous combat skills were highly regarded.

Hole-in-the-Day offer to fight the Sioux, Diamond on Diamond, The Ottawa Free Trader, Jul 25, 1863, p.1, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 [132]

Hole-in-the-Day offer Diamond on Diamond, The Pantagraph 20 Jul 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [133]

Hole-in-the-Day offer Diamond on Diamond, Janesville Weekly Gazette 24 Jul 1863, p.1, 2023 Newspapers.com [134]

Hole-in-the-Day offer Diamond on Diamond, Janesville Weekly Gazette 18 Jul 1863, Newspapers.com, 2023 [135]

Hole-in-the-Day offer Diamond on Diamond, Janesville Weekly Gazette 24 Jul 1863, Newspapers.com, 2023 [136]

Hole-in-the-Day offer Diamond on Diamond, The Pantagraph Bloomington Ill Vol VII No. 125, 20 Jul 1863, Newspapers.com, 2023 [137]

June 1863, Indian Battalion Minnesota Volunteers aka Hatch's Battalion

A force of Chippeways, The Buffalo Commercial, 20 Jun 1863, p. 2, Newspapers.com, [138]

A Washington Special to the New York Times, A force of Chippeways.. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Jun 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [139]

Hatch Chippewa Battalion, St Cloud Democrat, 25 Jun 1863, 2023, Newspapers.com [140]

Hatch The War In Minnesota, 1000 mounted Chippewa and half breeds, Col Hatch, Daily Alta California, 18 Jul 1863, Vol. 15, No. 4890, 18 July 1863 [141]

A company of Red River half-breeds for Hatch's battalion, Sioux scalps taken at St.Jo, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug 21, 1863, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [142]

Hatch Indian Battalion Minnesota Volunteers letterhead, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Dec 11, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [143]

Hatch - Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man. Offers Warriors for Hatch, The Goodhue Volunteer, July 29, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [144]

Hatch - Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jul 24, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [145]

Hatch - Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, Offers to fight the Sioux with 100 and offer accepted. From Washington, Chatfield Democrat, July 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2024 [146]

Gen. Pope No Chippewa, The Portland Daily Press, Oct 04, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [147]

Gen. Pope No Chippewa, Cleveland Morning Leader, Oct 06, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [148]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Sibley scouts 1862, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress. 2023 [149]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Sibley 1863, Chicago Daily Tribune, Jun 04, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [150]

Pembina 1863 Red-Bear American Flag, The Goodhue volunteer, Jun 17, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [151]

British Canada and Minnesota Sioux/Chippewa [152]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa July 1866, Bradford Reporter, Jul 19, 1866, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024[153]

The Canadian Sioux Refugees from Minnesota, Roy W. Meyer Minnesota History Magazine, p.16, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [154]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa attack 1864, St. Cloud Democrat, Jun 09, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [155]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa attack 1864, Daily Davenport Democrat, Jun 11, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [156]

The Princeton University Library Chronic..., Vol. 67, No. 2, Winter 2006, Photographs of the 1862 Sioux Revolt: [157]

Sen. Ramsey stealing from the Chippewa, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 04, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [158]

Red-Lakers ~ Pembina / Turtle-Mountain ~ Lake-of-the-Woods

When Chief Moose-dung died Rocky-Boy became Chief of the Pembina band. He would lead some of his people west into Montana where a reservation is named for him.

May 1863 Little-Crow with 64 warriors held council with 200 Chippewa at Pembina. The St. Joseph, Red-Lake, and Lake-of-the-Woods bands participated. After having shared the peace pipe a Red-Laker killed a Sioux. The Saint Paul Daily Press, June 11, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn. [159] When Little-Crow arrived at Pembina, Chief Red-Bear went to Judge Lemay and borrowed an American flag to display for Little-Crow to see. The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, June 12, 1863, p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn. [160]

By Oct 1863, the Red-lake and Pembina bands had more than once volunteered to fight the Sioux, Indian Expedition, Semi-Weekly Wisconsin 09 Oct 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [161]

Red-Lake offers to fight Sioux, The Chippewa Delegation, Sioux City Register, 16 Apr 1864, p.1, Vol VI, No.31, Newspapers.com, 2023 [162]

Red-Lake Band offer to fight Sioux. Fond-du-Lac, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Jun 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn, [163]

Red-Lake dance around 9 Sioux scalps taken at St Jo, The Red Lake Treaty Expedition, Fremont Journal, Oct 16, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [164]

Two Chiefs that attacked the Sioux during the war; Chief Es-En-Ce (Litte-Shell) of the Pembina band and Chief Me-Jaw-Key-Osh of the Red-Lake band. Chippewa Indian Tribe Photo Descriptions, Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians, Access Genealogy, 2022, image 1001 and image 1073 [165]

Chief Me-Jaw-Key-Osh, Amon Carter Museum, 3501 Camp Bowie Blvd. Fort Worth, TX [166]

Red-Lake Pembina 1863 Treaty. Hole-in-the-Day attended the signing and was accused of supporting Little-Crow by the Red-Lake chiefs. The Daily Standard, Raleigh, N. Carolina, 20 Mar 1866, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [167] CHIEF Mons-o-mo Moose-dung, Chief Kaw-wash-ke-ne-kay Crooked-arm, Chief Ase-e-ne-wab Little-rock, Chief Naw-gaun-e-gwan-abe Leading-feather

Red-lake Chippewa attack Minnesota Sioux at Fort Gerry, Chicago Tribune, Jul 14, 1866, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [168]

Gov. Ramsey asks Gov. Swift to engage 50 Red-Lake Chippewa to pursue the murderers at Sauk Centre, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 18, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [169]

Gov. Ramsey to engage 50 Red-Lake Chippewa to pursue the murderers at Sauk Centre, Another Indian Murder, Rochester Republican p.2, Sept 16, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [170]

Gov. Ramsey Red-lake Chippewa dance around 9 Sioux scalps taken at St Joseph, Fremont Journal, Oct. 16, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [171]

300 Red river halfbreeds meet Sibley News from St Paul. Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug 08, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [172]

300 Red river halfbreeds meet Sibley, Little Crow Killed, Charles City Republican Intelligencer, Aug 13, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [173]

Cree and Assiniboine go to attack the Sioux News from Pembina, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. Vol. XV, No. 9, Apr 01, 1864, p.5, Library of Congress, [174]

Red-Lakers winter at Georgetown 1863-64 occupying the abandoned Georgetown/Hudson Bay Post on the Red river. St. Cloud Democrat, Mar. 10, 1864, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [175]

Sibley's Chippewa Scouts and Messengers, 1863 Mille-Lacs offer to fight the Sioux

The newspapers refer to both Chippewa scouts and messengers during the Mdewakanton uprising. There was a list of scouts compiled by special agent Samuel H. Elrod to determine the Dacotah scouts eligibility for annuity payments authorized by an 1891 act of Congress. The Chippewa were not included on his list as he was a Sioux agent. Elrod made his list from the applications made by former scouts or their families not Army records.

Two biracial Chippewa hired to deliver mail to Sibley's expedition at $6.00/day.^[133] In 2024 that equals $187.53.

7 Chippewa "half-breed" messengers sent to Sibley From St. Paul, Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug 14, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [176]

7 Chippewa "half-breed" messengers sent to Sibley Interesting from the Expedition, The Kenosha Telegraph, Aug 20, 1863, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023 [177]

Chippewa scouts report Sioux holding two "white" females and children at Devils Lake. Winona Republican, 8 Jan. 1863, p.2, Newspspers.com, 2024 [178]

Two scouts picked up the Sioux trail for Sibley's expedition on 18 July that lead to the Battle of Big Mound on July 24, 1863. North Iowa Times, 22 Sept 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [179]

Two of Sibley's Chippewa messengers encountered hostile Sioux scouts, Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 Aug. 1863, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [180]

Kegg, Mille-Lacs scout for Sibley, Kegg’s Message Helped Preserve the Reservation, June 1st, 2017, Mille Lacs band of Ojibwe, 2023 [181]

Gen. Sibley received that 10 canoes of Otter-Tail Chippewa were encountered returning from the hostile Sioux encampment at Devils Lake. From Fort Abercrombie The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 19, 1865, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [182]

Ramsey intends to accept Chippewa offer and put 1000 Chippewa in the field, Semi-Weekly Wisconsin Milwaukee, 9 Oct, 1863, p.2, 2023 Newspapers.com [183]

1863 Chicago February 21, names of Chippewa delegation to Washington, Baltimore Wecker, Feb 25, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [184]

Sen. Ramsey stealing from the Chippewa, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 04, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [185]

Sen. Rice Opinion, believed the Chippewa could be induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux., The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 19 Sept 1862, p.5, 2023 Newspapers.com[186]

"The best thing that could be done , in my judgement, would be to say to Hole-in-the-Day:  Get your young men and warriors together, and go on the war path against the Sioux: drive them back and rid the country of them, and your forces shall receive the pay of U.S. soldiers during the time you are engaged in the expedition."

Sen. Rice Opinion, believed the Chippewa could be induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux. "From Northern Minnesota", The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 05, 1862, p.6, Library of Congress 2023 [187]

1863 Treaty names of Chiefs, The Saint Paul Daily Press Apr 7, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, MN [Newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F63040701]

Red-Lakers castigate Hole in the Day The Saint Paul Daily Press Oct 4, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, Mn , [188]

Bloody war between Chippewa in Crow wing. Minnesota Staats-Zeitung, Nov 21, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [189]

June 1863, Indian Battalion Minnesota Volunteers aka Hatch's Battalion

A force of Chippeways.. The Buffalo Commercial 20 Jun 1863, p. 2, Newspapers.com, [190]

A Washington Special to the New York Times, A force of Chippeways.. The Saint Paul Daily Press Jun 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [191]

Hatch Chippewa Battalion, St Cloud Democrat 25 Jun 1863, 2023, Newspapers.com [192]

Hatch The War In Minnesota, 1000 mounted Chippewa and half breeds, Col Hatch, Daily Alta California 18 Jul 1863, Vol. 15, No. 4890, 18 July 1863, California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research UC Riverside, CA 2024 [193]

A company of Red River half-breeds for Hatch's battalion, Sioux scalps taken at St.Jo, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug 21, 1863, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [194]

Hatch Indian Battalion Minnesota Volunteers letterhead, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat , Dec 11, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress [195]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man. Offers Warriors for Hatch, Library of Congress, 2024 The Goodhue Volunteer, July 29, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [196]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jul 24, 1863, p.2 , Library of Congress, 2023 [197]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, Offers to fight the Sioux with 100 and offer accepted. From Washington, Chatfield Democrat, July 25, 1863. Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN 2023 [198]

From Hatch's Battalion, St. Cloud Democrat, Vol VII, No. 24, 7 Jan. 1864, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN 2023 [199]

Gen. Pope: "No Chippewa Service"

Gen. Pope refuses to employ Chippewa service...The Portland Daily Press, Oct 04, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [200]

Gen. Pope refuses to employ Chippewa service...Cleveland Morning Leader, Oct 06, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [201]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Sibley scouts 1862 The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [202]

Pembina 1863 Red-Bear American Flag, The Goodhue volunteer, Jun 17, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress. 2023 [203]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa [204]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa July 1866, Bradford Reporter, Jul 19, 1866, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [205]

The Canadian Sioux Refugees from Minnesota, Roy W. Meyer Minnesota History Magazine, p.16, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [206]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa attack 1864, St. Cloud Democrat, Jun 9, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [207]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa attack 1864, Daily Davenport Democrat, Jun 11, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [208]

Photographs of the 1862 Sioux Revolt, The Princeton University Library Chronicle, Vol. 67, No. 2, Winter 2006, [209]

Mille-Lacs and Sandy-Lake bands ~ Lincoln ~ 1863 & 1864 Treaties, (non-removable/removable bands)

The Mille-Lacs and accompanying Bands of Chippewa voluntarily provided security to a U.S. military installation and the town of Little Falls without compensation during a time of war. As well as offered assistance with the execution of the war.

12 Stat. 1249 1863-64 Chippewa treaties Article 12, 1863 & 1864: Land Cession Treaties with the Ojibwa (Mississippi, Pillager, Lake-Winnibigoshish Bands), Minnesota Indian Affairs Council, 161 Saint Anthony Ave, St. Paul, MN [210]

Article 12 makes the Milles-Lacs Band and Sandy-Lake band unique amongst indigenous peoples, no other tribes have the same protection. Treaties with Minnesota Indians [211]

1875 Chippewa Indian Agency record: Chief Shaw-Bosh-Kung described his 1863 meeting with Lincoln:

"The President took our hands and promised us faithfully and encouraged us and he said we could live on our reservation for 10 years and if faithful to whites and behave ourselves [and are] friendly to whites you shall increase the number to 100 and you may increase it to 1,000 years if you are good Indians, and through your good behavior at the time of war (we were good and never raised our hands against the whites)  The Secretary of the Interior and the President said that we should be considered good Indians and remain at Mille-Lacs so long as we want."^[135]

The Mille-Lacs band and Sandy-Lake bands self identified those members that did not participate at Fort Ripley and not deserving of 1000 year protection thus creating the "removable" Mille-Lacs and Sandy-Lake bands.

Mille-Lacs, Red-Lake, Pembina 1864

January 19 it was reported that 47 Sioux with their families turned themselves in to Major Hatch. Before they were transferred the Chippewa killed six.^[136] ^[137]

Chippewa Treaty 7 May 1864, Lincoln Proclaimed 20 March 1865, Article 12 Mille Lacs Band, Amendment to Article 12 for the Sandy Lake Band not included in 1863, Presidential approval required for removal Laws of the U.S., The Daily Standard, Raleigh, North Carolina, 3 Jan 1866, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [212]

A couple weeks later Minnesota newspapers reported 4 Chiefs were killed at Rabbit lake for signing the treaty based upon misinformation. Trouble among the Chippewa, Chatfield Democrat, May 16, 1863,Minnesota Media hub,2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [213] The Late Emute amone the Chippewa, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 22, 1863, Minnesota Media hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [214]

20 Mille Lacs warriors offer to scout for Sibley, The Chippewas offer to fight the Sioux, Chicago Tribune 12 May 1864, p.2, Newspapers.com, [215]

20 Mille Lacs warriors offer to scout for Sibley, The Saint Paul Press May 6, 1864 Vol. IV, No. 20, Minnesota Media hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [216]

20 Mille Lacs warriors offer to scout for Sibley, The Owatonna Plain Dealer May 12, 1864, Minnesota Media hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [217]

June 1864 Chippewa attack Minn Sioux at Lake Manitoba, Library of Congress, 2024 [218]

Red Lake amd Pembina bands frequently solicited the Government to employ them as scouts and warriors against the Sioux, The Chippewa Delegation, Sioux City Register, 16 Apr 1864, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023, [219]

1865 Hole-in-the Day laments that the Chippewa Battalion was not formed.

Hole-in-the-Day regrets offer to raise a Battalion to fight the south not accepted, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 11 Aug 1865, p. 10, Newspapers.com, 2023 [220]

Hole-in-the-Day regrets offer to raise a Battalion to fight the south not accepted, The Union-Press 24 Aug 1865, p.1, Lawrenceburgh, IND. Newspapers.com, 2023 [221]

Hole-in-the-Day regrets offer to raise battalion to fight the south not accepted. Carbondale Advance 19 Aug 1865, Sat · Page 1, 2023 Newspapers.com, 2023 [222]

Hole-in-the-Day regrets offer to raise a Battalion to fight the south not accepted, The Wheeling Daily Register 18 Aug 1865, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [223]

Hole-in-the-Day regrets offer to raise a Battalion to fight the south not accepted, Daily Missouri Republican 09 Aug 1865, Wed, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [224]

Hole-in-the-Day regrets offer to raise a Battalion to fight the south not accepted,, Burlington Daily Times 05 Sept 1865, p.2, Newespapers.com, 2023 [225]

Hole-in-the-Day regrets offer to raise Battalion to fight the south not accepted. The Journal-Press 24 Aug 1865, p.1, 2023 Newspapers.com, 2023 [226]

Hole-in-the-Day offer, Louisville Daily Vol XXXIII No.208, 11 Jun 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [227]

Hole-in-the-Day offer to fight the south. The Journal-Press 24 Aug 1865, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [228]

On 11 August 1865 The Pioneer and Democrat opined it was unfortunate that Hole-in-the-Day was unable to raise the Battalion Chippewa to fight the south.

1866 Red-Lakers and Pembina

Red-Lakers vs Minnesota Sioux, Chicago Tribune 14 Jul 1866, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [229]

Red-Lakers vs Minnesota Sioux, The Belvidere Standard(Illinois) 17 Jul 1866, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [230]

Red-lake Chippewa attack Minnesota Sioux at Fort Gerry, Chicago Tribune, Jul 14, 1866, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [231]

Private Letters to St Paul, Red-Lakers vs. Minnesota Sioux, Chatfield Democrat July 21, 1866, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, Mn [232]

Red-Lakers vs Minnesota Sioux, Fight Between Indians at Fort Gerry, The Hillsdale Standard(Michigan), 24 Jul 1866, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [233]

Minnesota Sioux vs. Red-Lake Chippeways, The Sunbury Gazette, and Northumberland County Republican(United Kingdom) 28 Jul 1866, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [234]

Red-Lakers vs. Minnesota Sioux, Topeka Weekly Leader 19 Jul 1866, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [235]

Within the Algonquian culture group Cannibalism is an element of the Victory ritual after combat.  It is not a dietary element of the people.  Reports of cannibalism made the newspapers in 1866.  William Whipple Warren wrote in his 1852 "History of the Ojibway People, Based Upon Traditions and Oral Statements" that cannibalism of some medicine men was the reason the Ojibwa people vacated Madeline Island on page 109.

Red-Lakers vs Minnesota Sioux, Indian Battle Cannibalism Fall River Daily Monitor(Massachusetts), 19 Jul 1866, Vol. II, No.85, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [236]

Red-Lakers vs Minnesota Sioux, Indian Battle Cannibalism, The Pittsfield Sun 26 Jul 1866,(Massachusetts) p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [237]

Red-Lakers vs Minnesota Sioux, Indian Battle Cannibalism The Manitowoc Pilot Vol 7, No. 52 (Wisconsin), Jul 20, 1866, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [238]

Chippewa and Sioux fight at Fort Gerry on 22 June 1866. The Sioux had 6 dead and many wounded. Dodgeville Chronicle, Wisconsin July 19, 1866, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024 [239]

Red-Lakers vs. Minnesota Sioux, Indian Fight Cannibalism, Rochester Republican Vol. 6, No.36, Jul 12, 1866, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, Mn [240]

Wendigo oral history that survives.^[138] Zhauwuno-geezhigo-gaubow a Head-man at Sandy Lake Ontario claimed to have killed 14 of them.^[139]

 Chief Ah-moose or Little-Bee of the Lac-Flambeau band died in Washington D.C. on tribal business in 1866.  He was buried in the Congressional Cemetery along with two other Chippewa Chiefs that had also died.  Chief St. Germaine and Chief Skau-ba-wis^[140]

1868 Ojibwa welcome in St. Paul

Chief Wabon-o-quot (Wawegon) with a small group attended a presentation by the Fusi Yama Japanese Troupe in St. Paul's Ingersoll Hall. The Chief was very impressed with the show requesting an audience. He invited the Japanese north for the best Ojibwa meal in his tepee. He was told it did not fit their schedule, but the preformers spent some time with the Ojibwa. Meeting between Japanese and Chippewa, The Lake City Leader, June 12, 1868, Minnesota Digital Archives, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, Mn [241]

1890 Mille-Lacs head chief Shaw-Bosh-King memoriam by Bishop H. Whipple, "brought all the warriors he could to Fort Ripley".

Shaw-bosh-king, Bishop H. Whipple St. Paul Daily Globe, Mar 10, 1890, p.4 Minnesota Media hub, 2023, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [242]

Shaw-bosh-king, The Minneapolis Tribune Mar 9, 1890 Minnesota Media hub, 2023, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [243]

Shaw-bosh-king, Indian Humor Public Press (Northunberland, Penn.) 16 May 1890, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023,[244]

Shaw-bosh-king, Indian Humor St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 May 1890, p.7, Newspapers.com, 2023, [245]

Shaw-bosh-king, Still had his brains The Fort Worth Record and Register, 26 Dec 1909, p.15, Newspapers.com, 2023 [246]

Shaw-bosh-king, Indian Keeness, Manchester Weekly Times and Examiner(England), 14 Jun 1890, p.14, Newspapers.com, 2023 [247]

Shaw-bosh-king, Not to be Gulled The Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald(Kent England) 15 Nov 1890, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [248]

Shaw-bosh-king,(obit) The Wahpeton Times 13 Feb 1890, p.5 Newspapers.com, 2023 [249]

Shaw-bosh-king,(obit) The Sun(Morris Minn) 13 Feb 1890, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [250]

Shaw-bosh-king,(obit) The Great West(St Paul, Minn.) 14 Feb 1890, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [251]

Shaw-bosh-king,(obit)New Ulm Review, 12 Feb 1890, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [252]

Shaw-bosh-king,(obit) The Mercury(Spring Valley, Minn.) Feb 13, 1890, Newspapers.com, 2023 [253]

Shaw-bosh-king,(obit) The Record and Union(Rochester, Minn) Feb 14, 1890 [254]

Shaw-bosh-king,(obit) Willmar Argus(Willmar, Minn) February 13, 1890 [255]

Shaw-bosh-king letter to President Hayes 1880Little Falls Transcript, Apr 16, 1880, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [256]

Shaw-bosh-king Mille Lacs Reservation, More About the Mille Lacs Indians, Little Falls Transcript, Nov 01, 1889, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023, [257]

1870-1900 History related to 1862 and later

*Indian Attack on the Village of Saint Louis in 1780.* Oscar E. Berninghaus depicts Chief Matchekewis with his men. 1925. The mural is in a lunette of the Missouri State Capitol. The Wisconsin State Capitol also has a large mural of Chippewa by Charles Yardley Turner, 1915, in the North Hearing room.^[141]^[142]

Minnesota has 27 State Monuments with two dedicated to the Chippewa.

Minnesota Statues: Section 138.585 State Monuments, Subdivision 17 Chief Mou-zoo-mau-nee State Monument The State also erected a monument to Chief Wabanquot (White-Cloud) who supported the "whites" in 1862. Minnesota's Flags flew at half staff when he died.^[143]

Chief Shaw-bosh-kung who lead the Ojibwa forces to Fort Ripley has a road, park, and a lake point named for him at Mille-Lacs lake.

The Mille-Lacs stood as a unit on the side of the "whites" in 1862. Little Falls Transcript, 23 Apr 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023, [258]

"The Mille-Lacs may stay as long as they are good" Chief Moose-o-ma-na(Mou-zoo-mau-nee)Letter to President R.B. Hayes, Little Falls Transcript, 16 Apr 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023, [259]

Leech-Lake head Chief Naw-wa-ge-schick, noted for good services during dark days of 1862. Little Falls Transcript, 23 Apr 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023, [260]

The Mille-Lacs The Attempt to Dispossess Them of Their Lands Thwarted. The Saint Paul Globe 19 Jun 1884, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023, [261]

Hole-in-the-Day III Late in 1885 ex-Governor Ramsey escorted Hole-in-the-Day's youngest son Joseph to Washington D.C. as a candidate to West Point.^[144]^[145]^[146]^[147] The trip's mission made national news with all accounts reporting he was a fine candidate. They also expected he would be accepted. In April 1866 he made his petition in person to President Cleveland.^[148] There are no news accounts for his not being accepted. He made news again in November 1887 when his stepfather adopted him and he took his surname Woodbury.^[149] The following December he made news again for giving the USPS his notice of resignation to become Chief on the White Earth Reservation. In 1898 he enlisted as a private in the 14th Minnesota Infantry.

Mille-Lacs NON-REMOVAL, An Indian's Answer, Toronto Saturday Night 29 Oct 1898, The British Newspaper Archive, 2023 [262]

Mille-Lacs NON-REMOVAL, Not to be Gulled Kilburn Times 14 Nov 1890, The British Newspaper Archive, 2023 [263]

Loyalty of the Mille Lacs Chippewas in 1862, D.H. Robbins, The Princeton Union, 16 May 1907, p.6, Library of Congress, 2023, [264]

Tales of the Ojibwa, The New York Times, Jan 19, 1890, p.10, Newspapers.com, 2024 [265]

1894 The death of Chief Naganub was reported in many newspapers with no mention he sent Lincoln letter offering to fight the Sioux.

1902 The Mille-Lacs were Loyal, Government Owes them a Debt, The Minneapolis Journal, Aug 26, 1902, p.11, Library of Congress, 2023 [266]

1902 The Mille-Lacs Ojibways... "were given absolute possession" The Princeton Union, Aug 28, 1902, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [267]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee (Mazomanie-Iron Walker) widow Legislation introduced to the Minnesota legislature to provide a $120/year pension for his widow. ($4,328.00 today) The Princeton Union April 8, 1897, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [268]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee widow Legislation re-introduced H.F.688 The Saint Paul Globe Apr 14, 1897, Page 5, Library of Congress, 2023, [269]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee widow Legislation H.F.688 failed due to Major R.B. Basford(ex 16th Wis) The Saint Paul Globe Jul. 22, 1897, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [270]

About Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee, Little Falls Herald, September 04, 1914, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023, [271]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Monument Little Falls Herald Sept 4, 1914, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [272]

New Monument at Fort Ridgely, New Ulm Review, 29 Jul 1914, p. 10, Newspapers.com, 2023 [273]

Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Monument dedication, Celebration at Fort Ridgely New Ulm Review, Aug 12, 1914, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [274]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Large Crowd See Memorial Unvailed The Redwood Gazette Sept 1, 1914, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [275]

Monument to the Big Chief The Redwood Gazette, 11 Aug 1914, p.11, Newspapers.com, 2023 [276]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Monument, Star Tribune 9 May 1921, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [277]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee (Mazomanie) Monument, The Tomahawk (White Earth) May 12, 1921, p.1 p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN,[278]

Dedicate Monument to Friendly Indians, The Hattiesburg News, Aug 20, 1914, p.4, Library of Congress, [279]

Monument to Indians, Las Vegas Optic, Aug 20, 1914, City Edition, p.3, Library of Congress, [280]

Monument to Indians, The Daily Missoulian, Aug 21, 1914, Morning, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [281]

Chief Zhuck-Ke-Ge-Schick, in 1908 showed Roosevelt the medal Lincoln gave him for his 1862 U.S. support. Minnesota Chief sees Roosevelt The Minneapolis Tribune, Feb 16, 1908, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN [282]

1922 Big Lake on the Mille-Lac Reservation identified that name was changed to Lake Na-ga-nub for Chief Na-ga-nub, Boy Scout Camp Will Open, The Duluth Herald, May 27, 1922, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [283]

1880 Mille-Lacs Indian Reservation, Little Falls Transcript , Mar 26, 1880, p., Library of Congress, 2023 [284]

1863 Chippewa Treaty: Sandy-Lake and Mille-Lacs bands get to stay on their 1855 Reservation because of their help during the uprising. "Treaties with Minnesota Indians" [285]

Other History

1883 Minnesota State Senator J.B. Gilfillan offered the Chippewa resolution for citizenship and the right to vote citing the preamble of the Minnesota Constitution.^[151] ^[152] The bill passed under suspended rules.^[153] All native Americans were made U.S. citizens by The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.^[154] The right to vote was determined by the States.^[155]

1891 The legend of White Bear and Manitou Island, The Saint Paul Globe, Jul 12, 1891, p.12, Newspapers.com, 2024 [286]

1898 The Pillagers historic superiority and Esk-ke-bug-coshe (Flat Mouth). A Powerful Indian Nation, The Chippewas, The Strongest Branch of the Old Algonquian Family. The Minneapolis Journal, Oct 10, 1898, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2024 [287] In military terms the Pillagers served as advance skirmishers for the Chippewa against other tribes.

1898 Pillager incident.^[156]^[157]

1912. Chief Rapid Arrow aka John Smith gave a speech linking him to the conservation movement that was developing then.^[158]

1913 Congress Approbations for the Minnesota Chippewa: $185,000 to be withdrawn from the tribal funds for the support and civilization of the tribe of which $20,000 was to purchase land for the nonremovable Mille-Lacs band as well as $25,000 for a hospital at either Leech-Lake or Red-Lake, $1 000 for a bridge at Cass-Lake, $49,000 Pipestone School, $4,000 support of the Chippewa School of the Mississippi bands,^[159]

1915 Congress Approbations for the Minnesota Chippewa: Pipestone School $51,725, $4,000 support of the Chippewa school of the Mississippi bands. A request was made to reserve the mineral rights of all tribal land taken by the whites. Another provision was made for a welfare payment be authorized for any tribal member that was destitute, ill, or incapacitated.^[160]

1916 At one time Minnesota had two Chippewa Indian Agents, one oversaw White-Earth, Red-lake, Leech-lake, Winnibigoshish, Cass-Lake and White-Oak-Point, the other had the Fond-du-Lac, Bois-Forte, and Grand Portage bands. The BIA changed that, giving each band its own agent. Each band then had to pay for its Agent and his support staff draining the annuities of all the bands. In 1916 a delegation went to Washington with the propopsal for a single Minnesota Chippewa Agent.^[161]^[162]

1925 The Minneapolis Star Tribune ran an article that the State should erect a monument for Chief Hole-in-the-day.^[163]

Noted Sioux Uprising historians did not know of the Chippewa offers or the actions of Chief Mou-zoo-mau-nee and made inaccurate comments

M.P.Shatterlee stated the Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Monument was a mistake because Maza-Mani was a Dakota not a Chippewa when there were two men with the same name with the same translated meaning. Estimating the killings of the Sioux Uprising, M.P.Shatterlee., The Minneapolis Journal, 10 Sept 1922, p.31, Newspapers.com, [288]

R.I. Holcombe stated the Chippewa had no chief named Mou-zoo-mau-nee, but there was aa Sioux named Mah-zo-mannee St. Paul August 5, The Mankato Free Press, Aug 07, 1914, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [289]

Civil War Chippewa service

Minnesota

Co. M, 2nd Minnesota Cavalry, six mixed-race Chippewa at South Bend, Blue Earth County, Pioneer and Democrat, 10 June 1864, p.5 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 3435, Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul Minnesota

Sept 2-3 News accounts indicate Co. A 6th Minnesota had troops in the Battle of Birch Cooley that were of Dacotah/Ojibwa heritage. During the battle the Dacotah called out for them to leave, "their blood was not wanted just the whites".^[164]

Co. G 9th Minnesota fought Sioux at Fort Abercrombie, 2 dozen White-Earth men were in the company

List of Company G Chippewa as well as names of Chippewa in other Minnesota Civil War units. White Earth Chippewa Civil War Veterans, Gichiziibiwinini(David Beaulieu), Big River Man News-American Indian Education, May 04, 2010, [290]

Joseph Charette(Way-ond-ji-mah-dub or Wain-ge-ma-dub) joined G Company winter 1862-3, was elected to Chief of White-Earth. 85 year old chief still joins in dances, The Tomahawk 18 Sept 1919, p.1 , Newspapers.com, 2023 [291]

G.A.R. button- Joseph Charette, Star Tribune 24 Aug 1919, p.36, Newspapers.com, 2023 [292]

White Earth MinnesotaThe Minneapolis Journal, 09 May 1904, p.13, Newspapers.com, 2023 [293]

Co. G, John Strong, 1st KIA , St Cloud GAR post named for him The Sauk Centre Herald 01 Oct 1931, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023, [294]

Captain Charles H. Beaulieu, Co. G, 9th Minnesota Big River Man News-Beaulieu Family History, June 2010 [295]

Captain Bealieau Dies, Minneapolis Daily Times, 9 May 1904, p.7, Newspapers.com, 2023 [296]

Minnesota State Senator Charles S. Marden did all he could to get official State recognition for the Chippewa efforts during the Sioux uprising as well as the Civil War

1912, State Senator Charles S. Marden, Moorhead, authored bill for Mau-zoo-mau-nee monument, EastSide Notes, The Fargo Forum and Daily Republican, Aug. 07, 1914, Library of Congress, 2023 [297]

1912, State Senator Charles S. Marden, Moorhead, attempted to get a State monument to the 300 Chippewa that served in various Minnesota Regiments About Mou-zoo-mau-nee Little Falls Herald 4 Sept. 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [298]

Wisconsin

The Taylor Falls Reporter newspaper published that Sam Fifield editor of the Polk County Press opined Wisconsin should organize a Brigade of Chippewa Braves to fight the south. Taylors Falls Reporter July 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub,2023, 345, Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul Minnesota [299]

190 Wisconsin Chippewa are known to have enlisted in the Civil War.^[165]

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", Superiour Journal, Sept. 1892

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept 20, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345, Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul Minnesota [300]

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", Prescott Journal, Sept. 24, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [301]

1st Wisconsin received 14 Chippewa replacements, ... zu den zur Auffüllung nachrekrutierten Soldaten gehörten 14 Chippewa Indianer, die bald zu den besten ... auf der Homepage von Eberhard Ref - Wisconsin Eberhard, https://www.eberhard-ref.net › wisconsin [302]

3rd Wisconsin received 12 Chippewa replacements in Atlanta 1864^[166]

7th Wisconsin, Ojibwa Warriors volunteer, The Polk County Press, Apr 1864

7th Wisconsin, Ojibwa Warriors volunteer, Janesville Daily Gazette, 22 Apr 1864, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [303]

7th Wisconsin, some 30 Ojibwa Warriors join, Madison Journal, Jun 1864

7th Wisconsin, some 30 Ojibwa Warriors join, State News, Janesville Weekly Gazette, 24 Jun 1864, p.2 , Newspapers.com 2023 [304]

7th Wisconsin, Ojibwa Warriors Join the Battle of Spotsylvania, Wisconsin Historical Society [305] The 7th Wisconsin was at Gettysburg.

8th Wisconsin, Lac-du Flambeau-Band gave the Regiment a Bald Eagle as the Regimental Mascot

30th Wisconsin K Company had a number of Chippewa that went to Dakota territory with Gen. Sulley 1863 [306]

190 Chippewa served in Wisconsin Civil War Regiments, [307]

The Lac-du-Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and the Great War, Gary Entz, WXPR, June 23, 2021, Public Radio, Rhinelander, Wisconsin [308]

Michigan

Co. K 1st Michigan Sharpshooters (Entirely Chippewa/Ottawa men, identified as the largest group of indigenous in Northern service, approximately 150 men.) ^[170]^[171] It was noted that when Company K prepped for battle they covered their blue uniforms with dirt or mud for camouflage. The entire regiment copied their lead when they saw how effective it was.

Corporal Antoine Scott (LaCroix)^[172]^[173] (Pentwater: Chippewa of Shaw-gwaw-baw-no's band) Citation reads:

 “instead of screening himself behind the captured works, this soldier boldly stood up and deliberately fired his piece until the enemy was close upon him, when, instead of laying down his arm and surrendering, ran the gauntlet of shot and shell and escaped.” After covering the retreat of his Company he was one of the last out.  He received neither award.^[174]^[175]^[167]  Nineteen men have received two Medals of Honor.  Five of them for the same action like Corporal Scott. The Civil War saw one man awarded two.

At the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House the 1st Michigan Sharpshooters had 80 men captured, 14 were Chippewa of Company K.^[176] They were sent to Andersonville Prison where eight died. Company K had 6 more captured at the Battle of the Crater.^[172]^[177] Company K has men buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Annapolis National Cemetery, and Andersonville National Cemetery to name a few.^[178]

American Indians in the Civil War? 1st Michigan Sharpshooters graves at Petersburg National Battlefield, Jim Burnett, National Parks Traveler, Dec 17, 2010, [309]

Why We Serve, Civil War, National Museum of the Native Americans, Smithsonian, Washington D.C. [310]

Michigan Indians in the Civil War, Petersburg National Battlefield, Kate Fort, Dec. 21, 2010 [311]

Civil War soldier’s grave dedicated at Chippewa burial ground, Lania Rocha, Swartz Creek View, Michigan, June, 18, 2015 [312]

Michigan indigenous soldiers in the Civil War, Steve Charnley, Daily News, Montcalm County and Ionia County Michigan, October 14, 2023 [313]

Michigan's Company K: Anishinaabe Soldiers, Citizenship, and the Civil War, Michelle K Cassidy, Michigan State University Press, Sept, 2023, ISBN 9781611864632 [314]

The story of Company K: Native Americans from Michigan who saw tough action in the Civil War, Michigan Radio, By Staff, Aug. 23, 2017, Michigan Radio NPR, 535 W. William St, Suite 110, Ann Arbor, MI [315]

1861 Michigan’s legislature dismissed the proposal of fielding a regiment of Native Americans by George Copway.^[172]

Names and service records of the men in Company K.^[179]

Later Service

The 101st Airborne Division insignia history traces to a Chippewa Chief donating a Bald eagle for a mascot during the Civil War

501st Parachute-Infantry-Regiment insignia. The thunderbird is identified as Ojibwe.^[180]

ARN1/C Oliver Rasmussen was assigned to a top-secret squadron off the USS Shangri-La. The dark, upper right, ribbon he is wearing is the Navy Good Conduct ribbon, next is the Navy Commendation ribbon, then his purple heart. He has one higher but is not identifiable, possibly the Distinguished Flying Cross.

'1892 U.S. Army goes to White-Earth and Leech-Lake to raise a Regiment of Chippewa.^[181]

Spanish American War^[182]^[183] ^[184] A full blood Wisconsin Civil War veteran Louis Beche, offered President McKinley a band of 500 Lake Superior Chippewa warriors.^[185]

WWI^[186]

Private William J. Ashmun (Bad-River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa) French Croix-de-Guerre with gilt star^[187]^[188]
Sergeant James M. Gordon (Red-Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa) French Croix-de-Guerre
Private Frank J. Bell (White-Earth Band of Chippewa) French Croix-de-Guerre, Distinguished Service Cross
Sergeant Joseph P. LaJeunesse (White-Earth Band of Chippewa) Distinguished Service Cross
Private Lawrence A. Vizenor (White-Earth Band of Chippewa) Distinguished Service Cross
Corporal Walter G. Sevalier (Bad-River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa) Distinguished Service Cross
William J. Bluesky (The Lac-Courte-Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa) Silver Star
Corporal Angus Oliver Teeple (Bay-Mills band of the Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians) Silver Star
Warrant Officer Francis Pegahmagabow (Parry Island band Chief) 2 Military Medals with 2 bars
Private David Kejick (Shoal-Lake First Nations Chief) Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM))

Between the world wars the 101st Airborne was headquartered in Wisconsin where it gained it's famous insignia.  It goes back to Chief Ahgamahwegezhig (Chief Sky) of the Lac-Flambeau band and the Civil War.^[189]

WWII^[190]

HMCS Chippawa was commissioned 1941 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Named for the HMS Chippewa captured in the War of 1812.
USAT Chippewa 14 October 1943 the War Department, assigned the vessal to the US Army Small Ship Section, Southwest-Pacific Area as a bareboat charter.

Chippewa Killed in Action: Minnesota 32, North Dakota 1, Wisconsin 5

Sergeant Tommy Prince (Brokenhead Ojibway Nation) Military Medal, Silver Star (King George VI gave the award at Buckingham Palace)
S/Sgt. Clifton J. Rabideaux (5 clusters) Fond-du-Lac Band of Chippewa
T/Sgt. Oliver Gibbs Air Medal (3 clusters)
Pfc. Albert E. Fairbanks Air Medal (one cluster) White-Earth Band of Chippewa
1st Lt. Lewis O'Jibway (Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians) Bronze Star (OSS and CIA)
Pfc. William A. Davis Pembina, Bronze Star
Cpl. Bert Orben Good, Bronze Star
Aviation Radioman Petty Officer First Class Oliver B. Rasmussen, Purple Heart. Was Chief of one of the Northern Wisconsin bands. Evaded capture for 68 days in Japan after his Curtiss SB2C Helldiver went down^[191]. A new reference states he was seriously injured. The United States does not have a medal for evasion in enemy territory. The outcome for captured American aviators in Japan was not good.

In 1940, the 32nd Infantry Division recruited 17 Michigan and Wisconsin Oneida and Chippewa(FDL) for training as code talkers.^[192] In 2015 Congress authorized a Code Talkers Medal for the Fond-du-Lac band of Chippewa

1942 USS Chippewa (AT-69) was launched by the U.S. Navy.

1943 King George VI awarded the Chief of the Red-Gut band (Nicikousemenecaning band) the British Empire Medal along with the Chiefs of three other tribes.

Korea

Sergeant Benny Bowstring (Leech-Lake Band of Chippewa) POW Medal died from starvation as a prisoner, remains not returned
Albert L. Whitebird (Chief of the Bad-River Band of Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa) Silver Star
Corporal Charles Jackson Littlejohn ( White-Oak-Point Reservation) Silver Star KIA
Private Richard Marvin Fairbanks (White-Earth Band of Chippewa) Bronze Star KIA
Delbert Ray Snell ( White-Oak-Point Reservation) Bronze Star KIA

Vietnam

Corpsman 3rd Class Donald Parrish (Bay-Mills band of the Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians) Silver Star

Iraq

Force Master Chief James D. Fairbanks (White-Earth Band of Chippewa) Bronze Star

USNS Saginaw Ojibwe Anishinabek (T-ATS-8) commissioned 2019
USNS James D. Fairbanks (T-ATS-13) under construction

Chippewa: Steatite(soapstone) Pipes as well as: Pictographs, Petroglyphs and Petroforms

Just north of Rainy Lake, in Canada, the Chippewa had found a jet black stone, steatite/soapstone, that they used to make pipes.^[193]^[194]^[195] It is slightly harder than the Red Pipestone from southern Minnesota and is less well known in comparison.^[196] The Chippewa also quarried steatite near Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin and other sites in Ontario.^[197] ^[198] ^[199] ^[200] ^[201] Another source has a quarry at Pillager, Minnesota and a quarry north of Duluth that produced a jet black material that took a high polish.^[202]

Longfellow's poem places the Red Pipestone quarry in Ojibwa lore stating Gitche Manitou called the tribes together there.^[203]

The Smithsonian: Chief Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Flat-Mouth), Leech-Lake steatite pipe, collected 1866^[204]

Harvard University Peabody Museum: Bois-Forte steatite pipe with lead and catlinite inlaid, ca. 1900^[205]

Cass Lake pipe with lead and catlinite inlaid.^[206]

Smithsonian: Lake Winnibigoshish/Leech-Lake steatite pipe.^[207]

Smithsonian: Chippewa steatite pipe.^[208]

Whiteshell Provincial Park's petroforms serve as reminders of the instructions given to the Anishinaabe by the Creator Gitche Manitou. The Anishinaabe Midewiwin, or Grand Medicine Society, considers the area containing the petroforms to be "Manito Ahbee", where the Gitche Manitou sits. It is the site where the Gitche Manitou lowered the original Anishinaabe from the sky to the ground according to oral history.

Anishinaabe Pictographs^[209]

Chippewa Pictograph Sites of the Border States; Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin.^[210]
Sanilac Petroglyphs Historic State Park "Ezhibiigadek asin" Ojibwe for "written on stone", Michigan.
Pimachiowin Aki is a UNESCO World Heritage site on Lake Winnipeg, with over 30 individual sites, it is Canada's largest grouping of pictographs.
Hegman Lake Pictographs in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area.
Lake Superior Provincial Park contains the Agawa Rock Pictographs. "Aagawaa" means "sheltered place" in the Ojibwa.
Wabakimi Provincial Park has multiple pictographs near Cliff Lake.
Mazinaw Pictographs National Historic Site of Canada. "Mazinaw" is Ojibwa for "picture" or "writing".

PITS ~ Pipestone Indian Training School and the Chippewa

In 1855 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow places the Chippewa at Pipestone in his Song of Hiawatha. He wrote "Here Gitche Manitou called all the tribes together".

In 1889 plans and specifications for a Indian School at Pipestone were drawn up.^[212]

In 1890 it was reported tribes had requested a school at the Yankton tribe's Pipestone Reservation.^[213] An approbation of $30,000 was requested and $25,000 was approved. The Bureau of Indian Affairs took 100 acres of the reservation land to build the Pipestone Indian Industrial School adjacent to the Pipestone Quarry. The Yankton people long contested that loss and won before the Supreme Court years later. It was one of the BIA's 25 non-reservation boarding schools and amongst the last to be closed. When the school opened the majority of native Americans in Minnesota were Ojibwa and they dominated the school's enrollment throughout it's history. The school had grades 1-8 with a split curriculum, mornings and afternoon groups switching: academics and occupation skills. The school fielded both girls and boys sports teams^[214] ^[215] ^[216] Post WWI, the Pipestone student body became more diverse, but White-Earth remained the primary source of students until the school closed. Attendance was voluntary and by application. The School superintendent made visits to reservations both in and outside Minnesota to recruit students. The circumstances for the attendance of orphans at the school are not published. In 1952, last year the school was supposed to be open, over 300 students wanted to attend, however due to budget reductions only 130 from Minnesota were accepted. Post WWII newspapers portray the school's secondary tasking as an orphanage.^[217] ^[218] Leaders of the Chippewa were against closing Pipestone School until something could be done to place the kids in permanent situations.^[219]

1891 The Yankton tribe filed a complaint that the school would be placed on the Yankton Pipestone reservation not adjacent to it.^[220]^[221]

1893 The Pipestone Superintendent passed through Marshall, MN with three groups of kids. Two were from White-Earth and Mille-Lacs. The third were Sioux he brought via St Paul.^[222]

1894 the Avoca Catholic boarding school for Indian girls closed. The students were transferred to Pipestone and Flandreau after permission was received from the parents.^[223]

1895 The Superintendents of the Indian schools at Pipestone and Pierre S.D. both went to White-Earth looking to enroll students. Pipestone got 8 or 9.^[224]

1897 Six bright students were escorted back to the Rosebud Agency when classes ended in the Spring ^[225] In the Fall it was reported 67 Ojibwa children from the Detroit Lakes area were enroute to Pipestone.^[226]^[227]

1899 C.J. Crandall, the first Superintendent of Pipestone wrote that the legends surrounding the red Pipestone were mostly the creations of the "white man".^[228]^[229]

1900 Congress considered buying the Pipestone Reservation^[230]

1901 Pipestone's students won 12 bronze medals in Agricultural Products at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.^[231]^[232]

1902 School enrollment reported at 135 mostly Chippewa.^[233]^[227]

1904 Bids were solicited to provide 35,000 pounds of beef for the school. The desired cuts were specified as well as what would be rejected.^[234]

1905 The White-Earth Tomahawk reported the Pipestone School matron, Miss Roy, returned for the new school year accompanied by many White Earth students.^[235] White Earth Chief William Madison was the Boys Advisor at Pipestone.^[236]

1906 The first 3 students to graduate at Pipestone were Clem Fairbanks, Willie Coffey, and Willie McIntosh from White-Earth. In 1906 enrollment was 215.^[237]

1908 the BIA prohibited non-reservation school superintendents from going to reservations and recruiting students.^[238] The head of the BIA felt too much money was being spent on the training programs at the non-reservation schools and that they should have the same curriculums as public schools.

1912 the students began publishing a school newspaper that some claim make it the first indigenous newspaper in the country.^[239] However, The Oglala Light began publishing at the Oglala Indian Training School in Pine Ridge, South Dakota in 1900.

ca. 1914 Two girls displaying a large example of Ojibwa beadwork at Pipestone.^[240]

1916 The BIA allocated Indian schools $167/student while PITS was spending $224/student^[241] In 1914 the boys made the Tri-state Indian school championship.^[242]

1918 School enrollment reported at 165: Chippewa 75, Sioux 55, Winnebago 19, Omaha 19.^[227] During commencement PITS displayed a service banner with 35 stars for former students in uniform for WWI.^[243]

1927 school enrollment was 340 the school's maximum, many applications were turned down^[244]

1930 school enrollment was 315. 375.In 1930 the football team went 7-3 scoring 220 pts vs. their opponents 72. It was notable as almost all their opponents were High schools and Pipestone only went to the 9th grade. The team represented 11 tribes: Chippewa 5, Sioux 5, Gros Ventre 2, Akira 2, Sac-Fox 2, Winnebago 1, Omaha, 1, Oneida 1, and Cheyenne 1. The toughest game was against the Flandreau Indian School team.^[245]

In 1932 Pipestone had the largest enrollment. That year a Hospital was built on the school campus.^[246] The building was demolished in 1999.

1940 Applications for enrollment far exceeded school capacity with many turned down to get to the preferred number of 320.

1941 The boys basketball team made the news. It was reported that they had won a tournament two years running and were returning. They were noted for defeating the opposition routinely by 15-25 points. Because of this they had to travel over 100 miles to play teams they would or could compete with them.^[247]

1947 enrollment demographics and costs per student reported. ^[248]

1948 the BIA proposed closing all Indian schools. The people of Pipestone said all the other schools could close except Pipestone. Because of the historical significance of the adjoining Reservation it should be exempted. In 1948 the Minnesota Welfare Board insisted that the Pipestone Indian School reopen. The governor of Minnesota wrote numerous letters that "many of these children have no homes, family's, or places to go". ^[249] that year the school and hospital closures were put off for a year.^[250]

1949 The school had nearly 400 applications but only 125 were accepted due to reduced funding. Most of those were year round residents. They did not have homes to return to during summer because they were orphans.^[251] That year Minnesota U.S. Senator H.H. Humphrey made efforts on behalf of keeping Pipestone open. Le Sueur News-Herald, Mar. 9, 1949, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [316]. Communities throughout Minnesota and South Dakota opposed the closing of the Indian School and the Hospital.^[252]

In 1952 $135,000 was authorized to fund Pipestone's a last year of operations. That figure equals $1,582,819.32 in 2024 dollars or $12,662/student for 125 students.

1953 the School was scheduled to be closed however, $250,000 was appropriated for the 1953-54 school year. The Indian Bureau diverted $72,000 on that money for the Minnesota foster care program for the placement of Pipestone students. The Bureau was ordered to return the monies as well as any Pipestone students it had placed.^[253] The Chippewa opposed the closing of the Pipestone school^[254]^[255]

Th solution to the closing of Pipestone was placing the kids in the Foster Home Program.

A student's opinion of Pipestone and "The Writings of Ward Churchill Fulsome and Inflammatory", The Ojibwe News, June 10, 2005, p. 4,5, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [317]
PITS, Keeping Victimhood in Perspective, Chuck Trimble, FEB 25, 2012 Indian Country Today, [318]

Chief William Madison

1940 held a press conference with the media concerning the failure of the State to erect monuments acknowledging significant Chippewa history,^[256]

1950 Chief Madison ran for the office of State Senator for Minneapolis.^[257]

Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin A Member of the Turtle-Mountain Pembina band appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt to a position at the Office of Indian Affairs in 1904. Native American rights activist, and suffragist that graduated from the American University Washington College of Law in 1914. The school was the first law school founded by women for women in 1896.

John Beargrease Dog Sled Race Makwabimidem or "Beargrease," was the chief of a small band of Ojibwe that settled at Beaver Bay on the north shore in 1858. His son John became famous as the mail carrier on the north shore for which the dog race is named. John made his last mail run in April 1899.

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[Chiefs-1] The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 26 Sept. 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [331] Cite error: The named reference "Chiefs" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[2] A thrilling incident from the History of Minnesota, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct 27, 1865, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [332]

[3] Shin-Ga-Ba-Wossin, McKenney and Hall's 'Indian Tribes of North America, McKenney and Hall, Philadelphia, 1833 [333]

[4] Arizona Weekly Citizen, July 26, 1890, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [334]

[5] Early life among the Indians reminiscences from the life of Benj. G. Armstrong, Benj. G. Armstrong, 1892, [335]

[6] Armstrong and a delegation of Chippewa chiefs meet with Lincoln, Chiefbuffalo.com, 2024,[[336]]

[7] Narrative Of the Indian War of 1862-1864 and Following Campaigns in Minnesota, Charles Eugene Flandreau, 1890, p.789, Forgotten Books, 2018, ISBN-10:0266767648

[8] Joseph D. Gurnoe/Chequamegon history, Amorin Mello, 2024 [337]

[9] An Indian PowWow, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Mar 27, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024 [338]

[10] A-wun-ne-wa-be, Bird of Thunder, American Art Collaborative, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2024 [339]

[Catlin-11] Indian Loving Catlin and His Buffalo Powder Horn, Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, Wilkes Barre Pa, 1930, pp.22-26 [340]

[12] Progress Up the River, Chapter XVIII, History of Early Steamboat Navvigation on the Missouri River, Capt. Hiram Martin Chittende, New York, Francis P. Harper publisher, 1903 [341]

[13] Who was Geroge Bonga, William Durbin, Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, Nov–Dec 2010 [342]]

[14] Ojibwe Chief Shingwaukonce: Oone-Who-Was-Not-Idle, Alan Ojiig Corbiere, Muskrat Magazine.com, June 1913 [343]

[15] Nebenaigoching, Karl S. Hele, The Canadian Encylopedia, 2024 [344]

[16] Copper Artifacts, Milwaukee Public Museum, 2024, Milwaukee, WS [345]

[17] Old Copper Culture tools : copper tools from Northern Wisconsin, 4,000-1,200 B.C., Wisconsin Historical Society, 2024 [346]

[18] The Anishinabe Way, Besser Museum for Northeast Michigan, Alpena, Michigan, 2024[347]

[19] Copper Spearhead, A Museum Called Manitoba, 2024[348]

[20] First Peoples of Canada: Native copper from the Canadian Museum of History, 2016 [349]

[21] "Old Copper" in Manitoba, Nutimik Lake Museum, Whiteshell Provincial Park, Manitoba [350]

[22] Three Fires Council, The Citizen Potawatomi Nation Cultural Heritage Center, Shawnee, OK, 2024 [351]

[23] Meaning of the Word Ojibwa, history of the Ojibways and their connection with fur traders, Schoolcraft, Library of Congress, 2024 [352]

[24] 5 Forgotten Names for the Mighty Chippewa River, Volume One Magazine, Tom Giffey, 2016, Eau Claire, WS [353]

[25] The Ontonagon Copper Rock, Sacramento Daily Union, Vol. 14, No. 2039, 8 Oct. 1857, California Digital Newspaper Center, University of California Riverside, 2024 [354]

[Copper-26] Wa-Bish-Kee-Pe-Nas and the Chippewa Reverence for Copper, Bernard C. Peters, Michigan Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Fall, 1989), pp. 47-60, Historical Society of Michigan 2024 [355]

[27] Battle of the Flint River – Fact or Fiction?, Peter Hintermann, My City Magazine, Nov. 2018 [356]

[28] Point Iroquois: An Important Ojibwe Military Victory, Adam Berger, Upper Peninsula History, 2024 [357]

[29] History of Chippewa, Niagara Falls Info, 2024 [358]

[30] Ripples from La Prairie Voyageur Canoes, 2019 [359]

[31] Canoes, Productions Rivard Inc., 2024 [360]

[32] Battle of Point Prescott, Red River Ancestory.com, 2013 [361]

[33] The Land Belongs to Neither One": Native Americans, Europeans, and the Raid on Pickawillany, Luke Martinez, California State University, Fresno, 2011, pages=42, 51–52, 54–55 [362] |degree=master's |publisher=California State University, Fresno

[Mich-34] Cannabalism, History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac, and the War of the North American Tribes Against the English Colonies After the Conquest of Canada, Volume 1, Richard Bentley, London 1851, p.329, Google books, 2024 [363]

[35] Chippewa Indian Chiefs and Leaders, Access Genealogy, 2024 [364]

[36] Madjekewiss, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume V (1801-1820) 2024 [365]

[37] Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees, John Sugden, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000, p.67 ISBN 0-8032-4288-3

[38] Changing Currents Feature No. 1, Chippewa Valley Museum, 2014 [366]

[Ohio-39] Forth Harmar Treaty (1789) & Greenville Treaty Signers (1795), Washington County Chapter Ohio Genealogical Society, Marietta,OH, 2024 [367]

[40] Move to the plains, Tribal Historical Overview, North Dakota Dept. of Public Instruction, 1997 [368]

[41] The Biggest Forgotten American Indian Victory, Colin G. Calloway, What It Means to be American, Smithsonian, 2015 [369]

[42] William Clark and the Shaping of the West, Landon Y. Jones, 2005, p.41 [370]

[43] Anishinaabeg in the War of 1812, Alan Corbiere, Active History, University of Saskatchewan and Huron University, 2024 [371]

[44] Niibaakohm: Ojibwa War Chief and Debassis ancestor, A. Corbiere, Kinoomaadiwag, Vol.3 No.1, 2005, digital Collections, Six Nations Library, 2024 [372]

[45] The Siege Of Detroit: Book review, Peg Thomas, 2020, [373]], The Siege Of Detroit In 1763: The Journal Of Pontiac’s Conspiracy And John Rutherfurd’s Narrative Of A Captivity, John Rutherfurd, 2011, pub. Literary Licensing, LLC, ISBN 9781258053789

[46] NOAA-supported mission discovers historic shipwrecks off Turks and Caicos Islands, NOAA, 2024 [374]

[47] War Art in Canada, A Critical History, Laura Brandon, Art Institute Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2024 [375]

[48] The Story of The Ontonagon Copper Boulder, Hope Pantell, Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C., 1971, p.1 [376]

[49] Beaumier Exhibit Looks at Lewis Cass Expedition, 2024, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI [377]

[50] Neenába's Map : line on the Red Cedar Fork, Wisconsin Historical Society, 2024 [378]

[Henry-51] Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1851, Clyx.com, 2024 [379]

[52] Indian schools, Rochester Post-Bulletin. May 26, 1958, p.26, Newspapers.com, 2024 [380]

[53] Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, Robert Dale Parker, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2012 [381]

[54] She Could Look Into the Heavens: Ojibwe Poet Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, Anne Holmes, Library of Congress Nov, 2021 [382]

[55] Wiki commons, 2024 [383]

[56] September 26, 1833 – Treaty of Chicago, Forest County Potawatamie Wisconsin, 2024 [384]

[57] Translation Help Needed: Ojibwe and French placenames on Joseph Nicollet’s manuscript map of Wisconsin, Chequamegon History, Leo Filipczak, 2024 [385]

[58] The Journals of Joseph N. Nicollet: a scientist on the Mississippi headwaters, with notes on Indian life, 1836-37, Martha Coleman Bray, p.19, 31,44 , Minnesota Historical Society, 1970, MNSH, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, ISBN=0873510623

[59] Joseph M. Nicollet, South Dakota Historical Press [386]

[60] Study Resource Guide. US Dakota War of 1862 Anoka County, US Dakota War Minnesota County By County, 2024 [387]

[61] ADVENTURES OF THE OJIBBEWAY AND IOWAY INDIANS IN ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND BELGIUM; BEING NOTES OF EIGHT YEARS’ TRAVELS AND RESIDENCE IN EUROPE WITH HIS NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN COLLECTION Vol. 2, CHAPTER XXVIII, GEORGE CATLIN, No.6 Waterloo Place, London [388]

[62] The Battle of Battle Creek, Frank Gilbertson, City of Maplewood, MN, 2024 [389]

[63] Canvas attracts global interest, James Adams, The Globe and Mail, Nov. 17, 2004 [390]

[64] The Indiana Herald, Jul 17, 1850 p.2, Newspapers.com 2024 [391]

[65] “Sudden and Entire”: Investigating the Accusation of Cannibalism in the Early Chippewa Tribes Shelby Miller History 489: Research Seminar December 20, 2016, [392]

[66] Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Frederic Baraga, pub. Jos. A. Hemann, Cincinnati, 1853, Wisconsin Historical Society, 2024 [393]

[67] Geographical place names in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan, Having a Chippewa Origin, Chrysostom Verwyst, Wisconsin Historical Society, Vol. XII, 1892, WHS, 2024 [394]

[68] Great Indian Battle in Minnesota, The Daily Dispatch, Oct. 11, 1855, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024 [395]

[69] Indian Battle, 19 Sioux Killed, Demoine Courier, Ottumwa, Iowa, Sept. 27, 1855, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024 [396]

[70] The Goodhue Volunteer, Jan 28, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [397]

[71] FRANCIS VINCENTI, BUST OF AYSH-KE-BAH-KE-KO-ZHAY, OR FLAT MOUTH, AN OJIBWA CHIEF, Sotheby's, 2019 [398]

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[73] Indian Fight, Rochester Republican, July 12, 1866, p.1 Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 345 kellogg Blvd, St. Paul,MN [400]

[74] Private Letters, Chatfield Democrat, July 21, 1866, p.2 (also: Rochester Republican, Date July 12, 1866, p.1), Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 345 kellogg Blvd, St. Paul,MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=82713d98-4b7a-4670-aab4-336f2b388479%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFBY456%2F66072101

[75] The Agent of of the Hudon Bay Co, Prescott Journal, July 21, 1866, p.2, Library of Congress, 2025 [401]

[76] Cannibalism, The Manitowoc pilot, July 20, 1866, p.1, Library of Congress, 2025 [402]

[77] Treaty Number One Medals at the Manitoba Museum tell a First Nations Story, Maureen Matthews, Manitoba Museum, 2024, [403]

[78] The Sweetcorn Treaty 1858, Kade M. Harris, Turtle-Mountain Chippewa Heritage Center, 2024 [404]

[79] Fort Abercrombie Peace Conference, www.American Tribes.com, 2024 [405]

[80] Migisi, James T. Angus, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 13, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2024, [406]

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[82] The Great Lakes in Ojibwe, The Decolonial Atlas, 2014 [408]

[83] Uncovering the Secrets of Michigan’s Ancient Petroglyphs, Doug Marrin, The Sun Times, Aug. 2024, Dexter Michigan [409]

[Letter2-84] Letters from Abercrombie, St. Cloud Democrat, Oct. 2, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024 [410]

[85] Fort Ridgely, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 5, 1863, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg, Blvd. St. Paul MN [411]

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[89] From Fort Abercrombie, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 12, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023, [415]

[90] From the Red River, White Cloud Kansas Chief, Sept. 18, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [416]

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[92] The St. Paul Daily, 28 Aug. 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn

[93] The St. Paul Daily, Aug. 24, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn [417]

[94] News from Abercrombie, The St. Paul Daily, Sept. 9, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [418]

[95] From Fort Abercrombie, The Chicago Tribune, Sept. 12, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [419]

[96] The General we Want, The Goodhue Volunteer, September 17, 1862, Minnesota Newspaper hub, 2023 [420]

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[98] Indian War, St Cloud Democrat, Vol.5, No. 5, 28 Aug 1862, p. 2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [422]

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[103] Fighting between the St. Croix and Long lake Indians, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 23, 1863, Minnesota Newspaper Digital hub, 2023, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [427]

[104] Letter of Commissioner Dole, 11 Sept, 1862, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol. VII, No.8, Sept. 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn [428]

[105] Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4592, 18 Sept 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA. [429]

[106] Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog), chief, Pillager band Chippewa, Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois, [430]

[107] Ne-Bah-Quah-Om (Big Dog), The Dakota War of 1862, A Case Study on the Minnesota Dakota War of 1862, William Clements Library, University of Michigan, 909 S. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI [431]

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[110] Encyclopedia of North American Indians, Frederick E. Hoxie, Encyclopedia of North American Indians, 1996, p.306 [[434]]

[111] Head chief of the Lac Centre Orielle Chippewa, St. Paul, Minnesota, c. 1862, Aw-Ke-Wen-Zee, The Autry Museum of the American West’s Collections Online, 4700 Western Heritage Way, Los Angeles, CA,2023 [435]

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[115] The Volunteer, 1 Oct, 1862, Library of Congress, 2023 [439]

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[118] From Chippewa Country The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 10, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024 MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN,[442]

[119] Pioneer and Democrat, 7 Nov. 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024 MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [443]

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[134] Bannock Point Petroforms - Whiteshell Provincial Park, Tim Hauf, 2024 [456]

[135] Tell the Mille-Lacs what Danger they are in, Minnesota Historical Society Contract #92-C-2763, Chapter 5, "Reminiscences of Life among the Chippewa (Part III)", Anthony Godfrey, U.S. West Research, 1973, p.100-18, POB 2172, La Cross, WS,[457]

[136] From St. Paul, Chicago Tribune, Jan 20, 1864 p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024, [458]

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[156] The Saint Paul globe., Oct. 16, 1898, p.1 p.3, Library of Congress, 2024 [478]

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[159] The Oglala Light, Pine Ridge, S.D., Dec. 1, 1913, p.30, Library of Congress, 2024 [481]

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[163] W.T. Kerr Advocating a Statue for the Chief that prevented a Massacre, Star Tribune, Aug 23, 1925 p.66, Newspapers.com, 2024 [485]

[164] The Battle of Birch Cooley, Chicago Tribune, Sept. 10, 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [486]

[165] Wisconsin’s Native-Americans During the Civil War, ARTROOT'S Racine's Writer-in-Residence, May 24, 2019 [487]

[166] Sept-Oct 1864, The History of the 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, David Frohmader, 2025 [488]

[Quita-167] Warriors in Lincoln's Army, Quita V. Shier, iUniverse, 2017, Native America Today, 2024 [489]

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[169] Sons of Civil War preserve memory of two Medal of Honor soldiers, Loraine Anderson, Traverse City Record-Eagle, 2024 [491]

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[171] What We’ve Learned: “Reassessment”, Chris K. Howland, Emerging Civil War, 2024[493]

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[173] Company K 1st Michigan Sharpshooters: Antoine Scott, Vicki Wilson, Native Sharp Shooters, 2024, [495]

[174] The Mine Disaster, Petersburg, Virginia, July 1864, Sidney and James B. Haight, Eva Gray Tent 2 website, 2024 [496]

[175] Patriotism Among the Indians: Civil War Recruitment, Pentwater Historical Society, 2024 [497]

[176] Company K, 1st Michigan Sharpshooters at Spotsylvania, Sarah Kay Bierle, Emerging Civil War, 2024 [498]

[177] The Road to Andersonville, Frank Boles, Clarke Historical Library, 2013 [499]

[178] COMPANY K, 1st MICHIGAN SHARPSHOOTERS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 1961-1865, Kokopelli, Find a Grave, findagrave.com 2024 [500]

[179] Company K 1st Michigan Sharpshooters, October 30, 2024 [501]

[180] 501ST Infantry Regiment, The Institute of Heraldry, U.S. Army, 2024 [502]

[181] Will enlist Chippewas, The Madison Daily Leader, Jan. 15, 1892, p.2 , Library of Congress, 2024 [503]

[182] Domestic, Iowa County Democrat. Mineral Point Wisconsin, Mar. 24, 1898, p.2 [504]

[183] The Spanish Difficulty, Morris Tribune, Morris Minnesota, March 30, 1898, p.7, Library of Congress, 2024 [505]

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[185] Chippewa Warriors, Stockton Record, Vol. VI, No. 133, 14 Mar. 1898, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Stockton, CA [507]

[186] Indians in World War I Centennial site, The United States Foundation for the Commemoration of the World Wars, 2024, [508]

[awards-187] the United States Foundation for the Commemoration of the World Wars, 2014 [509]

[188] Easy to Secure Chippewa Regiment, The Duluth Herald, April 7, 1917, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, [510]

[189] The Story of "Old Abe," famous Wisconsin War Eagle on 101st Airborne Division patch, Capt. James A. Page, U.S. Army, 2012 [511]

[190] Indians in the War 1945, Naval History and Heritage Command, 2024 [512]

[191] Downed Over Japan: Aviation Radioman First Class Oliver Rasmussen, Naval History and Heritage Command, 2024 [513]

[192] Honoring Native American Code Talkers: The Road to the Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-420), William Meadows, UCLA American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 2011, [514]

[193] Chippewa Lead-inlaid Black Stone Pipe Bowl, American Indian & Ethnographic Art, 05-12-2012, Skinner Auctions, Boston MA. [515]

[194] Red Pipestone Quarry, The Topeka State Journal, May 08, 1899, p.7, Library of Congress, 2024 [516]

[195] The Sacred Pipestone Quarry The Learned Eagle-Optic, Aug 9, 1901 p.4, Newspaper .com [517]

[196] Sioux Pipestones, The Chronicle, Wilkesboro, North Carolina, Jun 21, 1899, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024, [518]

[197] The Pipestone of Devis Lake, E.E. Woodman, 14 Feb. 1877, Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, p.251-58, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2024 [519]

[198] Chippewa, Native American, Pipe Bowl, ca. 1850, black stone with pewter or lead inlay, Alamy.com 2024, Alamy Inc. 49 Flatbush Ave, #130, Brooklyn, NY [520]

[199] Chippewa, Native American, Pipe Bowl, 18th century, stone, Alamy.com 2024, Alamy Inc. 49 Flatbush Ave, #130, Brooklyn, NY [521]

[200] Chippewa, Native American, Pipe Bowl, ca. 1860, steatite with lead inlay, Overall: 3 1/8 × 5 1/4 × 1 1/4 inches, Alamy.com 2024, Alamy Inc. 49 Flatbush Ave, #130, Brooklyn, NY [522]

[201] Chippewa, Native American, Pipe Bowl, ca. 1850, black/brown stone (olivine series, possibly fayalite), Alamy.com 2024, Alamy Inc. 49 Flatbush Ave, #130, Brooklyn, NY [523]

[202] Pipestone, The Conservative, March 21, 1901, p.8, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [524]

[203] Great Red Pipestone Quarries, The Minneapolis Journal, Aug. 30, 1902, The Journal Junior, p.2, Image 22 Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [525]

[204] Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Flat Mouth) Steatite pipe, Leech Lake, Minnesota Chippewa, Smithsonian, National Museum of American Indian, Washington, D.C., 2024[526]

[205] Southwestern Chippewa/Ojibwa steatite pipe, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA, 2024 [527]

[206] Black steatite Ojibawa/Chippewa Pipe, with lead and catlinite Inlays, 2024, Heartland Artifact Auctions, Quincy, IL [528]

[207] Lake Winnibigoshish/Leech Lake steatite pipe ca. 1870-1900, Smithsonian, NMAI, Washington, D.C., 2024 [529]

[208] Chippewa steatite pipe of Unknown history, Smithsonian, NMAI, 4th St. SW, Washington, D.C., 2024[530]

[209] Anishinaabe Pictographs, Ramblin' Boy, 2024 [531]

[210] Chippewa Pictograph Sites of the Border States (Michigan, Minnesota; Wisconsin), Ramblin' Boy, 2024, [532]

[211] Four Boats Named Chippewa! A Pictorial History, Al Hart, Inland Seas: Fall 2011, National Museum of the Great Lakes, Toledo, Ohio, 2024 [533]

[212] Star Tribune, Aug 04, 1899 p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024 [534]

[213] Prospects for the Pipestone Indian School are Excellent, The Minneapolis Journal, Mar 25, 1890 p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024 [535]

[214] PITS girls basketball team 1908, Minnesota Digital Library Pipestone County Historical Society, 2024 [536]

[215] Indian Girls' Basketball Team PITS, Seven unidentified girls, A.C. Milum, Minnesota Digital Library, Pipestone Historical Society, 2024 [537]

[216] Mandolin Club, Pipestone Indian Training School students, Pipestone, Minnesota, Pipestone County Historical Society, 2024 [538]

[217] Pipeston Indian School Closing Remains Unsettled, Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Jan 06, 1952, p.10, Newspapers.com 2024 [539]

[218] Would Close School at Pipestone, The Albert Lea Tribune, Jan 09, 1952, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2024, [540]

[219] Indian School at Pipestone May Continue, Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Feb 05, 1953, p.15, Newspapers.com, 2024, [541]

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[223] The Slayton Gazette and Murray County Pioneer, Sept. 6, 1894, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [545]

[224] White Earth News, The Thirteen Towns, Mar, 1, 1895, Fosston, Minnesota, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [546]

[225] The Slayton gazette and Murray County Pioneer, July 1, 1897, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [547]

[226] Enroute to Pipestone, The Saint Paul Globe Aug. 9, 1897, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [548]

[PITS-227] School News and Records, Pipestone County, Minnesota, Genealogy Trails History Group, 2024 [Chippewa Pipestone indian school genology trails]

[228] The Indian's Red Pipestone, Star Tribune, Jun 14, 1899 p.12, Newspapers.com, 2024 [549]

[229] The Indian's Red Pipestone, The Sun, New York, NY, May 21, 1899 p.6 Newspapers.com, 2024, [550]

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[231] Minnesota Wins Many Medals, The Minneapolis Tribune, Dec 06, 1901, p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [552]

[232] They made the news and were included in Minnesota's total number of medals but were not identified, The Saint Paul Globe., May 09, 1902, p.10, Library of Congress, 2024 [553]

[233] The Minneapolis Journal, Nov. 7, 1902, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [554]

[234] Proposals for Net Beef, Argus-Leader, Jul 14, 1904 p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024[555]

[235] Miss Julia Roy, Little Falls Herald. Sept. 01, 1905, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024 [556]

[236] Wife of Chippewa Chief dies here, Evening Star, Dec.9, 1934, P. A9, Library of Congress, 2024 [557]

[237] Minneapolis Journal, 16 June, 1906, Library of Congress, 2024

[238] The Sisseton Weekly Standard, Jul 10, 1908, p.7 Newspaper.com, 2024 [558]

[239] History, Pipestone Indian Training School, Pipestone, Minnesota, 1893-1953, America's Lost Colleges, Paul Batesel, 2024 [559]

[240] 13/31, (5th row down), Pipestone, Minnesota Native American Training School Photo Archive of Chester E. Sogn, James E. Arsenault & Company, Rare Books, Manuscripts, Maps, Prints Photographs, 10 Old Stage Rd, Arrowsic, ME, 2024 [560]

[241] Indian Schools in Danger of Closing, The Fargo Forum and Daily Republican, Aug.8, 1916, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024 [561]

[242] Big Indian Game may Come to Willmar, Willmar Tribune, October 14, 1914, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [562]

[243] The Tomahawk, White Earth Reservation, July 04, 1918, p.3, Library of Congress, 2024 [563]

[244] Enrollment in Pipestone Schools breaks record, Sioux City Journal, Sep 15, 1927, p.3, Newspapers.com 2024 [564]

[245] The Indians Went on the Warpath, The Minneapolis Journal, Nov 30, 1930, p.31, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [565]

[246] A New Indian Hospital aa Pipestone Opened, The Redwood Gazette, Sept. 22, 1932, p,2, Library of Congress, 2024 [566]

[247] Junior High Teams Meet Pipestone Indians, Sioux Center News, Sioux Center Iowa, Jan 23, 1941, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024 [567]

[248] Support Stands, Star Tribune, Aug 26, 1948, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2024 [568]

[249] Ask Reopening of Pipestone Indian School, The Daily Argus Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Aug. 8, 1948, Newspapers.com, 2024 [569]

[250] Sleepy Eye Herald-Dispatch, Aug. 26, 1948, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [570]

[251] 350 Capacity, The Daily Argus leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Feb. 18, 1949, Newspapers.com 2024 [571]

[252] Fight to keep the Indian School and Hospital Begins, The Winona Republican-Herald, Jan 31, 1949, p.5, Newspapers.com 2024 [572]

[253] Argus-Leader, Apr 26, 1953 p.42 Newspapers.com, 2024 [573]

[254] Indian School Fights Closing, The Sioux City Journal, Feb 08, 1953 p.45, Newspapers.com, 2024 [574]

[255] Opens Talks, Argus-Leader, Feb 05, 1953 p.15, Newspapers.com, 2024, [575]

[256] St. Paul Recorder, May 24, 1940, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [576]

[257] Chief William Madison, Sleepy Eye Herald-Dispatch. Aug. 1, 1950, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN, [577]

[258] The traditional history and characteristic sketches of the Ojibway nation, George Copway, Boston, B. F. Mussey & Co., 1851, Harvard University Library, 2024 [578]

[259] History of the Ojibways, based upon traditions and oral statements, William W. Warren 1852, St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society 1885, Library of Congress 2024 [579]

[260] Adventures Of The Ojibbeway And Ioway Indians In England, France, And Belgium, George Catlin, NO. 6, Waterloo Place, London, 1852, [580]

[261] Waemboeshkaa, Chippeway Chief, McKenny, Thomas & Hall, James & Todd, Hatherly & Todd, Joseph. History of the Indian tribes of North America: with biographical sketches and anecdotes of the principal chiefs, D. Rice & Co. Philadelphia 1872, [581]

[262] Home Remedies of the Frontier, Le Sueur News-Herald, Feb. 16, 1949, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [582]

[263] Ojibwa Pictography: The Origins of Writing and the Rise of Social Complexity, Joan M. Vastokas, 1956, Sematic Scholar, 2024 [583]

[264] George Catlin’s Obsession, Bruce Watson, Smithsonian magazine: December 2002, [584]

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